1. Innovation in Medical Technologies: challenges and opportunities 06/22/11 Prof. Manuel Trajtenberg Chairman of the Planning and Budgeting Committee, The Israeli Council of Higher Education London, Ontario June 10, 2011

3. Innovation in medical technology: 1816- 2008 1816 Stethoscope 1942 1 st patient treated with penicillin 1818 successful blood transfusion 1943 1 st electron linear accelerator for radiation therapy 1842 Use anesthesia in surgery 1945 1st hemodialysis machine developed 1852 Hypodermic syringe 1948 Plastic contact lenses developed 1879 Vaccine for cholera 1953 1 st heart/lung bypass machine used in surgery on humans 1895 medical use of x-rays 1955 Ultrasound used on pregnant women, Polio vaccine 1899 First bottle of aspirin sold 1958 1 st cardiac pacemaker implanted 1901 ECG machine 1963 1964 1st oral polio vaccine 1st coronary bypass surgery 1922 Use of insulin for diabetes 1967 1st human to human heart transplant 1924 Vaccine for tetanus 1968 Amniocentecis for DownSyndrome 1928 Discovery of Penicillin 1972 CAT scan for brain invented

4. Innovation in medical technology: 1816- 2008 1816 Stethoscope 1942 1 st treatment w/ penicillin 1818 successful blood transfusion 1943 Radiation therapy 1842 Use anesthesia in surgery 1945 Hemodialysis machine 1852 Hypodermic syringe 1948 Plastic contact lenses 1879 Vaccine for cholera 1955 Ultrasound in pregnancy 1895 medical use of x-rays 1955 Polio vaccine 1899 First bottle of aspirin sold 1958 Cardiac pacemaker 1901 ECG machine 1963 1964 Oral polio vaccine Coronary bypass surgery 1922 Use of insulin for diabetes 1967 Heart transplant 1924 Vaccine for tetanus 1968 Amniocentesis for DS 1928 Discovery of Penicillin 1972 CAT scanner invented

5. History of medical technology, continued Selected milestones, 1816- 2008 1973 1975 First whole body CAT scan First PET image recorded 1977, 78 First image of MRI scanner; 1 st IVF “test tube” baby born 1982 First permanent artificial heart implant, 1 st biotechnology drug -Humulin 1985 Implantable cardioverter defibrillator 1987 First laser surgery on human cornea First SSRI, First antiretroviral ARV 1989 First proton-pump inhibitor 1992 Prostate specific antigen test 1995 Lasik eye surgery, 1 st protease inhibitor 2000 First robotic system for general laparoscopic surgery 2003 Drug eluting stent for dogged arteries 2004 64 Slice CT scanner approved 2006 First vaccine against cervical cancer 2008 Commercial hybrid PET/MRI scanner produced

7. The Great Demographic Transition time Stage 2 Declining death rate but birth rates remain high Stage 3 Declining death and birth rates Stage 4 Low birth and death rates Stage 1 High birth & death rates fluctuating with prosperity Birth rate Death rate Population Population

8. World population growth through History 06/22/11

9. Economic growth: a very recent phenomenon 06/22/11 Source: Angus Maddison, The World Economy, a Millenial Perspective, OECD and World Bank shrunk scale 1500 years! World GDP: from year 0 to 2000 WWII The Industrial Revolution The Roman Empire

14. Expenditures on Health Care as % of GDP 06/22/11 USA

20. OECD: Government HC R&D as % of GDP 06/22/11

26. 06/22/11 “ Moore's law” (named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore): the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years. CPU Transistor Counts 1971-2008