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GREEN TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP SEA MINING LOGISTICS
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GREEN TECHNOLOGY
SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP SEA
MINING LOGISTICS
A Sea of Technology
Mission
Assurance of Optimum Performance with
Design, Innovation & Technology.
Vision
A Sea of Technology
Govinder Singh Chopra
Managing Director - SeaTech Solutions International
13th December 2022
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SeaTech Solutions
I C E
I n n o v a t i v e Customer-Ce nt ri c E x c e l l e n c e
C O R E V A L U E S
• Over 380 unique designs, 640 vessels sailing in 22 years
• Consultancy and R&D
• Customized Solutions
• Green tech solutions for Decarbonisation / Digitalisation
• Energy efficient designs meeting IMO 2030 targets
Design Services
Engineering Services
Consultancy Services
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Global Networks
India
•Mumbai
•Kolkata
•Visakhapatnam
•Chennai
•Delhi
Germany
Japan
South Korea
Myanmar
China
Vietnam
Singapore (HQ)
Thailand
Australia
Malaysia
•Selangor
•Johor
USA
*Future plan
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Shipping to reduce annual average carbon intensity by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 2008
IMO GHG Strategy for Maritime
Source: DNV GL(2018a)
This IMO GHG strategy to be revised in 2023
2022
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COP 27 Consensus
Sharm El-Sherkh Implementation Plan
Keep 1.5°C limit as per COP 26
Create fund for loss & damage from climate
change
Development banks to provide assistance
Some countries demand to phase down all
fossil fuels
Next COP 28 in UAE November 2023
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Basics of Green
Low carbon footprint
Lower energy demand
Improve production rate
Improve energy efficiency
Lifecycle assessment
Lower costs
Customisation and optimisation
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Basics of Integrated Logistics
Source: Ecorys, 2014
Activities
Phases
1a. Locating
1b. Sampling
1c. Drilling
2a. Resource
modelling
2b. Reserve
estimation
2c. Reporting
codes
3a. Excavation
3b. Pre-
processing
(either
ROV/vessel)
3c. Stock and
dispatching
3d. Vertical
transport
3e. Surface
operation
3f. Support
vessel
4a. Sea transport
4b. Terminal
Operations
4c. Storage
4d. Land
transport
5a. Comminution
5b. Classification
5c. Separation
5d. Tailings
handling
5e. Metal
extraction
1.
Exploration
2. Resource
assessment,
evaluation
and
planning
3.
Extraction,
lifting and
surface
operations
4. Offshore
and
onshore
logistics
5.
Processing
6.
Distribution
and sales
Integrated logistic system
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Green Objectives for the Logistic Chain
Source: e-flux Journal – Mining the Deep Sea
GREEN EFFICIENCY LOWER OPEX
• Mineral production rate to be maximised
• Energy consumption to be minimised
• Energy efficiency to be maximised
• TLF to be minimised
• Net zero GHG emissions
• Seabed to refinery
• Entire process from extraction to
consumption
• Lifecycle costs to be minimised
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SUPPLIES / MAINTAINANCE SERVICES
Seabed (MINING SITE)
Production
vessel
Storage vessel Transport vessel Shore storage
Refinery
Road / rail
Guidelines for Key Issues of Consideration
Logistics and
Maintenance
• Definition of optimal maintenance cycles, planning of regular and emergency maintenance operations (transportation, inventory, etc.)
• Planning of food and fresh water supply logistics
Handling
(Offshore)
• Identify requirements for storage containers for ores onboard (e.g. transport moisture limitations, oxidation discharges)
• Design of pipes/conveyors for safe loading of vessels in harsh weather conditions
• Estimate downtimes
• Planning of safe and efficient loading processes
• Coverage for sediments to prevent oxidations
Transport
(Deposit – Port)
• Capacity optimisation and transport planning: barge specifics, storage, transport
• Barge “buy or charter”
Handling
(Port)
• Development of guidelines for all port operations, e.g. environmental hazards, wastes and discharge
• Contracting port operator and needed areas
• Design barge unloading and truck loading equipment with respect to capacity needs
• Define hardstand areas for stockpiles and covers
Transport
(Port – Mine)
• Capacity optimisation and transport planning
• Dump truck specification and “buy or charter” decision
• Assessment of guidelines for transporting polymetallic sulphides
• Analysis of safety and environment risk
Storage • Estimation of production rates and design of logistics networks towards customers
DSM Logistics / Supply Chain
Source: Sustainable Seabed Mining: Guidelines and a new concept for Atlantis II Deep, 2012
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Seabed to Production
Vessel
Lifting system
Floating platform /
production vessel
Ship to ship
transfer
Transportation from/to
production vessel
Transport of ores
to shore
Supply/
Consumable to
production vessel
Crew Transfer for
production vessel
Integrated
logistics
Integrated Logistic System
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Production Vessel
1. Mining of ores
2. Transport lifting system
3. Return of seawater to
seabed
4. Processing and storage
of ore on vessel
5. Ship-to-ship transfer of
ores to storage vessel
Transport Vessel
6. Transport of ores to shore
Source: Nautilus Minerals
Logistics
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Lifecycle Costs Assessment
• Multiple scenarios, all meeting required production rates
• All meeting lower carbon footprint and GHG emission limits
• Value engineering
• Establish cost relationships and unit costs
• Estimate costs for each element
• Costs at present value future costs discounted to present value
• Optimise for lowest cost
residual
cost
Lifecycle
costs Investment
Operational
costs
Maintenance
and
replacement
costs
Disposed
costs
Lifetime
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Major Cost Elements and Factors Affecting Cost
• Required Power
• Size of Vessel
• Newbuild or Conversion
• Dedicated or Generic
• Operating Manpower
• Material Handling
• Mining Equipment / LARS
• Vertical lift system
• Dynamic Positioning
Source: Nautilus Minerals
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Green Solutions for Marine
Design
Customisation
Reduced Total Logistic
System Costs
Green Solution
Customized
or Standard?
Benefits of
using
standard
or generic
Customised
and
optimised
solutions
One size
does not fit
all
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1. Properties of minerals to be mined
2. Mining and lifting process
3. Water depth
4. Distances from shore
5. Daily production rate
6. Shore refining capacity rate
7. Mineral Storage Capacity
8. Size and frequency of transport vessels
9. Operating Crew Complement
10. Level of automation rate
11. Maximum Excursion Limits for DP
Critical Variables for Logistics System Optimisation
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Green Solutions
Scenario 1
Vessel 1
Mining
Vessel 2
Storage
Vessel 3
Transportation
Vessel 4
Accommodation
Barge
Scenario 2
Vessel 1
Mining + Storage
+ Accommodation
Vessel 2
Transportation
Minimise energy demand
Large energy consumers
• Mining machines
• Lifting ores up to surface
• Dynamic positioning
Optimise energy requirement
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Lifting Methods
pipe lifting system (PLS)
Source: Sustainability of Deep Sea Mining Transport Plans, 2019
Production
Rate
Lifting
Method
Less than 800
ton/h
CLB
Greater than
800 ton/h
PLS
continuous line bucket
lifting system (CLB)
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Transport Efficiency
• Transport Efficiency inverse of TLF
• Transport performance, 𝐸𝑇 = 𝐹𝑝𝑎𝑦𝐿, where 𝐹𝑝𝑎𝑦
is payload weight, 𝐿 is transport distance
• TLF (Transport Loss Factor) is ratio of
mechanical energy required to overcome the
friction and the transport performance, TLF=
𝐸𝑀
𝐸𝑇
• The lifting system for small particles consumes
less energy and lower TLF.
Source: Analysis of a Green Transport Plant for Deep Sea Mining Systems, 2018
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
TLF
Particle diameter (m)
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Energy Consumption For Lifting System
• Energy consumption in the rigid pipe
is the major energy consumptions in
lifting system
• Energy consumption will increase if
lifting particle diameter is increasing
• The lower the mineral volumetric
concentration, the lesser the energy
consumed, but lower production
rate
• Energy consumption depends on the
production rate and method of lifting
Source: Analysis of a Green Transport Plant for Deep Sea Mining Systems, 2018
0
20
40
60
80
Rigid Pipe Collecting
machine
Grinding machine Others
(dewatering
machine, pipe
conveyor)
Energy
Consumption,
%
Energy Consumption in Lifting
System
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Green Solutions
Innovate & optimise mining
and lifting process
Handle solid components
only?
Energy efficiency will be
greatly improved by
eliminating energy
consumption in lifting up
seawater
‘Do minimum’ – with least
power & disturbance
Reduce demands of the
supporting ship
Design the riser system to
‘tolerate’ more ship
excursion, thereby saving
energy spent on maintain
vessel position. (Green DP)
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Alternative / Future
fuel for lower GHG
emissions
Fuel Efficiency for Low GHG Emissions
Energy
requirements
are high (Fuel
approximately
100 ton/day)
Electrification for
integrated power
optimisation
Carbon capture on
shore for net zero
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Electrification for Integrated Power Optimisation
• Integrate power optimisation system
• Manage the energy consumption to the
operation profile
• Facilitates automation
• Operate internal combustion engine at
optimum fuel efficiency
• Lower maintenance of an electric power
plant
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Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
A powerhouse for ship
efficiency and low/zero
emission targets without
changing vessel
operations
FREQUENCY &
VOLTAGE
REGULATION
ELIMINATE
BLACKSTART
SHORT TERM TRANSIT-
100% ELECTRIC
PROPULSION
OPTIMIZE BOLLARD
PULL POWER
ON-STATION
DYNAMIC LOAD
MANAGEMENT
UPS FOR HOTEL, NAV,
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
EMERGENCY
GENERATOR
PEAK SHAVING- ACHIEVE
OPTIMUM AVERAGE FUEL
CONSUMPTION IN ALL
MODES
DELIVER LAG-FREE
CONTROLS REACTION
Ref: SHIFT ENERGY
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Alternative Fuels
Availability
Infrastructure
& Storage
Maturity of
Technology
Energy Density Price
Green
Credentials
VLSFO/MGO
LNG
LPG
Methanol
Bio-fuels / e-
fuels
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Positive
Partial
Negative
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Conclusion
Green no longer an OPTION
Regulatory push for green
Integrated seabed to refinery logistics
Green lowers life cycle cost
Carbon credits & carbon tax
Future ready green solutions
Green makes business sense
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Email: info@SeaTechSolutions.com
Website: www.SeaTechSolutions.com
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