Waste Disposal Sites Selection For Tumakuru City Using Geomatics

Suitable Waste Disposal Sites Selection For In Tumakuru City, Karnataka, India Using Geomatics
Application , Basavarajappa H.T, Jeevan L, Manjunatha M.C and Mahamad Ali M, Journal Impact
Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 133 editor@iaeme.com
1,2,3,4
Centre for advanced studies in Precambrian Geology, Department of Studies in Earth Science,
University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR), Bangalore-560024
ABSTRACT
Waste management problems and issues result from indiscriminate waste disposal which
stems from improper planning and implementation. The present study aims to integrate RS and GIS
applications to locate the suitable landfill sites in developing city Tumakuru of Karnataka state.
Spatial data such as; lineaments, soil, drainage networks and tanks of the study area are extracted
from a geo-rectified (25m resolution) satellite image (IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III), Survey of India (SoI)
toposheet (scale-1:50,000) and updated on Google Earth Image. All the thematic layers extracted
through Visual Image Interpretation Techniques (VIIT) on-screen digitizing using GIS software’s.
The newly located disposal sites are geo-located by considering the transportation distance and
added as a layer to the map of the study area. The final results delineate the safe disposal sites of
municipal & industrial wastes along with hydrological parameters and its environmental impact over
existing site. The integration of RS, GIS analysis, GPS survey including Ground Truth Check
(GTC), demarcates four alternative safe locations over existing landfill site; considering the
environmental, biophysical and socio-economical factors.
Keywords: Suitable sites for waste disposal, Tumakuru city, Geomatics.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of population & urbanization decreases the non renewable resources and
disposal of effluent & toxic waste indiscriminately, are the major environmental issues posing threats
to the existence of human being (Ashtashil et al., 2011). The most common problems associated with
improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor nuisance,
atmospheric & water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses (Jilani et al., ?). There has
been a significant increase in solid waste generation in India over the years from 100 gm per person
per day in small towns to 500 grams per persons per day in large towns. Presently most of the
municipal solid waste in India is being disposed unscientifically (Adeofun., 2012). Generally
municipal solid waste is collected and deposited in sanitary landfill, such unscientific disposal attract
birds, rodents and flies to the waste dumping site and create unhygienic conditions (Suchitra, et al.,
2007). The degradation of the solid waste results in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2
), methane
(CH4) and other trace gases. The unscientific methods of landfill reduce the quality of the drinking
SUITABLE WASTE DISPOSAL SITES SELECTION FOR IN
TUMAKURU CITY, KARNATAKA, INDIA USING GEOMATICS
APPLICATION
Basavarajappa H.T1
, Jeevan L2
, Manjunatha M.C3
, Mahamad Ali M4
Volume 6, Issue 6, June (2015), Pp. 133-146
Article ID: 20320150606015
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/Ijciet.asp
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316 (Online)
IJCIET
© I A E M E

water and causes the disease like jaundice, nausea, asthma (Jean Fidèle Nzihou., 2013; Masood
Ahsan Siddiqui., 2011; Maher Arebey., 2010; Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013; 2014). Solid waste
management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the urban
areas to keep clean. However, it is among the most poorly rendered services in the basket—the
systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient; population coverage is low and the poor
are marginalized. Waste is littered all over leading to insanitary living conditions. Municipal laws
governing the urban local bodies do not have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever
growing problem of solid waste management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming
critical. The urban population has grown fivefold in the last six decades with 285.35 million people
living in urban areas as per the 2001 and 2011Census. The waste generation rates in India are lower
than the non developing countries in other parts of the world and much lower compared to
developing countries (Ahmad Al et al. 2011). However, lifestyle changes, especially in the larger
cities, leading to the use of more packaging material and per capita waste generation is increasing by
about 1.3% per year. With the urban population growing at 2.7 per cent to 3.5 per cent per annum,
the yearly increase in the overall quantity of solid waste in the cities will be more than 5 per cent.
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260
million tons per year by 2047—more than five times the present level. Cities with 100,000 plus
population contribute 72.5 per cent of the waste generated in the country. Tumakuru city is
developing as one of the smart cities in India which may face majorly landfill issues as Bengaluru
city, Karnataka in future. The Population census recorded in 2011 is 2,678,980 and generating
87,613 tones of solid wastes daily from every source. The existing landfill site is operating exactly in
contact between Archean Migmatitic gneisses & proterozoic granites and acting as a groundwater
contamination zone. (Jayananda et al., 1999; Vaidyanathan and Ramakrishnana 1998, Basavarajappa
et al., 2014) (fig. 2 & 9).
2. STUDY AREA
Geographical extinct of the study area is 130
16’00’’ to 130
25’45’’ N latitude and 770
02’03’’
to 770
12’25’’ E longitudes respectively. The total area of the administrative boundary of tumakuru
city is of 65.26 Sq km.
Climate: The climate around Tumakuru and other parts of the district is free from extremes, except
Pavagada taluk where it is relatively hot. The year may broadly be classified into four seasons. The
dry season is from January to February, followed by hot weather from March to May. The SW
monsoon season is from June to September and the NE monsoon period from October to December.
Rainfall: The normal rainfall in the tumakuru city is of 862.4mm and it varies from maximum
1004mm to minimum 435mm in the year 2001 and 2003 respectively.
Temperature: The temperatures start rising from January to a peak of around 340
C in April is the
hottest month in the year. Thereafter it declines during the monsoon period and December is coldest
month and the temperature dips down to 16o
C.
Wind speed: The winds are predominantly south westerly during the summer monsoon and
northeasterly during the winter monsoon.
Evapotranspiration: The annual potential Evapotranspiration is over 1800mm with monthly rates
less than 100mm during December and January and over 250 mm during May.

Fig. 1 Location Map of the study area
3. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Collateral Data
City Survey and settlement location map of Tumakuru city (2010) is collected from
Tumakuru Urban Development Authority (TUDA); Ward map from City Municipal Corporation of
Tumakuru (CMC), Present population data from Tumakuru District Statistical Department are used
for preparation of various GIS based thematic layers.
Remote Sensing Data
Basic Satellite data (2015 downloaded from Google earth) used for the preparation of various
layers by visual interpretation techniques to notice the various components of the city. Cartosat DEM
from Bhuvan of National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) is also used for analysis.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
It is a Satellite based navigation system used to determine the precise location, velocity and
global time information in all weather, anywhere to the user on or near the earth through the signals
by the GPS receiver and it is maintained by United States government. In the present study we have
used Garmin Map 60 GPS with an accuracy of 3 to 5 meters and collected Ground Control Points
(GCP) at every dustbin in the city and for new location of dustbin in the city because of rapid growth
of the city area.
Software’s used
Remote Sensing Software
Erdas Imagine is a Remote Sensing application with raster graphics editor abilities designed
by ERDAS (version 2014) for geospatial applications initially in 1990 and software allows to
prepare, display and enhance digital images for mapping use in Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) or in computer-aided design (CADD) software.
GIS Based Software
ARC-GIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic
information and it is developed by ESRI.

4. LITHOLOGY
Tumakuru district exposes mainly rock types belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic complex
(PGC), schistose rocks of Sargur group and Dharwar super group, younger intrusives (Closepet
Granite and basic dykes) and thin patches of quaternary gravels. The high grade schists of Sargur
group occur as continuous bands, small enclaves within the PGC and comprise amphibolites,
ultramafics and banded ferruginous chert. The younger intrusives include Closepet granite and basic
dykes. Thin patches of Quaternary gravel horizons are located towards northern parts of the study
area. There are three prominent lineaments are noticed to be trending towards in ENE-WSW, NW-
SE and N-S directions in the study area. The alluvial patches are generally seen along the major
streams as narrow discontinuous patches particularly in granite.
Lithologically, the study area represents two types of rock namely Migmatites, Granitic
gneiss and Granite (Closepet). The younger granites; which are coarse-grained and porphyritic,
constitute a well-defined narrow range of Devrayanadurga hills, which run north-south in the eastern
portion of the study area. Which are represented in fig. 2 and their statistics in the table 1.
Table.1. Area Statistics Lithology of the study area
Fig.2. Lithology map of the study area
Class Area (Sq km)
Pink &Gray Granite(Closepet) 58.42.22
Migmatite, Granitic gneiss 29.90431
Total 87.32753

5. GEOMORPHOLOGY
Geomorphologically, a major part of the study area is covered with the denudational uplands
on gneisses & granites which are ideal for agriculture, industrialization and urban settlements.
Besides there are structural ridges of the schistose rocks are suitable for mining of manganese,
dolomite and limestone deposits. The denudational hills of granite in the NE part can be quarried for
building stones and road metal. The valley flats in the southern part of the district can be exploited
for agricultural purposes. To the east of Tumakuru and north of Devarayana Durga Hill (1169 m),
the region presents beautiful scenery of hill ranges intersected by cultivated valleys. A narrow range
of granitic hills grouped under Closepet granites occupies the eastern part. Morphologically
Tumakuru city is located in plain landform; exhibiting undulations as residual hill and pediment
zones which is shown in the figure no.3.
Fig.3. Geomorphology of the study area
6. SOILS
Mapping of soil in vegetated terrain and deriving information of soil types from satellite
imagery is one of the advantages of Remote Sensing. Clay soil is one of the best sites for landfill
siting for the prevention of leachate problems (Basavarajappa et al., 2013). Clay pits are more
suitable for depression type landfills whereas sand gravel pits should be avoided according to
permeability, except when the bottom formations are impermeable (Azadhe and Basavarajappa.,
2009). A major part of the study area is covered with fine red soil in the western part and Clayey
skeletal, Coarse red loamy soil along the eastern part (Fig.4). Red sandy soils are suitable for the

growth of ragi, jowar, millets and oil seeds under rainfed conditions. The irrigated areas of red loamy
soils are favorable for paddy, sugarcane and vegetables.
Fig.4. Soil map of the study area
7. DRAINAGE AND SURFACE WATER BODIES
The natural drainage system in the city mainly exhibits sub parallel drainage pattern along
with eighteen surface water bodies, among eighteen tanks three tanks are bigger in size, twelve tanks
are moderate in their size remaining three tanks are very small in size as shown in the fig. 5. Water
bodies like tanks, ponds, streams, lakes and river are identified and digitized (fig. 5). A landfill sites
should be kept 100m away from drainage channels (Lunkapis et al., 2010; Agnes 1997; Despotakis
and Economopoulos, 2007). Deep groundwater table (at least 50m) region is suitable to avoid
contact between leachate and water. Groundwater levels, distribution of aquifers, aquicludes,
groundwater flow patterns, size and discharge of streams are controlled by topography of the site.

Fig.5. Drainage map of the study area
8. LINEAMENTS
Faults are geological structures that cause limitation for siting a landfill (Gemitzi et al, 2007).
The landfill site should be kept away at least about 100-200 m from any faults, fissures, joints,
stream/ lakes and other shear zones to avoid environmental damages of any area (Basavarajappa et
al., 2013). Lineaments (Fig.6) are extracted from the satellite image using the software Geomatica
(version) and demarcated the major lineaments by visual interpretation of satellite image. New
landfill sites are proposed away from the major lineaments, which avoids groundwater contamination
from the toxic effluents in waste disposals during heavy rainfall. The lineament overlay map (Fig.7)
shows the poorly vegetated barren lands towards the southern parts helps in accessing the suitable
landfill sites in the study area.

Fig.6 Lineament map of the study area
Fig.7 Lineament overlaid on LISS III Image

9. EXISTING DUST BINS IN THE CITY
According to the data collected during the field work in City Municipal Corporation (CMC)
the dust bins in the individual wards varies with present existed dustbins in the each wards as shown
in the fig. 8 and table 2. Existing waste disposal site is laid exactly on lineament (fig. 6) which leads
to many environmental issues in waste collection (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013).
Table.2. Existing Dust Bins with Location
As CMC record 2007 As on 2013 field survey
Ward number Dust Bins Dust Bins Locations (DMS)
1 11 3 770
12’
31” 130
34’06”
2 53 6 770
12’
32” 130
34’05”
3 20 4 770
12’45” 130
34’01”
4 26 5 770
10’06” 130
33’63”
5 30 3 770
09’90” 130
33’82”
6 15 2 770
09’78” 130
33’66”
7 12 5 770
09’68” 130
33’69”
8 16 7 770
09’51” 130
33’07”
9 33 9 770
09’46” 130
32’99”
10 21 3 770
09’43” 130
32’92”
11 7 5 770
09’36” 130
32’72”
12 35 5 770
09’33” 130
32’37”
13 45 4 770
09’33” 130
32’09”
14 28 10 770
09’31” 130
32’00”
15 25 6 770
08’87” 130
32’75”
16 19 2 770
09’34” 130
32’96”
17 34 6 770
09’22” 130
33’02”
18 19 5 770
09’14” 130
33’01”
19 22 4 770
09’07” 130
33’08”
20 19 3 770
08’97” 130
33’25”
21 23 5 770
08’92” 130
33’31”
22 47 10 770
09’29” 130
33’54”
23 34 2 770
09’38” 130
33’53”
24 36 3 770
09’43” 130
33’52”
25 33 4 770
09’50” 130
33’50”
26 32 2 770
09’61” 130
33’48”
27 35 7 770
09’31” 130
33’66”
28 22 2 770
12’31” 130
34’06”
29 8 1 770
12’32” 130
34’05”
30 30 4 7712’24” 130
34’01”
31 38 3 770
10’06” 130
33’63”
32 24 1 770
09’90” 130
33’82”
33 36 2 770
09’78” 130
33’66”
34 20 2 770
09’68” 130
33’69”
35 21 1 770
09’51’’ 130
33’07”
Total 929 146

10. REQUIRED DUSTBINS IN THE CITY
The proposed dust bin location map (fig.8 and table 3 ) and is given by considering the
factors like; proximity to surface water, distance from transportation routes, distance from
environmentally sensitive or protected areas, slope aspects, morphology, landforms, soil type, land
use/land cover, lineaments which are important on groundwater prospecting of the study area. Maps
like distance from drainage, major roads, streams and their suitability are given in the figure 8
and table 2, 3, respectively. After projection and topology creation all feature classes
like geomorphology, soil, lithology, drainage, stream and road are converted to raster files
and separate datasets are created using weightage and rank. For the analysis all the raster datasets for
different layers having different score are over layered and the scores of each composite class
are added using raster calculator tool of spatial analyst extension of Arc Map. The final scores
are reclassified to generate the output map showing various classes of suitable site for
waste dumping.
Table.3. Proposed/ Required Dust Bins with Locations
Ward No. No. of Dustbins Location (DD)
1 5 77.094328 13.3412200
2 6 77.092847 13.3414620
3 3 77.0912360 13.3417910
4 - 77.0901750 13.3432680
5 - 77.0885320 13.3427070
6 1 77.0814100 13.3456280
7 1 77.0921650 13.3457620
8 1 77.0898290 13.3493780
9 - 77.0944100 13.3501360
10 1 77.0957870 13.3495240
11 7 77.0956660 13.3484770
12 - 77.0955660 13.3470610
13 1 77.0940160 13.3427920
14 - 77.0941050 13.3455930
15 2 77.0948510 13.3455960
16 1 77.0961920 13.3456150
17 - 77.0968840 13.3487940
18 - 77.0982610 13.3487640
19 1 77.0973900 13.3475000
20 2 77.0997040 13.3475790
21 2 77.0999180 13.3489670
22 1 77.1005020 13.3501070
23 1 77.1016040 13.3478550
24 1 77.0991410 13.3457260
25 1 77.0961900 13.3445890
26 1 77.0960610 13.3438170
27 - 77.0976750 13.3437570
28 2 77.0979420 13.3452530
29 2 77.0965840 13.3429120
30 5 77.0960960 13.3421480
31 5 77.0963750 13.3401050
32 2 77.1002050 13.3445050
33 2 77.1037110 13.3459950
34 3 77.1065140 13.3480560
35 4 77.0943280 13.3412200
Total 64

Fig.8 Existing and Proposed dustbin location map overlay on LISS III Image
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Integration of different thematic layers like, Lithology, Geomorphology, Soil, Drainage,
Lineament and the administrative boundary of Tumakuru city helps in assessment of best suitable
locations for waste disposal site considering the environmental issues. The newly proposed landfill
sites are interpreted to keep effluents and toxic wastes away from groundwater through Drainage,
Tanks, Soil types, Lineaments (Fig.9 and Table 4). The Google Earth Image (2015) helps in
observation that the development of built up area in this study (fig.1). Considering the Geomatics
study and integration of all thematic layers, southern part of the study area offers 4 suitable sites for
landfill sites due to less built up availability (Basavarajappa et al., 2013). Landfill sites must be
avoided in the northern part due to existing landfill site in the (Ajjagondanahlli area) which is
Tumakuru

operating near to one of the major lineament and contact zone between gneisses (PGC) and granite,
later being contaminating the groundwater sources (fig. 2 & 9).
If the Corporation administration is continuing the solid waste dumping unscientifically in
the same area of Ajjagondanahalli openly instead of separating the city waste properly like (green
waste, plastics, papers and construction solid waste) and recycle the city solid waste into proper
scientific methods (Basavarajappa et al.,2012 & 2013) will leads to environmental pollution and
public issues.
Fig.9 Integration map of the study area
In supporting to this the author tried to locate another location for the better
assessment and to maintain the environmental issue author suggested the new locations for dustbin
by considering the existing location of the dustbin location (Fig.8).
Table.4. Newly Identified landfill sites locations.
Location. no Longitude Latitude
1 770
11’71” 130
17’22”
2 770
06’51” 130
15’04”
3 770
06’26” 130
16’12”
4 770
10’20” 130
16’42”
CONCLUSION
Satellite Remote Sensing images can provide information about the wastelands and other
associated features which help in selection of suitable landfill sites. Coupled with GIS, RS can
provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data. By
analyzing lithology, geomorphology, drainage, lineament and soil types provide a baseline
information in solid waste management even for future programmes. The number of existing dust

bins availability is not sufficient to fulfill the complete waste collections in the study area. The
authors proposed new dustbin locations in equal distribution for waste collections and its separation.
The main advantages of newly proposed landfill sites encounters vast stretch of wastelands, low
amount of rock permeability & porosity, negligible inhabitants and fully developed transportation
network. Thus with the use of these advanced technologies; management of municipal wastes will no
longer be a problematic issue for concerned peoples. It provides a comprehensive model framework
whereby CMC authorities are required to develop detailed Waste Management Plans and
environmental assessment in the study area. The study attempts to determine sites that are
appropriate for landfill siting in Tumakuru city Karnataka. The combination of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method is best suited
methods for the determination of the relative importance weights of factors (criteria) in the solid
waste management. The final integrated map generated reveals 4 suitable sites for landfill in the
southern part of the study area, avoiding the nearby villages, geological structures and hydrological
parameters to fulfill the complete wastes collection from every sources. Separation and suitable
landfill sites for waste management is indeed problems in developing cities like Tumakuru city in
Karnataka State. The results showed the efficacy of GIS and multi-criteria decision making method
in decision making using Geomatic techniques.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Authors are in deeply acknowledged Prof. G S Gopal Krishna, Chairman, DoS in Earth
Science, University of Mysore, Mysore-06; Geological Survey of India ; USGS ; NRSC-Bhuvan,
Hyderabad and Statistical Department and Municipal Council Tumakuru.
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Waste Disposal Sites Selection For Tumakuru City Using Geomatics

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