Ganesh K. Seshan
VIRTUAL RESEARCH SEMINAR
Irregular Migration and Food Security: A View from West Africa
Co-organized by IFPRI and World Food Programme (WFP)
JUL 20, 2023 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EDT
Addressing Irregular Migration through Principled Programmatic Approaches: Examining the West Africa Route
1. Addressing Irregular Migration through
Principled Programmatic Approaches:
Examining the West Africa Route
Discussant: Ganesh K. Seshan (World Bank)
July 20th 2023
2. Key takeaways
• Irregular migrants that cross borders are mostly relatively well-educated, males and
originate from urban areas, less food insecure households, had resources to pay
smugglers - not among the poorest
• Most West Africans move within the region rather than leave it (1/3rd)
• Economic factors (wage differentials, seeking jobs, etc.) are the primary reasons for
moving irregularly.
• Food insecurity isn’t a primary driver but may be experienced during the journey
• Reports of food insecurity appear high in Libya (20% went without food for a whole day,
27% didn’t have food at times, 37 worried about not having enough food)
• Recommendations: facilitate economic/employment opportunities at origin; consider
cash transfers for essential needs during transit; address food/humanitarian needs of
host populations as well; food aid for returning migrants
3. Analytical challenges
• Very difficult to generate representative sample of irregular migrants
• Selection issue: Libya sample are mainly of those who decided to remain in the
country or are planning to return
• We are missing the profile of irregular migrants who moved onwards to
Europe
• Sample may consist of individuals that were ‘less or not’ successful that could
contribute to higher reports of food insecurity
5. WHEN THE MATCH IS WEAKER AND MIGRANTS ARE NOT DRIVEN
BY FEAR
Reduce need for
movements –
absorb or return
humanely
6. DISTRESSED MIGRATION
• Current trends – demographic, climate, conflict – are increasing the
pressures for distressed migration
• We know very little about distressed migrants – it is undocumented,
responds rapidly to enforcement, managed by criminal enterprises
• It endangers legal entry channels for economic migrants and refugees
• Economic development provide the long-term solution but, in the
short/medium term we need:
expanded legal entry pathways
complementary protection
humane return
regional cooperation
7. DISTRESSED MIGRATION
• Current trends – demographic, climate, conflict – are increasing the
pressures for distressed migration
• We know very little about distressed migrants – it is undocumented,
responds rapidly to enforcement, managed by criminal enterprises
• It endangers legal entry channels for economic migrants and refugees
• Economic development provide the long-term solution but, in the
short/medium term we need:
expanded legal entry pathways
complementary protection
humane return
regional cooperation
8. What should the aid look like?
• Should it be in-kind, cash, or both?
• Should it be targeted?
• Eg: food aid for returning migrants, those in detention or aid for all in need (hosts,
irregular migrants, detainees, returnees)
• Should it be conditional?
• Eg: aid in exchange for returning to origin
• How much or how often should it be distributed?
9. Is there a risk that food aid might induce/facilitate more
irregular migration?
• Perhaps but human dignity should be upheld no matter who or where one
is
• Analogy of development-migration hump: should development aid be
reduced/eliminated similarly?