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Report Description & Highlights

Recent findings suggesting a global supply shortage of rare earth elements has created a panic
among end users and a gold rush among miners. IMARC Group, one of the world‘s leading
research and advisory firms, finds that with a number of new mines starting production in the
next five years, the total supply of rare earth elements will be significantly more than the
total demand. Although, a number of rare earth elements would be oversupplied, we may
face a shortage of some elements that are critical for the long term growth of the clean
technology industry.


IMARC‘s new report entitled “The Global Rare Earth Elements Market 2011-2015: Is the
Hype Justified?” provides an analytical and statistical insight into the global rare earth
elements market. The study that has been undertaken using both desk-based as well as
qualitative primary research has analyzed five aspects of the rare earth elements market.


Key Aspects Analyzed:

Understanding the Mining Economics of Rare Earth Elements:
Focus of the Analysis:
       Rare earth mine valuation
       Stages and time taken to develop and start production at a rare earth mine
       The total costs involved in rare earth mining
       Mining and downstream processing of rare earth elements
       Rare earth element pricing


Understanding China’s Role in the Global Rare Earth Elements Market:
   Focus of the Analysis:
       China’s role in the global supply and demand of rare earth elements
       Reasons for China’s dominance
       China’s current and future supply strategies
Comprehensive Situation Analysis of the Global Rare Earth Elements Market:
   Focus of the analysis:
         Quantifying the historical sales and production of rare earth elements
         Identification and evaluation of current global rare earth mines
         Identification and evaluation of mines expected to begin production in the next five years
         Current and future consumption of rare earth elements


Evaluating the Supply and Demand of Various Rare Earth Elements:
   Focus of the analysis:
         Quantifying the production of each element from current and future mines
         Quantifying the current and future demand of each element
         Historical, current and future prices of each element
         Evaluating the supply risks of each element and its importance for clean technology
         Identification of critically undersupplied and oversupplied rare earth elements


Evaluating the Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Various Industries
   Focus of the analysis:
         Quantifying the current and future size of each Industry
         Quantifying the current and future demands of rare earth elements in each industry
         Identification of industries having the highest demand of rare earth elements.



Information Sources:
Information has been sourced from both primary and secondary sources:
         Primary sources include industry surveys and face to face/telephone interviews with
         industry experts.
         Secondary sources include proprietary databases and search engines. These sources
         include company websites and reports, books, trade journals, magazines, white
         papers, industry portals, government sources and access to more than 4000 paid
         databases.




Imarc®
Table of Contents


1.         Research Methodology & Market Definitions ................................................................................................ 4

2.         Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 14

3.         What are Rare Earth Elements? .................................................................................................................... 19

4.         Rare Earth Elements: Are They Really Rare? .............................................................................................. 21

     4.1        Reserve & Reserve Base Estimates .......................................................................................................... 21
     4.2        How Long will they Last?............................................................................................................................ 25

5.         Rare Earth Elements: Mining Economics .................................................................................................... 27

     5.1     Mine Valuation: Grades & Composition are Key ........................................................................................ 27
     5.2     Development of a New Project: Can Take Several Years .......................................................................... 28
     5.3     Rare Earth Mining Costs: Largely Location and Grade Dependent ............................................................ 31
         5.3.1    Infrastructure & Capital Costs ............................................................................................................ 31
         5.3.2    Operating Costs ................................................................................................................................. 32
     5.4     Mining & Processing................................................................................................................................... 35
         5.4.1    Mining ................................................................................................................................................ 35
         5.4.2    Downstream Processing .................................................................................................................... 37
     5.5     Prices: Have Risen Several Fold in Recent Years ..................................................................................... 39
         5.5.1    Factors Affecting Rare Earth Element Prices ..................................................................................... 39
         5.5.2    Historical Prices ................................................................................................................................. 40
         5.5.3    Pricing Forecast ................................................................................................................................. 41

6.         China’s Role in the Global Rare Earth Elements Market ............................................................................ 43

     6.1        China Has a Monopoly Over Rare Earth Elements .................................................................................... 43
     6.2        Mining Costs in China Are Significantly Lower Than Other Rare Earth Producers .................................... 44
     6.3        Miners Have Benefitted from the Lack of Proper Working Standards and Environmental Regulations ...... 45
     6.4        China Has a Significantly Higher In-house Expertise Compared to Other Rare Earth Producers .............. 46
     6.5        China is Decreasing Export Quotas as its Own Domestic Demand is Expected to Outstrip Supply .......... 46
     6.6        China Aims to Become an Exporter of Higher Value Goods ...................................................................... 48

7.         The Global Rare Earth Elements Market ...................................................................................................... 50

     7.1     Total Sales & Production of Rare Earth Elements ...................................................................................... 50
     7.2     Production of Rare Earth Elements by Region ........................................................................................... 52
         7.2.1    Current Operational Mines ................................................................................................................. 56
             7.2.1.1    Bayan Obo, China ..................................................................................................................... 56
             7.2.1.2    Longnan, China ......................................................................................................................... 57
             7.2.1.3    Xunwu, China ............................................................................................................................ 58
             7.2.1.4    India .......................................................................................................................................... 59
             7.2.1.5    Eastern Coast, Brazil ................................................................................................................ 60
             7.2.1.6    Lahat, Malaysia ......................................................................................................................... 61
         7.2.2    Potential New Projects ....................................................................................................................... 62
             7.2.2.1    Mt. Weld, Australia .................................................................................................................... 62
             7.2.2.2    Mountain Pass, United States ................................................................................................... 63
             7.2.2.3    Nolans, Australia ....................................................................................................................... 64
             7.2.2.4    Steenkampskraal, South Africa ................................................................................................. 65
             7.2.2.5    Nechalacho, Canada ................................................................................................................. 66
             7.2.2.6    Kvanefjeld, Greenland ............................................................................................................... 66
             7.2.2.7    Dong Pao, Vietnam ................................................................................................................... 67
             7.2.2.8    Dubbo Zirconia, Australia .......................................................................................................... 68
     7.3     Consumption of Rare Earth Elements by Region ....................................................................................... 70
         7.3.1    China ................................................................................................................................................. 71
         7.3.2    Japan & Northeast Asia ..................................................................................................................... 72
         7.3.3    US ...................................................................................................................................................... 73

8.         Supply & Demand of Individual Rare Earth Elements ................................................................................ 74

     8.1       Elements that will Face Supply Shortages in the Near Future ................................................................... 76
           8.1.1   Terbium .............................................................................................................................................. 76

Imarc®
8.1.1.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 76
              8.1.1.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 77
          8.1.2    Dysprosium ........................................................................................................................................ 79
              8.1.2.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 79
              8.1.2.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 80
          8.1.3    Neodymium ........................................................................................................................................ 82
              8.1.3.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 82
              8.1.3.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 83
          8.1.4    Europium ........................................................................................................................................... 85
              8.1.4.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 85
              8.1.4.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 86
      8.2     Elements That Will Be Oversupplied in the Near Future ............................................................................ 89
          8.2.1    Yttrium ............................................................................................................................................... 89
              8.2.1.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 89
              8.2.1.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 90
          8.2.2    Lanthanum ......................................................................................................................................... 92
              8.2.2.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 92
              8.2.2.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 93
          8.2.3    Cerium ............................................................................................................................................... 95
              8.2.3.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 95
              8.2.3.2    Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 97
          8.2.4    Praseodymium ................................................................................................................................... 99
              8.2.4.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 99
              8.2.4.2    Supply & Demand ................................................................................................................... 100
          8.2.5    Samarium ........................................................................................................................................ 102
              8.2.5.1    Element Overview & Supply Risks .......................................................................................... 102
              8.2.5.2    Supply & Demand ................................................................................................................... 103

9.          Market by Application (2010-2015) ............................................................................................................. 106

      9.1        Magnets ................................................................................................................................................... 107
      9.2        NiMH Batteries ......................................................................................................................................... 109
      9.3        Auto Catalysts .......................................................................................................................................... 110
      9.4        Diesel Engines ......................................................................................................................................... 112
      9.5        Fluid Cracking Catalysts ........................................................................................................................... 113
      9.6        Phosphers ................................................................................................................................................ 114
      9.7        Glass ........................................................................................................................................................ 115
      9.8        Polishing Powders .................................................................................................................................... 116
      9.9        Other Applications .................................................................................................................................... 117

11.         Overcoming the Potential shortfalls in Supply.......................................................................................... 119

      11.1          Stockpiling ............................................................................................................................................ 119
      11.2          Recycling .............................................................................................................................................. 119
      11.3          Substitution .......................................................................................................................................... 120
      11.4          Material Shortfall Strategies by Various Rare Earth Consumers .......................................................... 121

12.         Key Player Profiles..................................................................................................................................... 124

      12.1          Lynas Corporation ................................................................................................................................ 124
      12.2          Molycorp Minerals ................................................................................................................................ 124
      12.3          Arafura Resources Ltd ......................................................................................................................... 125
      12.4          Great Western Minerals Group Ltd....................................................................................................... 126
      12.5          Avalon Rare Metals Inc ........................................................................................................................ 127
      12.6          Greenland Minerals & Energy Ltd ........................................................................................................ 128
      12.7          Alkane Resources Ltd .......................................................................................................................... 129




Imarc®
List of Figures


Figure 2-1: Timeline for Important Events in the Rare Earth Elements Market ............................................................ 18
Figure 3-1: Periodic Table Showing Rare Earth Elements ........................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-1: Topology of Rare Earth Elements .............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 4-2: Global: Rare Earth Metal Reserves by Country (in Million Metric Tons), 2010 .......................................... 22
Figure 4-3: Global: Rare Earth Metal Reserves by Country (in %), 2010 ..................................................................... 23
Figure 4-4: Global: Rare Earth Metals Reserve Base by Country (in Million Metric Tons), 2009 ................................. 24
Figure 4-5: Global: Rare Earth Metals Reserve Base by Country (in %), in 2009 ........................................................ 24
Figure 4-6: Global: Breakup of Light & Heavy Rare Earth Metal Reserves (in %), 2010.............................................. 26
Figure 5-1: Comparative Total Rare Earth Oxide Values of Various Rare Earth Mines, 2010 ..................................... 28
Figure 5-2: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Breakup of Total Operational Costs Involved in Mining & Processing, (in %)
..................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-3: Global: Sources of Rare Earth Metals........................................................................................................ 35
Figure 5-4: Flow Chart: Concentration of Rare Earth Ores ......................................................................................... 37
Figure 5-5: Flow Chart: Extraction of Rare Earths from their Concentrated Ores ....................................................... 38
Figure 6-1: China’s Rare Earth Monopoly .................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 6-2: China & US: Average Labor Costs Per Hour (in US$), 2006 ..................................................................... 45
Figure 6-3: China: Domestic Demand and Supply of Rare Earth Elements, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 .................. 47
Figure 6-4: China: High Technology Exports (% of Manufactured Exports) 2000 & 2009 ............................................ 48
Figure 6-5: China: Rare Earth Elements Market Evolution, 1970 – 2010 ..................................................................... 49
Figure 7-1: Global: Rare Earth Metals Production (in 000’ Metric Tons) 1995-2010 .................................................... 50
Figure 7-2: Global: Rare Earth Metals Market (in Billion US$) 2008-2010 ................................................................... 50
Figure 7-3: Global: Rare Earth Metals Production Forecast (in 000’ Metric Tons), 2011-2015 .................................... 51
Figure 7-4: Global: Rare Earth Metals Market Forecast (in Billion US$), 2011-2015 ................................................... 51
Figure 7-5: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in %), 2010 ............................................................. 52
Figure 7-6: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country Forecast (in %), 2015 .............................................. 54
Figure 7-7: Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................... 56
Figure 7-8: Longnan Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................................... 57
Figure 7-9: Xunwu Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................................... 58
Figure 7-10: India Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 59
Figure 7-11: Eastern Coast Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................ 60
Figure 7-12: Lahat Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................................... 61
Figure 7-13: Mt Weld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)...................................................... 62
Figure 7-14: Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................... 63
Figure 7-15: Nolans Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)........................................................ 64
Figure 7-16: Steenkampskraal Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................... 65
Figure 7-17: Nechalacho Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................ 66
Figure 7-18: Kvanefjeld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................. 67
Figure 7-19: Dong Pao Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................... 68
Figure 7-20: Dubbo Zirconia Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................... 69
Figure 7-21: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region, (in %), 2010 ....................................................... 70
Figure 7-22: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region Forecast, (in %), 2015 ........................................ 71
Figure 8-1: Terbium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................... 78
Figure 8-2: Terbium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 78
Figure 8-3: Terbium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ..................................................................................... 78
Figure 8-4: Dysprosium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .............................................................. 80
Figure 8-5: Dysprosium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ............................................................................... 81
Figure 8-6: Neodymium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .............................................................. 84
Figure 8-7: Neodymium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .............................................................................. 84
Figure 8-8: Neodymium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ............................................................................... 85
Figure 8-9: Europium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................. 87
Figure 8-10: Europium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ................................................................................ 87
Figure 8-11: Europium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ................................................................................. 87
Figure 8-12: Yttrium: Supply & Demand Balance, 2015 (in Metric Tons) ..................................................................... 91
Figure 8-13: Yttrium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 91
Figure 8-14: Yttrium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ..................................................................................... 92
Figure 8-15: Lanthanum: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ............................................................. 94
Figure 8-16: Lanthanum: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .............................................................................. 95
Figure 8-17: Lanthanum: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .............................................................................. 95
Figure 8-18: Cerium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................... 98
Figure 8-19: Cerium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 98
Figure 8-20: Cerium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .................................................................................... 98
Figure 8-21: Praseodymium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ..................................................... 100

Imarc®
Figure 8-22: Praseodymium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ...................................................................... 101 
Figure 8-23: Praseodymium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ...................................................................... 102 
Figure 8-24: Samarium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ............................................................. 104 
Figure 8-25: Samarium: Historical Prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ............................................................................. 104 
Figure 8-26: Samarium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .............................................................................. 105 
Figure 9-1: Diesel Particulate Filter ............................................................................................................................ 112 




Imarc®
List of Tables

Table 1-1: Rare Earth Elements: Light & Heavy Definitions ......................................................................................... 12 
Table 3-1: Rare Earth Elements: Characteristics & Applications.................................................................................. 20 
Table 4-1: Global: Rare Earth Metals: Reserve & Reserve Base Estimates by Country (in Million Metric Tons) ......... 25 
Table 5-1: Light & Heavy Rare Earth Elements: Key Barriers to Entry......................................................................... 28 
Table 5-2: Total Time & Stages Required in Constructing & Bringing a Rare Earth Mine to Production ...................... 29 
Table 5-3: Rare Earth Elements: Mining & Processing Costs ...................................................................................... 31 
Table 5-4: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Total Infrastructure & Capital Costs, (in Million US$) ..................................... 32 
Table 5-5: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Breakup of Capital Costs, (in Million US$) ..................................................... 32 
Table 5-6: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Operational Costs Involved in Underground Mining and Preparation of a Bulk
Concentrate, (Cost US$ Per Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ................................................................................................ 33 
Table 5-7: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Operational Costs Involved in Hydrometallurgical Processing, (Cost US$ Per
Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ............................................................................................................................................. 33 
Table 5-8: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Total Operational Costs Involved in Mining & Processing, (Cost US$ Per
Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ............................................................................................................................................. 34 
Table 5-9: Sources of Rare Earth Elements & Their Composition ............................................................................... 36 
Table 5-10: Average Annual Prices of Individual Rare Earth Elements, (in US$/Kg), 2007-2011 ................................ 41 
Table 5-11: Average Annual Price Forecast of Individual Rare Earth Elements, (in US$/Kg), 2011-2015 ................... 42 
Table 6-1: China: Rare Earth Elements Export Quota (in Metric Tons), 2005 – 2011 .................................................. 47 
Table 7-1: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in Metric Tons), 1995-2002 .....................................53 
Table 7-2: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in Metric Tons), 2003-2010 .....................................53 
Table 7-3: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country & Mine Forecast (in Metric Tons), 2011-2015 .......... 54 
Table 7-4: Global: Distribution of Elements in Various Rare Earth Mines, (in %) ......................................................... 55 
Table 7-5: Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ..................................................... 56 
Table 7-6: Longnan Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................ 57 
Table 7-7: Xunwu Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 58 
Table 7-8: India Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................................... 59 
Table 7-9: Eastern Coast Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................... 60 
Table 7-10: Lahat Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 61 
Table 7-11: Mt Weld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................................... 62 
Table 7-12: Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................ 63 
Table 7-13: Nolans Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ......................................................... 64 
Table 7-14: Steenkampskraal Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................65 
Table 7-15: Nechalacho Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................. 66 
Table 7-16: Kvanefjeld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................... 67 
Table 7-17: Dong Pao Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................... 68 
Table 7-18: Dubbo Zirconia Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)............................................ 69 
Table 7-19: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region & Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 ................... 70 
Table 7-20: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region & Application Forecast, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .... 71 
Table 7-21: China: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 & 2015 ....................... 72 
Table 7-22: Japan & Northeast Asia: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 &
2015 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 73 
Table 7-23: US: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 & 2015............................ 73 
Table 8-1: Global: Supply of Various Rare Earth Elements (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015............................................. 74 
Table 8-2: Global: Composition of Various Rare Earth Elements, (in %) 2010-2015 ................................................... 75 
Table 8-3: Global: Supply & Demand of Various Rare Earth Elements, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ................................... 75 
Table 8-4: Terbium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 76 
Table 8-5: Global: Terbium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015............................................ 77 
Table 8-6: Dysprosium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk........................................................... 79 
Table 8-7: Global: Dysprosium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................80 
Table 8-8: Neodymium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk .......................................................... 82 
Table 8-9: Global: Neodymium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................83 
Table 8-10: Europium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ............................................................ 85 
Table 8-11: Global: Europium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................86 
Table 8-12: Yttrium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 89 
Table 8-13: Global: Yttrium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .......................................... 90 
Table 8-14: Lanthanum: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ......................................................... 92 
Table 8-15: Global: Lanthanum: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .....................................94 
Table 8-16: Cerium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 95 
Table 8-17: Global: Cerium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ........................................... 97 
Table 8-18: Praseodymium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk.................................................... 99 
Table 8-19: Global: Praseodymium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ............................. 100 
Table 8-20: Samarium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ......................................................... 102 
Table 8-21: Global: Samarium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .................................... 103 

Imarc®
Table 9-1: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ............................. 106 
Table 9-2: Global: Share of Rare Earth Elements by Application, (in %), 2010-2015 ................................................ 106 
Table 9-3: Global: Production of NdFeB Magnets & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015
................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 
Table 9-4: Global: Production of NiMH Battery Alloys & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-
2015 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 110 
Table 9-5: Global: Demand for Auto Catalysts & Rare Earth Elements Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 . 111 
Table 9-6: Global: Demand of Cerium Oxide for Diesel Fuel Borne Catalysts, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ............. 113 
Table 9-7: Global Demand of FCC Catalysts & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ..... 113 
Table 9-8: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphors, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 .............................. 115 
Table 9-9: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Major Glass Applications (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ......... 116 
Table 9-10: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Polishing Powders (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ................. 117 
Table 9-11: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Other Applications (in Metric Tons), ................................... 118 
Table 11-1: Substitution Possibilities in Rare Earth Elements .................................................................................... 121 
Table 11-2: Material Strategies by Rare Earth Reserve Rich Countries .................................................................... 123 
Table 11-3: Material Strategies by Countries Not Having Rich Rare Earth Reserves ................................................ 123 




Imarc®
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“The Global Rare Earth Elements Market 2011-2015

  • 1.
  • 2. Report Description & Highlights Recent findings suggesting a global supply shortage of rare earth elements has created a panic among end users and a gold rush among miners. IMARC Group, one of the world‘s leading research and advisory firms, finds that with a number of new mines starting production in the next five years, the total supply of rare earth elements will be significantly more than the total demand. Although, a number of rare earth elements would be oversupplied, we may face a shortage of some elements that are critical for the long term growth of the clean technology industry. IMARC‘s new report entitled “The Global Rare Earth Elements Market 2011-2015: Is the Hype Justified?” provides an analytical and statistical insight into the global rare earth elements market. The study that has been undertaken using both desk-based as well as qualitative primary research has analyzed five aspects of the rare earth elements market. Key Aspects Analyzed: Understanding the Mining Economics of Rare Earth Elements: Focus of the Analysis: Rare earth mine valuation Stages and time taken to develop and start production at a rare earth mine The total costs involved in rare earth mining Mining and downstream processing of rare earth elements Rare earth element pricing Understanding China’s Role in the Global Rare Earth Elements Market: Focus of the Analysis: China’s role in the global supply and demand of rare earth elements Reasons for China’s dominance China’s current and future supply strategies
  • 3. Comprehensive Situation Analysis of the Global Rare Earth Elements Market: Focus of the analysis: Quantifying the historical sales and production of rare earth elements Identification and evaluation of current global rare earth mines Identification and evaluation of mines expected to begin production in the next five years Current and future consumption of rare earth elements Evaluating the Supply and Demand of Various Rare Earth Elements: Focus of the analysis: Quantifying the production of each element from current and future mines Quantifying the current and future demand of each element Historical, current and future prices of each element Evaluating the supply risks of each element and its importance for clean technology Identification of critically undersupplied and oversupplied rare earth elements Evaluating the Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Various Industries Focus of the analysis: Quantifying the current and future size of each Industry Quantifying the current and future demands of rare earth elements in each industry Identification of industries having the highest demand of rare earth elements. Information Sources: Information has been sourced from both primary and secondary sources: Primary sources include industry surveys and face to face/telephone interviews with industry experts. Secondary sources include proprietary databases and search engines. These sources include company websites and reports, books, trade journals, magazines, white papers, industry portals, government sources and access to more than 4000 paid databases. Imarc®
  • 4. Table of Contents 1. Research Methodology & Market Definitions ................................................................................................ 4 2. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 14 3. What are Rare Earth Elements? .................................................................................................................... 19 4. Rare Earth Elements: Are They Really Rare? .............................................................................................. 21 4.1 Reserve & Reserve Base Estimates .......................................................................................................... 21 4.2 How Long will they Last?............................................................................................................................ 25 5. Rare Earth Elements: Mining Economics .................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Mine Valuation: Grades & Composition are Key ........................................................................................ 27 5.2 Development of a New Project: Can Take Several Years .......................................................................... 28 5.3 Rare Earth Mining Costs: Largely Location and Grade Dependent ............................................................ 31 5.3.1 Infrastructure & Capital Costs ............................................................................................................ 31 5.3.2 Operating Costs ................................................................................................................................. 32 5.4 Mining & Processing................................................................................................................................... 35 5.4.1 Mining ................................................................................................................................................ 35 5.4.2 Downstream Processing .................................................................................................................... 37 5.5 Prices: Have Risen Several Fold in Recent Years ..................................................................................... 39 5.5.1 Factors Affecting Rare Earth Element Prices ..................................................................................... 39 5.5.2 Historical Prices ................................................................................................................................. 40 5.5.3 Pricing Forecast ................................................................................................................................. 41 6. China’s Role in the Global Rare Earth Elements Market ............................................................................ 43 6.1 China Has a Monopoly Over Rare Earth Elements .................................................................................... 43 6.2 Mining Costs in China Are Significantly Lower Than Other Rare Earth Producers .................................... 44 6.3 Miners Have Benefitted from the Lack of Proper Working Standards and Environmental Regulations ...... 45 6.4 China Has a Significantly Higher In-house Expertise Compared to Other Rare Earth Producers .............. 46 6.5 China is Decreasing Export Quotas as its Own Domestic Demand is Expected to Outstrip Supply .......... 46 6.6 China Aims to Become an Exporter of Higher Value Goods ...................................................................... 48 7. The Global Rare Earth Elements Market ...................................................................................................... 50 7.1 Total Sales & Production of Rare Earth Elements ...................................................................................... 50 7.2 Production of Rare Earth Elements by Region ........................................................................................... 52 7.2.1 Current Operational Mines ................................................................................................................. 56 7.2.1.1 Bayan Obo, China ..................................................................................................................... 56 7.2.1.2 Longnan, China ......................................................................................................................... 57 7.2.1.3 Xunwu, China ............................................................................................................................ 58 7.2.1.4 India .......................................................................................................................................... 59 7.2.1.5 Eastern Coast, Brazil ................................................................................................................ 60 7.2.1.6 Lahat, Malaysia ......................................................................................................................... 61 7.2.2 Potential New Projects ....................................................................................................................... 62 7.2.2.1 Mt. Weld, Australia .................................................................................................................... 62 7.2.2.2 Mountain Pass, United States ................................................................................................... 63 7.2.2.3 Nolans, Australia ....................................................................................................................... 64 7.2.2.4 Steenkampskraal, South Africa ................................................................................................. 65 7.2.2.5 Nechalacho, Canada ................................................................................................................. 66 7.2.2.6 Kvanefjeld, Greenland ............................................................................................................... 66 7.2.2.7 Dong Pao, Vietnam ................................................................................................................... 67 7.2.2.8 Dubbo Zirconia, Australia .......................................................................................................... 68 7.3 Consumption of Rare Earth Elements by Region ....................................................................................... 70 7.3.1 China ................................................................................................................................................. 71 7.3.2 Japan & Northeast Asia ..................................................................................................................... 72 7.3.3 US ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 8. Supply & Demand of Individual Rare Earth Elements ................................................................................ 74 8.1 Elements that will Face Supply Shortages in the Near Future ................................................................... 76 8.1.1 Terbium .............................................................................................................................................. 76 Imarc®
  • 5. 8.1.1.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 76 8.1.1.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 77 8.1.2 Dysprosium ........................................................................................................................................ 79 8.1.2.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 79 8.1.2.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 80 8.1.3 Neodymium ........................................................................................................................................ 82 8.1.3.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 82 8.1.3.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 83 8.1.4 Europium ........................................................................................................................................... 85 8.1.4.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 85 8.1.4.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 86 8.2 Elements That Will Be Oversupplied in the Near Future ............................................................................ 89 8.2.1 Yttrium ............................................................................................................................................... 89 8.2.1.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 89 8.2.1.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 90 8.2.2 Lanthanum ......................................................................................................................................... 92 8.2.2.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 92 8.2.2.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 93 8.2.3 Cerium ............................................................................................................................................... 95 8.2.3.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 95 8.2.3.2 Supply & Demand ..................................................................................................................... 97 8.2.4 Praseodymium ................................................................................................................................... 99 8.2.4.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks ............................................................................................ 99 8.2.4.2 Supply & Demand ................................................................................................................... 100 8.2.5 Samarium ........................................................................................................................................ 102 8.2.5.1 Element Overview & Supply Risks .......................................................................................... 102 8.2.5.2 Supply & Demand ................................................................................................................... 103 9. Market by Application (2010-2015) ............................................................................................................. 106 9.1 Magnets ................................................................................................................................................... 107 9.2 NiMH Batteries ......................................................................................................................................... 109 9.3 Auto Catalysts .......................................................................................................................................... 110 9.4 Diesel Engines ......................................................................................................................................... 112 9.5 Fluid Cracking Catalysts ........................................................................................................................... 113 9.6 Phosphers ................................................................................................................................................ 114 9.7 Glass ........................................................................................................................................................ 115 9.8 Polishing Powders .................................................................................................................................... 116 9.9 Other Applications .................................................................................................................................... 117 11. Overcoming the Potential shortfalls in Supply.......................................................................................... 119 11.1 Stockpiling ............................................................................................................................................ 119 11.2 Recycling .............................................................................................................................................. 119 11.3 Substitution .......................................................................................................................................... 120 11.4 Material Shortfall Strategies by Various Rare Earth Consumers .......................................................... 121 12. Key Player Profiles..................................................................................................................................... 124 12.1 Lynas Corporation ................................................................................................................................ 124 12.2 Molycorp Minerals ................................................................................................................................ 124 12.3 Arafura Resources Ltd ......................................................................................................................... 125 12.4 Great Western Minerals Group Ltd....................................................................................................... 126 12.5 Avalon Rare Metals Inc ........................................................................................................................ 127 12.6 Greenland Minerals & Energy Ltd ........................................................................................................ 128 12.7 Alkane Resources Ltd .......................................................................................................................... 129 Imarc®
  • 6. List of Figures Figure 2-1: Timeline for Important Events in the Rare Earth Elements Market ............................................................ 18 Figure 3-1: Periodic Table Showing Rare Earth Elements ........................................................................................... 19 Figure 4-1: Topology of Rare Earth Elements .............................................................................................................. 22 Figure 4-2: Global: Rare Earth Metal Reserves by Country (in Million Metric Tons), 2010 .......................................... 22 Figure 4-3: Global: Rare Earth Metal Reserves by Country (in %), 2010 ..................................................................... 23 Figure 4-4: Global: Rare Earth Metals Reserve Base by Country (in Million Metric Tons), 2009 ................................. 24 Figure 4-5: Global: Rare Earth Metals Reserve Base by Country (in %), in 2009 ........................................................ 24 Figure 4-6: Global: Breakup of Light & Heavy Rare Earth Metal Reserves (in %), 2010.............................................. 26 Figure 5-1: Comparative Total Rare Earth Oxide Values of Various Rare Earth Mines, 2010 ..................................... 28 Figure 5-2: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Breakup of Total Operational Costs Involved in Mining & Processing, (in %) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 5-3: Global: Sources of Rare Earth Metals........................................................................................................ 35 Figure 5-4: Flow Chart: Concentration of Rare Earth Ores ......................................................................................... 37 Figure 5-5: Flow Chart: Extraction of Rare Earths from their Concentrated Ores ....................................................... 38 Figure 6-1: China’s Rare Earth Monopoly .................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 6-2: China & US: Average Labor Costs Per Hour (in US$), 2006 ..................................................................... 45 Figure 6-3: China: Domestic Demand and Supply of Rare Earth Elements, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 .................. 47 Figure 6-4: China: High Technology Exports (% of Manufactured Exports) 2000 & 2009 ............................................ 48 Figure 6-5: China: Rare Earth Elements Market Evolution, 1970 – 2010 ..................................................................... 49 Figure 7-1: Global: Rare Earth Metals Production (in 000’ Metric Tons) 1995-2010 .................................................... 50 Figure 7-2: Global: Rare Earth Metals Market (in Billion US$) 2008-2010 ................................................................... 50 Figure 7-3: Global: Rare Earth Metals Production Forecast (in 000’ Metric Tons), 2011-2015 .................................... 51 Figure 7-4: Global: Rare Earth Metals Market Forecast (in Billion US$), 2011-2015 ................................................... 51 Figure 7-5: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in %), 2010 ............................................................. 52 Figure 7-6: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country Forecast (in %), 2015 .............................................. 54 Figure 7-7: Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................... 56 Figure 7-8: Longnan Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................................... 57 Figure 7-9: Xunwu Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................................... 58 Figure 7-10: India Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 59 Figure 7-11: Eastern Coast Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................ 60 Figure 7-12: Lahat Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................................... 61 Figure 7-13: Mt Weld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)...................................................... 62 Figure 7-14: Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................... 63 Figure 7-15: Nolans Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)........................................................ 64 Figure 7-16: Steenkampskraal Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................... 65 Figure 7-17: Nechalacho Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................ 66 Figure 7-18: Kvanefjeld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................. 67 Figure 7-19: Dong Pao Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................... 68 Figure 7-20: Dubbo Zirconia Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .......................................... 69 Figure 7-21: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region, (in %), 2010 ....................................................... 70 Figure 7-22: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region Forecast, (in %), 2015 ........................................ 71 Figure 8-1: Terbium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................... 78 Figure 8-2: Terbium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 78 Figure 8-3: Terbium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ..................................................................................... 78 Figure 8-4: Dysprosium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .............................................................. 80 Figure 8-5: Dysprosium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ............................................................................... 81 Figure 8-6: Neodymium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .............................................................. 84 Figure 8-7: Neodymium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .............................................................................. 84 Figure 8-8: Neodymium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ............................................................................... 85 Figure 8-9: Europium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................. 87 Figure 8-10: Europium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ................................................................................ 87 Figure 8-11: Europium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ................................................................................. 87 Figure 8-12: Yttrium: Supply & Demand Balance, 2015 (in Metric Tons) ..................................................................... 91 Figure 8-13: Yttrium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 91 Figure 8-14: Yttrium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ..................................................................................... 92 Figure 8-15: Lanthanum: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ............................................................. 94 Figure 8-16: Lanthanum: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .............................................................................. 95 Figure 8-17: Lanthanum: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .............................................................................. 95 Figure 8-18: Cerium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .................................................................... 98 Figure 8-19: Cerium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 .................................................................................... 98 Figure 8-20: Cerium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .................................................................................... 98 Figure 8-21: Praseodymium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ..................................................... 100 Imarc®
  • 7. Figure 8-22: Praseodymium: Historical prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ...................................................................... 101  Figure 8-23: Praseodymium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 ...................................................................... 102  Figure 8-24: Samarium: Supply & Demand Balance, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ............................................................. 104  Figure 8-25: Samarium: Historical Prices (in US$/kg), 2007-2010 ............................................................................. 104  Figure 8-26: Samarium: Price Forecasts (in US$/kg), 2011-2015 .............................................................................. 105  Figure 9-1: Diesel Particulate Filter ............................................................................................................................ 112  Imarc®
  • 8. List of Tables Table 1-1: Rare Earth Elements: Light & Heavy Definitions ......................................................................................... 12  Table 3-1: Rare Earth Elements: Characteristics & Applications.................................................................................. 20  Table 4-1: Global: Rare Earth Metals: Reserve & Reserve Base Estimates by Country (in Million Metric Tons) ......... 25  Table 5-1: Light & Heavy Rare Earth Elements: Key Barriers to Entry......................................................................... 28  Table 5-2: Total Time & Stages Required in Constructing & Bringing a Rare Earth Mine to Production ...................... 29  Table 5-3: Rare Earth Elements: Mining & Processing Costs ...................................................................................... 31  Table 5-4: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Total Infrastructure & Capital Costs, (in Million US$) ..................................... 32  Table 5-5: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Breakup of Capital Costs, (in Million US$) ..................................................... 32  Table 5-6: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Operational Costs Involved in Underground Mining and Preparation of a Bulk Concentrate, (Cost US$ Per Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ................................................................................................ 33  Table 5-7: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Operational Costs Involved in Hydrometallurgical Processing, (Cost US$ Per Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ............................................................................................................................................. 33  Table 5-8: Thor Lake Rare Earth Mine: Total Operational Costs Involved in Mining & Processing, (Cost US$ Per Metric Ton of Ore Mined) ............................................................................................................................................. 34  Table 5-9: Sources of Rare Earth Elements & Their Composition ............................................................................... 36  Table 5-10: Average Annual Prices of Individual Rare Earth Elements, (in US$/Kg), 2007-2011 ................................ 41  Table 5-11: Average Annual Price Forecast of Individual Rare Earth Elements, (in US$/Kg), 2011-2015 ................... 42  Table 6-1: China: Rare Earth Elements Export Quota (in Metric Tons), 2005 – 2011 .................................................. 47  Table 7-1: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in Metric Tons), 1995-2002 .....................................53  Table 7-2: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country (in Metric Tons), 2003-2010 .....................................53  Table 7-3: Global: Rare Earth Elements Production by Country & Mine Forecast (in Metric Tons), 2011-2015 .......... 54  Table 7-4: Global: Distribution of Elements in Various Rare Earth Mines, (in %) ......................................................... 55  Table 7-5: Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ..................................................... 56  Table 7-6: Longnan Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................ 57  Table 7-7: Xunwu Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 58  Table 7-8: India Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................................... 59  Table 7-9: Eastern Coast Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................... 60  Table 7-10: Lahat Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................................... 61  Table 7-11: Mt Weld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ....................................................... 62  Table 7-12: Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ............................................ 63  Table 7-13: Nolans Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ......................................................... 64  Table 7-14: Steenkampskraal Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ........................................65  Table 7-15: Nechalacho Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................. 66  Table 7-16: Kvanefjeld Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) ................................................... 67  Table 7-17: Dong Pao Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %) .................................................... 68  Table 7-18: Dubbo Zirconia Rare Earth Mine: Composition of Various Elements, (in %)............................................ 69  Table 7-19: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region & Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 ................... 70  Table 7-20: Global: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Region & Application Forecast, (in Metric Tons), 2015 .... 71  Table 7-21: China: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 & 2015 ....................... 72  Table 7-22: Japan & Northeast Asia: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 & 2015 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 73  Table 7-23: US: Rare Earth Elements Consumption by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010 & 2015............................ 73  Table 8-1: Global: Supply of Various Rare Earth Elements (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015............................................. 74  Table 8-2: Global: Composition of Various Rare Earth Elements, (in %) 2010-2015 ................................................... 75  Table 8-3: Global: Supply & Demand of Various Rare Earth Elements, (in Metric Tons), 2015 ................................... 75  Table 8-4: Terbium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 76  Table 8-5: Global: Terbium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015............................................ 77  Table 8-6: Dysprosium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk........................................................... 79  Table 8-7: Global: Dysprosium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................80  Table 8-8: Neodymium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk .......................................................... 82  Table 8-9: Global: Neodymium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................83  Table 8-10: Europium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ............................................................ 85  Table 8-11: Global: Europium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ......................................86  Table 8-12: Yttrium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 89  Table 8-13: Global: Yttrium Production: Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .......................................... 90  Table 8-14: Lanthanum: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ......................................................... 92  Table 8-15: Global: Lanthanum: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .....................................94  Table 8-16: Cerium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ................................................................ 95  Table 8-17: Global: Cerium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ........................................... 97  Table 8-18: Praseodymium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk.................................................... 99  Table 8-19: Global: Praseodymium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 ............................. 100  Table 8-20: Samarium: Overview, Importance to Clean Energy & Supply Risk ......................................................... 102  Table 8-21: Global: Samarium: Production Break-up by Mine (in Metric Tons), 2010 - 2015 .................................... 103  Imarc®
  • 9. Table 9-1: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements by Application, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ............................. 106  Table 9-2: Global: Share of Rare Earth Elements by Application, (in %), 2010-2015 ................................................ 106  Table 9-3: Global: Production of NdFeB Magnets & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 109  Table 9-4: Global: Production of NiMH Battery Alloys & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010- 2015 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 110  Table 9-5: Global: Demand for Auto Catalysts & Rare Earth Elements Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 . 111  Table 9-6: Global: Demand of Cerium Oxide for Diesel Fuel Borne Catalysts, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ............. 113  Table 9-7: Global Demand of FCC Catalysts & Rare Earth Element Consumption, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ..... 113  Table 9-8: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphors, (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 .............................. 115  Table 9-9: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Major Glass Applications (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ......... 116  Table 9-10: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Polishing Powders (in Metric Tons), 2010-2015 ................. 117  Table 9-11: Global: Demand of Rare Earth Elements in Other Applications (in Metric Tons), ................................... 118  Table 11-1: Substitution Possibilities in Rare Earth Elements .................................................................................... 121  Table 11-2: Material Strategies by Rare Earth Reserve Rich Countries .................................................................... 123  Table 11-3: Material Strategies by Countries Not Having Rich Rare Earth Reserves ................................................ 123  Imarc®
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