3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:
Bring oxygen-rich air
into the body for
delivery to the blood
cells.
Expel waste products
(CO2 & H2O) that have
been returned to the
lungs by the blood.
Produce the air flow
through the larynx that
makes speech possible.
4. STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT:
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT:
Trachea
5. NOSE
NOSE AND NASAL
CAVITIES
Mucous membrane is the
specialized form of epithelial
tissue that lines the nose and
respiratory system.
Mucus, which is secreted by
the mucous membranes,
helps to moisten, warm, and
filter the air as it enters the
nose.
Cilia, the thin hairs located
just inside the nostrils, filter
incoming air to remove
debris.
6. SINUSES
SINUS
It is an air-filled cavity
within a bone that is lined
with mucous membrane.
(Paranasal sinus)
Functions:
To make the bones of the
skull lighter.
To help produce sound by
giving resonance to the
voice.
To produce mucus that
drains into the nasal cavity.
7. PHARYNX (THROAT)
Three Divisions:
Nasopharynx – posterior to the nasal cavity and
continues downward to behind the mouth.
Oropharynx – portion that is visible when looking into
the mouth; shared by respiratory and digestive
systems.
Laryngopharynx –
continues downward to
the openings of the
esophagus and trachea.
8. LARYNX / VOICE BOX / GLOTTIS
Triangular chamber located between the pharynx and
trachea.
Thyroid cartilage is the largest and its prominent
projection is commonly known as Adam’s Apple.
It contains the vocal cords.
During sound production, the vocal cords close together
and vibrate as air expelled from the lungs.
Epiglottis acts like a trapdoor to keep food and other
particles from entering the larynx.
9. TRACHEA / WINDPIPE
It is the main airway to the
lungs.
It extends from the neck
into the chest directly in
front of the esophagus and
is held open by a series of
C-shaped cartilage rings.
It divides into the right and
left bronchi at the level of
the T5, channeling air to
the right or left lung.
10. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIAL TREE
At T5, trachea divides into
Right and Left Primary
Bronchi and goes to each
lung.
The Bronchus divides and
subdivides into increasingly
smaller bronchi.
Bronchioles are the smallest
branches of the bronchi.
Because of the similarity of
these branching structures
to a tree, this is referred to
as the
Bronchial Tree.
11. ALVEOLI / AIR SACS
Alveoli are very small
grapelike clusters found at the
end of each bronchiole.
The thin flexible walls of the
alveoli are surrounded by a
network of microscopic
pulmonary capillaries.
During respiration, the gas
exchange between the alveolar
air and the pulmonary capillary
blood occurs through the walls
of the alveoli.
Alveolar ducts and alveoli
permit rapid diffusion of oxygen
and carbon dioxide
12. LUNGS
Lungs are soft and spongy
because they are mostly air
spaces surrounded by the alveolar
cells and elastic connective tissue.
A LOBE is a division of the lungs:
Right Lung – shorter, broader and
has a greater volume than the left
lung:
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Left lung – longer and narrower. It
has an indentation called the
Cardiac Notch, on its medial
surface for the apex of the heart:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
13. MEDIASTINUM AND PLEURA
MEDIASTINUM a.k.a
INTERPLEURAL SPACE
Located between the lungs.
This space contains the thoracic
viscera including the heart, aorta,
esophagus, trachea, bronchial
tubes, and thymus gland.
PLEURA
Multilayered membrane that
surrounds each lung with its blood
vessels and nerves.
.
14.
15.
16. DIAPHRAGM
Muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity from the
abdomen.
It is the contraction and
relaxation of this muscle
that makes breathing
possible.
Phrenic Nerve stimulates
the diaphragm and causes
it to contract.
19. EMPHYSEMA
Progressive loss of lung function
due to a decrease in the total
number of alveoli, enlargement of
the remaining alveoli, and then
progressive destruction of their
walls.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Ongoing inflammation of the
breathing tubes. It is almost
always the result of long term
smoking (Smoker’s Cough).
The official definition of chronic
bronchitis requires coughing up
phlegm most days for at least 3
months of the year for at least 2
years in a row.
20. ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME (ARDS)
Type of lung failure resulting from many
different disorders that cause pulmonary
edema. Causes include severe infection, shock,
pneumonia, burns,and injuries.
PULMONARY EDEMA
Accumulation of fluid in
lung tissues.
PNEUMORRHAGIA
Bleeding from the lungs.
ATELECTASIS(Collapsed Lung)
Lungs fail to expand because
air cannot pass beyond
the bronchioles that are
blocked by secretions.
21. TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
Infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
PNEUMONIA
Inflammation of the lungs in
which the air sacs fill with pus
and other liquid.
Main causes of pneumonia are
bacteria, viruses, fungi or
inhaled substances such as
chemical irritants.
Lobar – affects one or more
lobes of a lung
Bronchopneumonia – affects
bronchioles
24. PULMONARY FIBROSIS
Formation of scar tissue that
replaces the pulmonary alveolar
walls. This destruction of lung
tissue results in decreased lung
capacity and increased difficulty in
breathing.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Genetic disorder in which the
lungs are clogged with large
quantities of abnormally thick
mucus. In CF, the digestive
system is also impaired by thick
gluelike mucus that interferes with
digestive juices.
