1) Layout and Physical Facilities For Medical Store • Designing a Drug Store • Location and Layout of the Hospital Pharmacy • Layout • Flow charts for Materials and Members  General Flow Chart Out Patients  General Flow Chart In Patients  General Flow Chart for Materials • Selection of Site Space, Layout & Design For Community Pharmacy • Plan an Ideal Retail and Whole sale Store • Legal Requirements  General Licenses  Restricted Licenses • Physical Facility  Personal and Floor space Requirement including Equipments 2) Staff • Selection Of Staff • Compensation 3) Receipt of drugs • What is a Drug? • Requisition, Supply and Receipt of Drugs  Drug request  Completing Stores Requisition/ Delivery (issue) Form • Supply of Drugs from Medical Stores  Store Requisition / Delivery (issue) Form  Receipt of drugs at Dispensary 4) Disposal of Expired Drugs 5) Drug Safety 6) Unit dose dispensing • What is UDD • ADVANTAGES 7) Guidelines To Minimize Pilerage of Drugs 8) Hathi Committee Recommendation For Hospital Pharmacy

1. ASSIGNMENT 1
ON
PHARMACY SERVICES
SUBMITTED BY: SANDEEP SINGH
MHA (1ST SEM)
DEPARTMENT : SPORTS MEDICINE AND
PHYSIOTHERAPY
SUBMITTED TO: DR. B.R.NANDA

2. CONTENTS
1) Layout and Physical Facilities For Medical Store
Designing a Drug Store
Location and Layout of the Hospital Pharmacy
Layout
Flow charts for Materials and Members
 General Flow Chart Out Patients
 General Flow Chart In Patients
 General Flow Chart for Materials
Selection of Site Space, Layout & Design For Community Pharmacy
Plan an Ideal Retail and Whole sale Store
Legal Requirements
 General Licenses
 Restricted Licenses
Physical Facility
 Personal and Floor space Requirement including Equipments
2) Staff
Selection Of Staff
Compensation
3) Receipt of drugs
What is a Drug?
Requisition, Supply and Receipt of Drugs
 Drug request
 Completing Stores Requisition/ Delivery (issue) Form
Supply of Drugs from Medical Stores
 Store Requisition / Delivery (issue) Form
 Receipt of drugs at Dispensary
4) Disposal of Expired Drugs
5) Drug Safety
6) Unit dose dispensing
What is UDD
ADVANTAGES
7) Guidelines To Minimize Pilerage of Drugs
8) Hathi Committee Recommendation For Hospital Pharmacy

3. Layout & Physical Facilities for Medicine Store
Hospital pharmacy is one of the most important departments among the several departments of the hospital.
Hospital pharmacy may be defined as that department of the hospital which deals with procurement, storage,
compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs.
Designing a Drug Store
Designing a drugstore needs to provide both convenience for the people working there and those shopping there.
The layout must be welcoming, have inviting department colors, convenient navigation and easy-to-identify
signage. The pharmacy must provide a complete shopping experience for customers needing health aids ranging
from prescriptions to toiletries.
Location and layout of the Hospital Pharmacy
It should be located in hospital premises so that patients and staff can easily approach it. In multi- storied
building of the hospital, the pharmacy should be preferably located on the ground floor especially the
dispensing unit.
Outpatient pharmacy should give pleasant appearance and must have enough space for seating of
patients who have to wait for medicines. It should have educative posters on the health and hygiene and
light literature for reading.
Space must be provided for routine manufacturing of stock solution, bulk powder, ointments etc. The
manufacturing room should be adjacent to the pharmacy.
Medical stores of a pharmacy should be adjacent to the pharmacy itself or should be directly connected
to pharmacy. Pharmacy receives materials from two sources :
1. Medical stores
2. Manufacturing division of the hospital
Layout
Typical layout of hospital pharmacy

4. Flow charts for materials and men
a) General flow chart out patients
b) General flow chart for In patients

5. c) General Flow chart for Materials
Selection of Site Space, Layout and Design for community pharmacy

6. Various factors should be considered during the selection of a site for a new pharmacy. Such as population in
the trading area, distribution of the income among the population, type of industry and the competitive climate.
During the selection of a site for new pharmacy following factors should be considered:
A needy town or city should be selected.
Site of pharmacy in a particular city should be most suitable among those available.
Site of pharmacy should be convenient and accessible to the majority of consumers. For this purpose site
location should be centre to population to be served.
Pharmacy site should be equipped with adequate free parking facility.
If possible then site should be in neighborhood of a community shopping centre for the convenience and
accessibility of the consumers.
An island type of location, where the pharmacy sites by itself in a main traffic artery and surrounded by
adequate parking facility, should be preferred.
Usually, a bargain location in terms of rent proves to be a liability rather than an asset in the long run.
Plan of an Ideal Retail and Whole Sale Drug Store
One of the main factors responsible for the success of a drug store its location and proper layout design. An
ideal plan for proper layout design of a retail drug store and whole sale drug store.
Objective of layout design
1. To attract a large number of customer.
2. To increase the sale of a store.
3. To reduce the selling expenses to a minimum.
4. To provide the customer satisfaction.
5. To have space for reserve for stock, office and resting place for the employees.
6. To have a proper entrance for coming goods.
7. To project a professional image and improve general appearance.
8. To minimize the movement of customers within the premises of the drug store.
A modern drug store should fulfill all the requirements in schedule ‘N’ of the drug and cosmetic rules, 1945.
To start a retail drug store a minimum of 150 sq. meter area is required similarly to whole sale drug store a
minimum of 200 sq. meter area is required.

9. The legal requirements for the establishment of retail drug store. For retail sale two types of licenses are issued.
1. General licenses
2. Restricted licenses
General licenses: General licenses are granted to persons who have the premises for the business and who
engage the services of a qualified person to supervise the sale of drug store.
Licenses for retail sale of drugs other than those specified in schedule C,C1 and X are issued in form 20 for
drug specified in C, C1 excluding those specified in schedule X in form 21 and for schedule X drugs in form 20F.
Condition for general licenses:
1. The licenses should be displayed in prominent place in a part of premises open to the public.
2. The licenses should comply with the provisions of drugs and cosmetics act and rules there under in force.
3. Any change in the qualified staff should be reported to the licensing authority within one month.
4. Precaution prescribed by the licensing authority for the storage of schedule C and C1 drugs should be
observed.
5. For the sale of additional categories of drugs listed in schedule C, C1 excluding X the licensee must take
prior permission of the licensing authority.
Restricted licenses: The licenses for the restricted sale of drug other than those specified in schedule C, C1
and X and those specified in schedule C and C1 but not in schedule X are issued in form 20A and 21A respectively.
Condition for restricted licenses:
1. The licensee must have adequate premises equipped with facilities for the proper storage of drugs to
which the licenses applies provided that this condition does apply to vendors.
2. Licensee should be complying with the provisions of the drugs and cosmetics act and rules there under in
force.
3. Drugs only purchased from a duly licensed dealer or manufacturer.
4. The licenses can deal only in such drug as can be sold without the supervision of qualified person.
5. Drugs should be sold in their original container.
Physical facility
The extent of pharmacy’s physical facility is determined by the size and the services provided. A large pharmacy
department might have the following sections
Administrative office
Bulk storage
Narcotic or dangerous drug locker
Manufacturing and repackaging
Intravenous solution compounding
Inpatient dispensing
Outpatient dispensing In case of Hospital Pharmacy
Medicine information resource centre
Emergency medicine storage

10. Personnel and floor space requirements including equipments based on individual and basic needs
There are variations in the size of floor space devoted to the pharmacy in hospitals of the same size and type.
In smaller hospitals with one pharmacist only one room is usually required for the pharmacy having a
combination of dispensing, manufacturing, administrative and all other sections of complete pharmaceutical
services. When sterile products are to be prepared there should be separate room or area for such work. An
area of this type is required for reconstitution of lyophilized injections into syringes and for the preparation
of intravenous admixture, all of which must be sterile.
Hospitals with 200 or more beds provide the opportunity for departmentalization of pharmacy activities.
There should be a separate area for in-patient services and unit dose dispensing, out-patient services, an
office for the chief pharmacist, a compounding, pre packing and labeling room, a store room, sterile product
and IV admixture room. A separate area for drug information services and space assigned on various nursing
units for unit dose drug administration and clinical pharmacy service.
Floor space requirement
The pharmacy requires a minimum of 250 sq. feet for any sized hospital. From that point onward, basic
requirements from 10 square feet per bed in 100 bedded hospital, 6 square feet in 200 bedded hospitals and
an average of at least 5 square feet per bed in large hospital.
The floor of pharmacy should be smooth, easily washable and acid resistant. In manufacturing sections,
drains should be provided; walls should be smooth, painted in light colour. The wooden cabinets are
enameled or laminated. Fluorescent lamps are placed immediately above the prescription counter. Gas
outlets are required on the work table or counter for the Bunsen burners.

11. Equipments
The usual equipments are:
1) Prescription case
2) Drug stock cabinets with proper shelves and drawers.
3) Sectional drawer cabinets with cupboard bases.
4) Work tables and counters for routine dispensing.
5) Sink with drain board.
6) Cabinet to store mortars and pestles.
7) Cabinet for glass utensils, flasks, funnels and beakers.
8) Refrigerator of suitable capacity.
9) Narcotics safe with individually locked drawers.
10) Office desk with telephone connection and file cabinet.
11) Shelf space for pharmacy library.
12) Dispensing window for nurses and out- patient.
The parenterals are prepared in separate room in large hospitals. They are equipped with water still,
workbench, cabinets, resistant glass storage tanks, burettes, sintered glass filters, bottle racks,
adjustable metal shelves, double sink with drain boards, pressure sterilizer etc.
Depending upon the type of manufacturing undertaken in hospital equipments such as ointment mills,
mixing machines, collapsible machines, fibers, powder mixtures, granulators, tablet compressing
machines and filter presses may be considered for installation in a hospital.
Personnel
The organized hospital department has an integrated set up consisting of dispensing section,
manufacturing section, quality control section and clinical pharmacy.
1) There are no standard rules regarding the requirement of personnel for in-patient pharmacy
department and it is the nature and quantum of services to be provided that governs the
personnel requirement.
2) The number of pharmacists required for a hospital is calculated on the basis of workload, like
the number of prescription received and dispensed number of beds available. For a very
small hospital minimum of 3 pharmacists are required. As the number of beds increase, the
number of pharmacists also increases.

12. 3) The pharmacist should possess adequate pharmacy qualification and experience. The overall
charge of the in-patient department should remain with the chief- pharmacist.
4) The following is suggested staff pattern of pharmacists.
Pharmacist requirement
Bed strength No. of Pharmacists required
Upto 50 beds 3
Upto 100 beds 5
Upto 200 beds 8
Upto 300 beds 10
Upto 500 beds 15
5) If the pharmacy is also involved in the manufacture of drugs an adequate number of
pharmacy technicians, assistants, peons etc may be required.
6) Both measurable and non measurable workload should be taken into consideration for
determining the personnel requirements of pharmacy department.
Staff
Staff (Personnel): Personnel or staff selection is one of the most important aspects of developing an
efficient operating community pharmacy. Success of a community/hospital pharmacy depends upon proper
selection training, and maintenance of employees (staff).
Selection of staff: Following criteria should be followed during the selection of the staff for community
pharmacy:
Minimum standards for qualification of employees should not be allowed to fall below the minimum
standards “under here” for a given position will result in fall in reputation of pharmacy.

13. “Over hiring” means superior people should not be hired for inferior jobs; this type of selection may result
in an adverse effect on staff moral and efficiency.
For the proper selection of staff for a specific job, the manager should develop a job description and a job
specification for each position in pharmacy. This job description should contain such detail as scope of job, its
relation to other jobs, working hours, and pay scale, etc. It prevents misunderstanding about the nature of the
duties of a particular job.
Promotion within a pharmacy staff may be appropriate. But in most of the cases external source must be
used such as employment agencies, placement offices of schools and universities or classified news paper
advertising.
Co–op–work study program may prove as a big source of part time employees. An availability file (a record of
qualified peoples who applied for job) should be maintained in pharmacy which serves when no opening existed.
Owner or manager of pharmacy should design an application form to assist in the selection process.
Although an application form serves basically to provide information about the applicant, it also serves in following
way:
Helps in observing the applicant’s ability to follow simple written instruction.
Serves as a guide during interview.
Serve as a permanent record of employee and a source of information of social security and withholding
tax reports.
All the employment policies and procedures must be consistent with applicable federal state laws governing
equal employment opportunity. In general such laws prohibit discrimination in selection and hiring process.
Orientation and training of staff: After proper selection needs to be followed by adequate orientation and
training of the employee, which results in increase productivity and reduced employee turnover. During the
orientation process, discussion should be on the basis of give and take basis on the following points:
Basic goal and philosophy of the pharmacy.
Expected working hours from the employee (evening, weekends & holidays).
Duration of lunch hours.
Overtime rules and compensation.
Policy of coffee break.
Rules about punctuality.
Uniform rules and paying schedule for uniform purchase and maintenance.
Safety and security regulations.
Telephone usage and answering authority of telephonic questions.
Personal telephone usage.
Vacation policy
Policy regarding leave (sick or personal business)
Opportunities and procedures for advancement or promotions.
Policies on employees purchase and discount.

14. These points concern to both the employer and the employee so a clear discussion about them prevents,
reduces problems between employers and the employee.
After a general orientation to the pharmacy, the employee needs specific training in the duties and
responsibilities of the job. Sink–or– swim method of training is insufficient to pick up knowledge on the job, for this
purpose a community pharmacy should arrange a sophisticated training program. There are effective simple
training methods that can be used. The sponsored system of training is most suitable for a pharmacy. A new
employee is assigned to a capable experienced employee who explains and demonstrates the job in questions.
Conference method can also be used, by itself of sponsored system.
Compensation: Retaining good employees is one of the most difficult problems faced by the community
pharmacy manger. Many factors decides keeping of employees but most important factor is the compensation
plan. Adequate compensation is necessary, not only to retain employee but also to encourage them to work
toward the overall goals and objectives of the pharmacy.
Receipt of Drug
What is a drug?
A drug can be given three possible operational definitions:
a chemical substance that affects the processes of the body or mind;
any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis,
treatment or prevention of disease, or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or suffering, or to
control or improve any physiologic or pathologic state;
A substance used recreationally for its effects on the central nervous system.
Since the advent of the essential drug concept, essential drugs have been defined by WHO as those that are
indispensable and necessary to satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population. They should
therefore be available and accessible at all times, in the appropriate dosage forms and at prices affordable to all.
This definition does not in any way diminish the usefulness of any drug that may not be on any given essential drug
list. It is a conscious attempt to utilize available resources on the most important drugs of benefit to the majority
of the population while recognizing the competition in the public sector.
Requisition, supply and receipt of drugs
Drug request
Drugs that are ordered for use in the health centre must be approved for use in the centre. Drugs in the health
centre should be relevant to the pattern of endemic diseases as well as the type of services being provided in the
health centre.
It is advisable to request drugs on a regular basis to prevent shortages. If drugs are not always available, patients
may lose confidence in the health centre and will be discouraged from visiting it. It is important to make requests
on a regular basis, as drugs will only be delivered when requested. The delivery time should be taken into
consideration in ensuring that drugs are not in short supply.

15. Importance of Requesting Regularly
Completing stores requisition/delivery (issue) form
It is advisable to make a request on a standard stores requisition/delivery (issue) form. The stores
requisition/delivery (issue) form should be produced in four copies. The original and two other copies
of the form will be sent to the central store when completed. The fourth copy is kept in the dispensary
to remind the health worker in charge of drugs or items requested.
Ensure that the following items are filled in correctly
o Name of drug and dosage form;
o Unit of issue and quantity requested;
o The requisition number (it is preferable to begin with a new number each year, e.g. 1/00);
o The name of the dispensary and the date the requisition was made;
o The name and signature of the health worker making the requisition;
o Where the stores requisition/delivery (issue) form is designed to contain all the items listed,
fill in only the quantities of those items needed;
o Write down the approximate unit price of each requested item and the approximate total
cost of each item;
o Name and signature of the health worker making the requisition;

16. Model Drug Stores Requisition/Delivery (Issue) Form
Request no. ______________________________________________________________________ Institution: ____________________________________________________
Name of health worker: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________________________________________________________
Delivery note: __________________________________________________________________ Total number of packages: __________________________________
Packed by (name): ____________________________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________________________
Checked by (name): __________________________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________________________
Handed over by (name): ______________________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________________________
Received by (name): __________________________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________________________
For official use only
Item Unit of Unit Quantity Total Quantity Total Signature Remarks
description issue Price Required price delivered price
1. Acetylsalicylic acid 1,000 tab
500 mg tab
2. Magnesium trisilicate 100 tab
3. Chloroquine 100 mg b 1,000 tab
4. ORS sachets 50 sachets
5. Procaine penicillin vial 1 vial
To be completed in four copies.
■ Period for which supply is required, from _______________ _______________ to _______________ _______________
■ The dispenser should comment on excess or short supply in the remarks column.
Name and signature of dispenser at health centre:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Name and signature of member of health committee:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Name and signature of head of heath centre:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Supply of drugs from medical stores
Stores requisition/delivery (issue) form
A stores requisition/delivery (issue) form should accompany any supply made from the medical stores.
Health centers normally receive their drug supplies from central, regional or health services area medical
stores. In very rare cases they may obtain drugs from other sources.
Supplies are issued on the basis of request made to the medical store by the health
centre on an approved stores requisition/delivery (issue) form.
The request should not be excessive and should preferably ask for quantities that can
be used in between delivery times.
The quantity of drugs requested is made in the appropriate column of the form and is
sent to the medical store from which drugs are supplied.
The request is made on the basis of approved delivery time, time frame or in emergency.
The quantities of drugs delivered or issued from the medical stores should be entered in
the appropriate column of the form.
The records of requisition and receipt of drugs from the medical store are kept in the health
centre in an approved manner.
The delivery note from the central medical store should indicate what has been supplied
as indicated in the stores requisition/delivery (issue) form
Receipt of drugs at dispensary
The consignment must come with two copies of the stores requisition/delivery (issue) form.
Check that the quantity issued actually corresponds to the quantity indicated on the
stores requisition/delivery (issue) form.
Check off each drug after checking.
Take note of the unit price of each drug and compare it to the previous unit price.
Check that all original boxes, tins or bottles are unopened and are in good condition.
Check the labels and ensure that there are no expired drugs being received.
Any drugs already expired or soon to expire that cannot be consumed before
expiration or drugs not in good condition should be returned for destruction or
redistribution to other centers.
Sign two copies of the stores requisition/delivery (issue) forms if the above
procedure has been completed.
Return one copy of the signed stores requisition/delivery (issue) form to the medical
stores, and place another copy in the “drug order” file.
Place drugs with shorter expiration dates in front of the shelf so that they can be
reached and used first.
Remember to record the new stock on the respective stock (bin) cards and
appropriate forms.

18. Disposal of expired drugs
o Take unused, unneeded, or expired prescription drugs out of their original containers and
throw them in the trash.
o Mix the prescription drugs with an undesirable substance, like used coffee grounds or kitty
litter. Putting them in impermeable, non -descript containers, such as empty cans or sealable
bags, will further ensure the drugs are not diverted.
o Throw these containers in the trash.
o Flush prescription drugs down the toilet only if the accompanying patient information
specifically instructs doing so.
o Take advantage of community pharmaceutical take-back programs that allow the public to
bring unused drugs to a central location for proper disposal. Some communities have
pharmaceutical take-back programs or community solid- waste programs that allow the public
to bring unused drugs to a central location for proper disposal. Where these exist, they are a
good way to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals.
o Expired medicines cannot be used in any form either externally or internally as the
components of those medicines may lose their chemical nature. Sometimes these chemical
compounds after their expiry may attain toxic nature will harm us if we consume. The
better way to use them beneficially is to mix the content of these medicine into the soil of
our garden plants. Some of the nutrients present in these medicines will act as growth
promoters and if antibiotics are there will help to protect plants from diseases. The other
method of disposing them is throw them in a pit and cover with soil. Keep medicines
always out of reach of the children.
o We cannot use Expired medicine, but people throughout it in Dustbins, but that is very
dangerous to our health, the best way to dispose of Capsules or Tablets is dig a hole on
earth and keep it in that hole and fill the sand on that.
Please avoid using polithin.
Drug safety
Specifically, new scientific discoveries are generating an emerging science of safety that will help
prevent adverse events by improving the methods used in the clinic to target a specific drug for use in
patients for whom benefits relative to risks are maximized. This new science will also give us the tools to
prevent adverse events by rapidly identifying drug safety problems before they can cause injury. This
new science combines a new understanding of disease and its origins at the molecular level (including of
adverse events resulting from treatment) with new methods of signal detection, data mining, and
analysis that are enabling researchers to generate hypotheses about and confirm the existence and
cause of safety problems, as well as about the unique genetic and biologic features of the person that
will determine how he or she responds to treatment. This science of safety encompasses the entire life
cycle of a product, from premarket animal and human safety testing to widespread clinical use beyond
original indications. This kind of life-cycle approach to benefit and safety should be used for all medical
products so that safety signals generated at any point in the process will robustly inform regulatory
decision making.
New drugs, devices, and diagnostics present the greatest opportunity currently available to
improve healthcare and the way medicine is practiced; but all medical products pose
potential risks.
Pharmacovigilance is the pharmacological science relating to the direction, assessment, understanding

19. and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long term and short term side effects of medicines.
Pharmaceutical companies are required by law in almost all countries to perform clinical trials, testing
new drugs on people before they are made generally available. These trials are important to avoid the
following risks.
While medicines have led to major improvement and control of diseases, they also produce
adverse effects on the human body from time to time.
Purpose of clinical trials is to discover :
 If a drug works and how well
 If it has any harmful effects
 Its benefit-harm-risk profile
SPECIFIC SAFETY INITIATIVES
A. Strengthening the science that supports our medical product safety system at every
stage of the product life cycle from premarket testing and development through post market
surveillance and risk management
B. Improving communication and information flow among all stakeholders engaged in
promoting the safe use of medical products
C. Improving operations and management to ensure implementation of the review, analysis,
consultation, and communication processes needed to strengthen the drug safety system
Educating patients and family members about Safe Medication :
The hospital identifies the importance of educating patients and family members about safe medication
and food drug interaction for facilitating quick recovery of the patient.
The patient/relatives are clearly explained about the required dosage, the time interval at which the
medicine is to be taken, special precautions in terms of food like whether the medicine is to be taken on
an empty stomach or any diet restrictions, special diet schedule to followed etc by the treating doctor at
the time of prescribing the medicine. The same is indicated in the prescription/patients case record in
clear legible writing by the treating doctor.
In the hospital dispensary at the time of dispensing medicine the concerned pharmacist re-educates
patients /relatives about safe medication practices in relation to the prescribed medicines. In case any
special precautions to be taken in terms of food the same is explained to the patient/relatives.
Patients are encouraged to get the drug verified from the concerned consultant doctor or the intern
doctor after collecting it from the dispensary.
For in-patients , the ward nurse must verify the medicine properly prior to its administration.

20. In the respective wards the concerned nursing staff also educates the patient/relatives about safe
medication practices including dosage of the prescribed drug, time interval at which medicines is to be
taken, special precautions in terms of diet if any to be followed etc.
Adverse Drug Events
An Adverse Drug event can be defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs including an abnormal
laboratory findings symptoms or disease temporarily associated with the use of drugs.
Adverse reaction may be:
1. Dermatological reaction like mild skin rashes
2. Respiratory like brocho spasm, respiratory depression
3. Blood, blood dacryasis
4. Congenital Anomaly
5. Hepatic liver enzyme elevation, liver cirrhosis
6. Death.
Adverse Drug Reactions, if any are reported immediately to the patient’s attending Doctor,
Nursing matron and Nursing incharge, pharmacy incharge. The incident is immediately recorded
in the Adverse Drug Events Reporting form (ref #) available in every patient care area of the
hospital.
The reported formats are forwarded to the Drug and Therapeutic Committee who meet at
periodic intervals to evaluate such events in order to analyze such adverse drug events to monitor
the risk, rate and trend of such reactions and suggest measures to prevent such events in future.
Incase unacceptable trends are reported the Drug and Therapeutic Committee in consultation
with the Chief Medical Superintendent can modify the policy as per the need of the situation to
reduce such Adverse Drug events.
Unit Dose Dispensing
What is UDD?
Drugs distribution system for inpatients in hospitals
Drugs which are packed in single dose and single package
Drugs which are given in one unit or one time using
Drugs which are available to use in 24 hours

21. Advantages
A reduction in the incidence of medication error.
Decrease in total cost of medication related activities.
A more efficient usage of pharmacy and nursing personal, allowing for more direct
patient care involvement by pharmacists and nurses.
Improved overall drug control and drug using monitoring.
More accurate patient billings for drugs.
The elimination or minimization of drug credits.
Greater control by the pharmacist over pharmacy work load pattern and staff
scheduling.
Reduction in the size of drug inventories located in patient care areas.
Greater adaptability to computerized and automated procedures.
Guidelines to Minimize Pilferage of Drugs
As a pharmacist has a great role to play in society. It is one of his duties to see that drugs are not being
misused. Drugs which are used to improve the health of individual also act as poison in the cases
where they are pilfer aged or misused. There are proper laws present in our constitution in case drugs
are misused and provision of punishment in also there.
To avoid pilferage of drugs following
1) Proper education of drugs and its effect should be spread.
2) Pharmacist and other responsible should understand their ethical values.
3) Proper actions should be taken against the culprits as per Indian constitution.
4) Proper record of the medication should be maintained so there should be check on such
record.
5) Prescription should be checked studied and verified before dispensing the drug
6) Proper handling of drugs
7) Narcotics and high risk medicines should be kept in lock so as to avoid a tragedy.

22. Hathi Committee recommendation for Hospital
Pharmacy
Hospital pharmacy is important department of any hospital. It should have competent persons, well
trained in the profession of pharmacy. Hospitals mainly depend upon the services of diploma holder in
pharmacy. The head of hospital pharmacy department should be post graduate in pharmacy. He acts as
a coordinator for the pharmacy and non pharmacy staff in the hospital. He reports to the administrator
and interacts with other medical departments.
Hathi committee was recomemded that I.V fluid manufacturing should be done under the supervision of
M. Pharm assisted by B. Pharm and D. Pharm holders.
1) Technical Ability
He should have thorough knowledge of basic sciences pharmacology, toxicology, route
of administration, stability etc. A hospital pharmacist should provide information
regarding proper handling of drugs.
2) Ability to develop a manufacturing section
Manufacturing within a hospital requires control over supply, quality, equipment and
raw material cost. Hospital pharmacy has to organize manufacturing function by doing
proper cost analysis. Although quality maintenance is essential because considerable
quantities of drugs are required for treatment of patients.
3) Administrative Ability

23. Hospital pharmacist should be able to plan, organize and control various functions of
hospital pharmacy. He should prepare work schedule for his staff. He should frame
various policies and procedures to get the work done. He should interact with his staff
daily. He should maintain legal and administrative records properly. Where patients are
charged for drugs the hospital pharmacist must develop charging policy. Chief
pharmacist is usually responsible for interviewing, selecting and evaluating the staff
members for work in pharmacy.
4) Ability to control inventory
He has to exercise his duties on inventories of drugs which are lying at nursing stations,
supply rooms and clinical units etc. He has to communicate with suppliers of drugs. He
must check the quality of drugs and other supplies.
5) Ability to Conduct and Participate in Research
He is required to maintain information about pharmaceutical journals. He must advise
about new methods of preservation, preparation and to improve taste and efficacy of
the preparation. He must have the basic understanding of scientific methods so that he
can properly evaluate the research data.
6) Ability to Conduct teaching Programmes
The pharmacy staff can act as trainers for the nursing staff. He must prepare suitable
teaching materials for the nursing staff covering various aspects like storage of drugs,
proper use of drugs, dosage forms, conversions and percentage calculations of dosages.