IAQM AGM 2016 - Dr Beth Conlan, Ricardo

Measures to improve air quality
November 2016
Beth Conlan

2© Ricardo-AEA LtdRicardo Energy & Environment in Confidence
• Public health and legislative compliance challenge
• 2015 Air Quality Plans – review of evidence on measures
• Task 1 - Rapid Evidence Literature Review
• Task 2 – Development of Streamlined PCM
• Task 3 – Development of Translation Tool to assess pricing measures
Background

• What quantifiable effect might a range of policy measures potentially have on NO2
concentrations?
•
• What quantifiable effect on perceptions or behaviours?
• What quantifiable effect on traffic flows, composition and speed?
• What are the unintended consequences, including effects on other pollutants and other
environmental/ social effects? Are there any disproportionate impacts on particular
groups of people/organisations?
• What are the contributory factors (triggers and barriers) to effective implementation of a
package of measures to reduce NO2 concentrations at both a local and national level?
Research questions

• Civil Service 2014 Guidance on Rapid Evidence Reviews
• Online searches ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus
• Grey literature including the EC catalogue of measures
• Search terms
• Inclusion/Exclusion criteria applied to title and abstract
• Limitation primary aim of measure e.g. congestion
• Design and implementation impacts measure effectiveness
Methodology
Has robust evidence been gathered to assess the impact on NO2 or factors
that affect NO2?
Is the measure applicable at the national scale?
Would impact be localised or widespread?
Is the impact sufficient for the measure to be considered effective?

Avoid
Shift
Improve
Outcome
Impact
Reduce traffic
levels
Vehicle flow and
Speeds
Vehicle technology
mix
Vehicle emission
factors
Measures
Demand
management
Access control and
management
Promoting low
emission vehicles

Cleaner vehicles are
taken up more quickly
Pollutant emissions are
displaced outside
hotspots or kept away
from populated areas
Demand for more
polluting transport is
reduced
Existing vehicle
operations are less
polluting
19. Bus
scrappage
5. HGV
scrappage
167 Subsidising
public transport
8. Promoting
freight
consolidation
centres
25. Promote
walking and
cycling
30. Promote car
sharing
47. Further rail
electrification
9. Promote
DeNox retrofit
24. Priority
parking for low
emission
vehicles
20. Grants to
buy new low
emission buses
26. Workplace-
charging levies
35. Local
congestion
charging
34. National
road pricing
29. Allowing low
emission
vehicles to use
bus lanes
32. Fiscal
incentives for
low emission
vehicles
37. New
managed
motorways
56. Improved
anti-idling
enforcement
38. Active traffic-
light
management
45. Improved
junction layout
43. Ramp
metering
44. Lower
motorway speed
limits
53. Increase fuel
duty/ target at
diesels
41. Promote
tele-working/
video-
conferencing
23. Bus operator
NOx emissions
cap
15. Promotion of
Low Emission
Zones
36. Pedestrian
walkways over
trunk roads
50. New roads
62. Planting
trees along
roadsides
52. Road
‘canopies’ in
hotspots
51. NOx-eating
paint walls
6. Fleet
recognition
schemes
63. Hosing down
roads on high
pollution days
14. Reduced
VED for early
purchase of new
vehicles
27. Pollution car
labelling scheme
21. Newer buses
used for high
pollution routes
13. Negotiate
new vehicle
emissions
standards
33. Promote
rollout of EV
charging
infrastructure
7. Lorry bans in
urban centres
Freight/HGVs/LGVs Buses Cars Congestion Other
3. Allow more
night time freight
delivery
1. Promoting
freight modal
shift
10. Promoting ecodriving
55. Strengthen
air quality
planning
regulations
46. Better traffic
management
48. Reduced
emissions from
shipping
59. Promote AQ-
beneficial
biofuels
Transport air quality policy map
Regulation
Taxation
Funding
Guidance/ info
National Local
28. Grants for
purchase of
ultra-low
emission cars
KEY
61. Queue
cascading
57. Improved
airport
operations
31. High
occupancy
vehicle lanes
60. Public
information
campaign
40. Queue
relocation
2. Lorry road
user charging
Infrastructure
18. Designating
new and /or
priority bus
measures
58. Improved
road surfaces
16. Restricted access zones
42. New tram
schemes
49. Public
procurement of
cleaner vehicles
54. Travel
planning
22. Provision of
school buses
39. Intelligent
Speed
Adaptation
12. Roadside vehicle emissions tests
11. Annual vehicle emissions tests
4. Lorry
overtaking bans

• Land Use Planning
– Promoting settlement patterns that:
• Reduce trip lengths
• Encourage the use of walking and cycling
• Provide an integrated transport network
• Information Technology
– Working from home patterns
– Online shopping
– Multi-modal journey planning websites
– Smart ticketing
• Procurement
– 2009 Clean Vehicles Directive
Additional measures

Euro Standards for Diesel and Petrol Cars

• The fiscal structure around transport use and the difference
between modes will significantly affect travel choices
• Key pricing mechanisms
– Vehicle, fuel and road taxes
– Parking charges and availability
– Public transport fares
– Road pricing
• Key principle is to:
– Reflect the real cost of all transport modes , including
environmental and social cost,
– ‘Variable’ pricing and not ‘fixed’ pricing
• London Congestion Charging scheme
– Impacted in traffic levels and composition
Pricing measures
0
50
100
150
200
250
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Index1997=100
All motoring costs
Rail fares
Bus & Coach fares

• Vehicle restricted areas are increasingly being used in towns and cities to
manage the impact of vehicles in a very direct way
– Full pedestrianisation
– Vehicle size and weight restrictions
– Time of day restrictions
– Low Emission Zones (LEZs)
• Experience with LEZ is growing
– London, Berlin, Stockholm, Milan
– Scale and type varies widely
– Most target heavy diesel vehicles
– Accelerates fleet renewal/technology uptake, but is one off
– Key benefits to date have been PM reductions through forcing DPF
– NO2 benefits have been limited, due to performance of Euro standards in
real world and focus on retrofit DPF
Access Control and LEZs

• Fiscal incentives
– Taxes and capital allowances
– Road pricing and parking charges
– Grants
• Infrastructure
– Electric charging points (Plugged in places)
– Gas refuelling
• Procurement and planning
– Clean vehicles directive
– Planning controls to support infrastructure
• Partnership working
– Bus and freight quality partnerships
Promoting low emission vehicles
Zero
emission
Ultra low
emission
Low emission
Carbon and air pollutants

• Encouraging model shift to walking, cycling and public
transport
• Supported by DfT in terms of travel choice and the ‘nudge’
principle
• Three key elements
– Information
– Incentives
– Infrastructure
• Sustainable travel towns results:
– Traffic reduction between 2% and 8%
– Estimated cost per vkm removed was 4.5p
• However, travel habits can be hard to change and effort
needs to be sustained
‘Smarter choices’

• ICT is changing the way we travel and potentially
reducing trips
– Home shopping
– Teleworking
– Audio/video conferencing
• New travel information service
– Trip planner
– RTPI
• New mobility services
– Mobility service vs car ownership
– Car and bike share schemes
– Peugeot MU, Daimler Car2Go
ICT and new mobility services
Supports changes in travel behaviour and new transport technologies

• Control and manage the flow of vehicles round a network
– Smooth flow
– Reduce congestion and stop-start
– Prioritise certain vehicle types, e.g bus lanes
• New approaches to traffic management
– Traffic gating/routing to move vehicles away from
polluted areas
– Optimise for emissions and congestion
• Parking management
– Control and supply of parking influences demand
– Information on parking support efficient use
– Prioritise/price parking in relation go vehicle
type/emissions
Traffic and parking management

• Driver behaviour significantly impacts on vehicle fuel use and potentially pollutant
emissions
– Typically eco-training can reduce fuel use by 15% in the short terms and some 8-10%
long term
– This should also reduce pollutant emissions, but little direct evidence of this
• Vehicle telematics can significant support the long term benefits of better driving
– Driver feedback systems and good management are key
– Location systems also help with routing and scheduling to reduce mileage
• Freight consolidation
– Supply side through ‘consolidation centres’ – show good mileage savings, but not cost
effective at present
– Demand side through techniques such as delivery and servicing plans
Fleet management and efficiency

Summary of measures
Measure Outcome Impact Cost/Investment
A S I Traffic Speed Technology AQ CO2
Demand management and behaviour change
Planning measures   ++ ++ ++ Low
Alternatives to travel  ++ ++ ++ Low
Behaviour change
programmes
  ++ ++ ++ Low/Medium
Driver training/fleets  + + + Low
Shared modes   + + + + Medium
Pricing measures   ++ ++ ++ Medium/High
Access control and traffic management
Vehicle restricted areas  +++ +++ + Medium
Low Emission Zones   ++ +++ ++ High/Medium
Parking management   + + + + Low
Traffic management   + ++ + + Medium/Low
Promoting Low Emission Vehicles
Fiscal measures  ++ ++ ++ Medium
Infrastructure  + ++ ++ Medium/High
Procurement  + ++ ++ Low
Partnerships  + ++ ++ Low

• A wide range of measures can influence travel patterns, mode choice and technology
choice.
• The impact and cost of the measures can be very locally specific and so can vary
widely, therefore hard to draw out generic or transferable results. Local assessment
needed.
• Behaviour change measures have a range of benefits and can be very cost effective,
but potentially hard to maintain momentum
• Access control and traffic management measures are very direct and so can be very
effective, but potentially unpopular
• Low emission vehicles are potentially an alternative to behaviour change, but are still
costly and significant uptake is needed.
• An integrated, comprehensive and potentially radical package of measures will
be needed to generate real improvements in air quality
Summary

Thank you

IAQM AGM 2016 - Dr Beth Conlan, Ricardo

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à IAQM AGM 2016 - Dr Beth Conlan, Ricardo

Similaire à IAQM AGM 2016 - Dr Beth Conlan, Ricardo (20)

Plus de IES / IAQM

Plus de IES / IAQM (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

IAQM AGM 2016 - Dr Beth Conlan, Ricardo

Notes de l'éditeur