Recent advances in obturation techniques/ dental implant courses

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education

 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 OBJECTIVES
 CLASSIFICATION OF OBTURATING TECHNIQUES
GROSSMAN
COHEN
INGLE
MESSING AND STOCK (1988)
GUTMANN AND WITHERSPOON (2002)
 METHODS OF OBTURATION

 RECENT ADVANCES IN
OBTURATING TECHNIQUES
 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND CONCLUSION

19th
century
Koecker : Red hot wire cauterize pulp
Gold to fill the canal
Various materials used :
Bamboo, waxes, asbestos, POP, cotton,
ivory, wood , rubber .
Metals , zinc , amalgam.
1847--- Hill’s Stopping.- Gutta Percha:
1867--- BOWNMAN first root canal filling using gutta-percha in extracted tooth.

1847: ASA HILL introduced Gutta Percha in the
form of “Hill’s Stopping”
Bleached gutta percha+ carbonate of lime & quartz
1883: PERRY –used gold wire wrapped with GP
RICHMOND used orange wood coated with gutta-percha
1887: SS White company first began to manufacture GP
1914: CALLAHAN: Used various metals for Obturation ……..
Silver was the most common.
1977 : Thermoplasticized Injectable Gutta-percha Obturation was introduced

In 1978, JOHNSON described a unique yet simple method of canal ,
obturation with Thermoplasticized alpha-phase
gutta-percha carried into the canal on an endodontic file.
A Totally new concept of heat softening and compacting gutta-percha was introduced
by MCSPADDEN in 1979.
GUTTA-PERCHA has been known to dentistry for over 100 years, and is by far the
most universally used solid-core root canal filling material.

Objectives of obturation
Total debridement, try to get a fluid tight seal
by total obliteration of canal space
• Stops coronal leakage
• Entombs surviving bacteria
• Stops influx of periapical tissues and release of bacterial elements .
The commonly used term “hermetic seal” is not accurate.
“Hermetic” is defined as “airtight by fusion or sealing.” Air is not
the problem at the periapex—fluid is the problem. “Impermeable”
is a more accurate term.
Fluid Impervious, Fluid Tight , Bacteria Tight Seal – appropriate to use .

Methods of obturation
Direction of Compaction :
Lateral
Vertical
Temperature of the gutta percha:
Cold
Warm
Based on need of sealer :
With sealer
Without sealer (Paste fills)
Based on number of cone used :
Single cone technique
Multiple cone technique

ACC to GROSSMAN:
1. Lateral
2. Vertical
3. Sectional
4. Compaction ( McSpadden technique)
5. Thermoplasticized gutta percha
6. Chemically plasticized gutta percha

Acc to Cohen:
1. Semisolid materials
2. Solid materials
3. Rigid cones
Semisolid materials:
• Chloroform dip technique
• Lateral
• Lateral and vertical
• Sectional
• Thermoplasticized materials
• Thermo-mechanical condensation
• Chemically plasticized gutta percha
• Pressure syringe technique
• Pastes
Solid materials:
• Silver cones
• Stainless steel points
Rigid cones
• Vitallium
• Cr-Co implant points

Acc to INGLE
•Lateral condensation
•Vertical condensation
•Sectional condensation
•Chemically plasticized
•Thermo –compaction
•Thermoplasticized GP technique
•Ultrasonic plasticizing technique
•Light speed sectional technique
•Solid core material technique
•Hybrid technique
•Others

Classification according to J.J. Messing and C.J.R. Stock (1988)
1. Sectional
• Silver
• Titanium
• Gutta percha
• Amalgam
2. Single Cone
• Gutta percha
• Silver
• Titanium point
3. Multiple cone
• Cold lateral condensation
• Warm lateral condensation
• Hot vertical condensation
• Custom made
4. Gutta percha with solvents
5. Thermal compaction
6. Injection molded thermo-plasticized pastes alone

CLASSIFICATION OF OBTURATION TECHNIQUES BY GUTMANN AND
WHITHERSPOON (2002)
I. Solid core Gutta percha with sealants
A. Cold Gutta percha points
Lateral compaction
Variations of lateral compaction
B. Chemically plasticized cold gutta percha
Essential oils and solvents
Eucalyptol
Chloroform
Halothane
C. Canal warmed gutta percha
Vertical compaction
System B compaction
Sectional Compaction

Lateral / vertical compaction
• Endotec II
Thermo-mechanical compaction
• Microseal System, Engine-Plugger, Maillefer Condenser
• Hybrid technique
• J.S. Quick-Fill
• Ultrasonic plasticizing
D. Thermoplasticized gutta percha
Syringe insertion
Obtura
Inject R-fill, backfill
Solid – core carrier insertion
Thermafil and Densfil
Soft core and Three Dee GP
Ultrafil

II. Apical third filling
– Light speed SimpliFill
– Dentin – chip
– Calcium hydroxide
III. Injection or “Spiral” filling
– Cements
– Pastes
– Plastics
– Calcium phosphate

RESILON
Resilon is a polymer based thermoplastic resin containing
bioactive glass, bismuth oxychloride, barium sulphate and
additional radiopaque fillers
Resilon is a industrial polyurethane
Adapted for dental use .

The polymer has an improved flexural strength and, when used in conjunction
with a resin-based sealer, offers improved bonding potential compared with gutta-
percha.
Resilon is non mutagenic, non toxic , and biocompatible.
Sizes: ISO #15 - # 40,Cone tapers: S1, S2, S3.
Resilon is the central component of the Epiphany™ Soft Resin Endodontic
Obturation System (Pentron Clinical Technologies, LLC), and RealSeal™
(SybronEndo).
These systems include three primary components:
 Resilon core material
 Resin sealer
 Primer

Primer.
The primer—a self-etch primer that contains
 Sulfonic acid-terminated functional
monomer,
 2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA),
 water
 Polymerization initiator.
HEMA enhances the bonding of resin to
dentin.

Sealer in an auto mixing barrel
syringe.
The Resin Sealer—a dual-curing, resin-based composite sealer.
The resin matrix is composed of
bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate (BisGMA)
ethoxylated BisGMA,
urethanedimethacrylate (UDMA) and
hydrophilic difunctional methacrylates.
It contains fillers of
calcium hydroxide, barium sulfate, barium glass, and silica
total filler content is approximately 70% by weight.

Obtura Gun.Resilon points Resilon Pellet
The Resilon core material a thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based root canal
core material :
bioactive glass, bismuth oxychloride and barium sulfate.
The filler content is approximately 65% by weight.

Because Resilon is a synthetic polymer, the resin sealer attaches to it, as
well as to the bonding agent/primer used to penetrate into the dentin
tubules.
As a result, a ‘monoblock’ is formed, consisting of filling material resin
sealer-bonding agent/primer-dentin.
Sealer used for resilon is called ‘Epiphany’ or ‘Real seal’

Technique :
Resilon can be softened with heat or dissolved with solvents such as chloroform
for retreatment purposes.
It is available as master cones and accessory cones in different sizes, and as
Resilon pellets.
Flushing the root canals :
with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
and/or 2% chlorhexidine removes this smear layer and
residual sodium hypochlorite

Advantages :
• Very less microleakage due to ‘Monobloc’ and also ‘Double Seal’
• Resilon is a bonded resin system, it has the potential to
strengthen the root.
• Resilon is highly radiopaque and handles well with both cold and
heated root canal filling techniques.
• Healing in a short period of time.

RealSeal is applied in the same way as gutta percha.
Use the obturation technique of your choice, adding only a
priming step before filling.
Has excellent handling, working time and flow characteristics.
RealSeal flows easily into the accessible lateral anatomy of the
root canal system.
RealSeal
EndoREZ
EndoREZ Points are unique, resin-coated gutta percha cones.
The resin coating bonds with EndoREZ during obturation resulting in
more complete "monoblock"-type seal.
EndoREZ Points can be used with all obturation techniques, including
warm GP and lateral condensation.

USING EPIPHANY WITH SYSTEM B
Set the temperature to 150°C. and the power to 10.
USING EPIPHANY WITH THE OBTURA GUN
• For the 25 gauge needle tips, set the temperature to 160°C.
• For the 23 gauge needle tips, set the temperature to 140°C.
• For the 20 gauge needle tips, set the temperature to 120-130°C.

The Fiberfill Obturator
-Resin and glass fiber post with a terminal gutta
percha tip.
-The gutta percha is available either in 5 or 8mm
lengths.
-The diameter of the post : 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ,80.
apical gutta percha is retreatable,
-removal of the bonded fiber post has proven to be
difficult.
-resin-based system can actually increase the
strength of roots.

Each FibreFill obturator :
 unidirectional fibers in an organic resin matrix.
 gutta percha is attached via a thin, flexible filament
The FibreFill obturator bonded to the tooth,
The obturator not only fills the canal but also serves as a post
FibreFill Root Canal Sealant, provides a more effective apical and coronal seal

CANAL WARMED GUTTA PERCHA TECHNIQUE
SYSTEM B COMPACTION
• Also called continuous wave
compaction technique.
• Variation of warm vertical
compaction.
• Heating element is contained
within specifically designed
pluggers ( Buchanan pluggers),
• tips of which are 0.5 mm in
diameter.
• Pluggers are tapered and made
up of stainless steel and come in
sizes; 0.06,0.08, 0.10, 0.12.

Technique :
• Fit a standardized gutta percha cone in the root canal preparation.
• A Buchanan plugger is chosen that matches the taper of the selected
gutta percha cone and a rubber stopper is placed on the plugger 5 mm
short of WL.
• Buchanan plugger is fitted to its binding point in the canal. Stop is
adjusted and the plugger is removed.
• Canal is dried and the cone is cemented.

• System B unit is set to 2000
c at touch mode and plugger is introduced
in the canal and activated to remove excess coronal material.
• Preheated plugger is driven smoothly through the GP until it stops.
Procedure is repeated until the plugger is within 0.5 – 1 mm of the
binding point.
• Apical pressure without heat is maintained for 10 seconds to take up
any shrinkage that might occur upon cooling.
• Since the Buchanan pluggers heat from their tips back, heat burst in
this portion can lead to coronal surplus of GP from the already
condensed mass.
• The canal is now ready for “obtura backfill”.

1. MASTER CONE CEMENTATION.
The master cone is cemented in the canal with sealer.
2. INITIATION OF DOWN PACK
With the omni directional "trigger" switch activated
3. SUSTAINED APICAL
CONDENSATION. The omni
directional "trigger" switch should be
released once within 3-4 mm of the
apical constriction.

4. SEPARATION BURST. The heat source
is activated for one second
OBTURA II. This is a thermo plasticized injection-molded delivery system
5. Remainder of the canal is
ready for backfill.

“Touch ’n Heat” 5004, battery-powered (rechargeable)heat source.
Heat carrier heats to glowing within seconds to plasticize gutta-percha in canal.
Also used in removal of gutta-percha
Advantages and Disadvantages

Lateral/Vertical Compaction of Warm Gutta-percha.

Considering the ease and speed of lateral compaction as well as the superior
density gained by vertical compaction of warm gutta-percha, Martin developed a
device that appears to achieve the best qualities of both techniques that was called
Endotec II (Medidenta Inc; Woodside, N.Y.)
Endotec II handpiece contains battery power pack.

Motion for using Endotec II- plugger/spreader—
Vertical pressure with sweeping lateral pressure.
Endotec II- plugger
Gutta-percha.
Pluggers
02/30, 02/40,
04/40, 04/70
06/70, 06/100

Martin and Fischer have shown, in a photo elastic stress test, that “warm lateral
condensation (Endotec) created less stress during obturation than did cold lateral
condensation.”
Martin pointed out that the Schilder compaction method leads to 0.45% shrinkage,
and since Endotec temperatures are lower than with the other technique, shrinkage
following Endotec usage should be lower as well

SECTIONAL COMPACTION
• Modifications of the vertical compaction.
• Known as the “Chicago” technique
since it was widely promoted by Coolidge,Blayney, and Lundquist, all
from Chicago.

THERMOMECHANICAL COMPACTION
• By McSpadden in 1979. Initially called the ‘McSpadden Compactor’.
• Device resembled a reverse Hedstroem file.
• latch-type handpiece
• 8,000 and 20,000 rpm.
• In Europe, Maillefer modified the Hedstroem- ‘Gutta-Condenser’,
• Zipperer (Germany) called ‘Engine Plugger’.
• McSpadden modified it
• made of nickel titanium
• Microseal System (Analytic/Quantec, USA).
• This technique describes plasticity generated within GP by heat
developed during mechanical activity

• A well adapted master cone is
placed in the canal with a
suitable sealer.
• A mechanically activated
rotating compactor similar to
reverse Hedstroem file is
introduced in the canal which
heats up the GP and
thermoplasticizes it.

• Thermocompactors available –
Maillefer Gutta-condenser, McSpadden Ni-Ti thermocompactor,
Zipperer thermocompactor and Quickfill compactor.

MicroSeal System
Microseal Heater
Microflow Syringe
Microflow Cartridge.
MicroFlow
master cone
MicroSeal
absorbent points.

Developed by Dr. John McSpadden

Includes the following features:
• Low-fusing gutta percha specifically designed to flow with pressure, heat or both.
• Condensers are stiff enough to go full length, flexible enough to slide around
curvatures and easy to custom-fit without distortion.

Micro-Seal Gutta-percha Condenser is operated at slow speed.
• Run at a speed of 1000 to 4000 rpm.
Microseal Condensers
The engine-driven nickel-titanium
condensers utilize a reverse-helix design that
simultaneously introduces and condenses
gutta percha into the intricacies of the canal
system

Microseal Spreaders
Nickel-titanium finger or engine spreaders enable even distribution of
condensation forces against the master cone, even around curvatures
Technique

Microseal Heater
MicroSeal Heater efficiently heats gutta percha to full working temperature in less
than 45 seconds. The device is thermostatically controlled to maintain ideal
working temperature of cartridges throughout treatment.
Microflow Syringe
Autoclavable heavy-duty metal construction with large finger supports for easy
extrusion of Microflow Cartridges.


1. MicroFlow master
cone and sealer are
placed in the canal.
2. Warm MicroFlow Gutta
percha is introduced and
condensed in the canal.
3. A root canal
that is filled in all
its dimensions.
T
E
C
H
N
I
Q
U
E

One other innovation using the thermo mechanical principle to compact gutta-percha in
the root canal has been introduced as the J.S. Quick-Fill (J.S. Dental Co., Sweden/USA).
This system consists of titanium core devices that come in ISO sizes 15 to 60, resemble
latch-type endodontic drills, coated with alpha-phase gutta-percha.
Thermo mechanical Solid-Core Gutta-percha Obturation.
J.S. Quick-Fill titanium carriers coated with alpha-phase gutta percha comes
in sizes and operates in regular slow-speed handpiece. Friction plasticizes
gutta-percha. Titanium core may be severed and left or removed while still
spinning.

D. Thermoplasticized gutta percha.
Syringe insertion ( Pressure syringe).
a. Obtura II, Elements obturation
b. Inject R Fill
c. Ultrafil
Solid core carrier insertion.
a. Thermafill and Soft core and Three Dee GP.
E.Cold plasticized Gutta percha technique
a. Gutta flow
F.Apical 3rd
filling
a. Simplifil
b. MTA
G. Non Instrument Technology

Ultrasonic Plasticizing.
First suggested by Moreno from Mexico
Used a Cavitron ultrasonic scaler with a PR30 insert,
Used only in the anterior mouth.
Moreno placed gutta-percha points to virtually fill the canal.
Insert the attached endodontic instrument into the mass,
activated the ultrasonic instrument -plasticized the gutta-percha by friction
Final vertical compaction could be done with hand or finger pluggers.

THERMOPLASTICIZED
INJECTABLE GUTTA-
PERCHA OBTURATION.
-SYRINGE INSERTION

Obtura II System
THERMOPLASTICIZED INJECTABLE GUTTA-PERCHA OBTURATION.

Introduced to the profession in 1977
Developed by a group at Harvard/Forsyth Institute,
Gutta-percha was ejected out of a prototype pressure syringe that had warmed it to
160°C. -- 18 gauge
Today marketed as the Obtura II Heated Gutta-Percha System
Digitally controlled temperatures --160°C to 200°C
Needle size -- 20 gauge (equal to a size 60 file)
23 gauge (equal to a size 40 file).
Although regular beta-phase gutta-percha is still used,
Now -less viscous, higher flow form of gutta-percha known as Easy Flow .

Obtura II: ( High Heat )
• was introduced by Yee et al in 1977
• Consists of hand held ‘gun’ that contains a chamber surrounded by
heating element into which pellets of GP are loaded.
• Silver needles are used to deliver the material into the canal.
• Control unit allows the adjustment of temperature and thus viscosity of
GP.
• Temp of GP from needle – 600
to 700
c

Technique :
• Canal is prepared, dried and the walls are coated with sealers.
• GP is preheated in the gun and the needle is positioned in the canal
so that it reaches within 3-5 mm of the apical preparation.
• GP is passively injected by squeezing the trigger of the gun.Needle backs out
of the canal as the apical portion is filled.
• Pluggers dipped in alcohol are used to compact the GP when it gets cooled.
• GP is heated at 160-2000
c
3 Techniques of Using OBtura II

Advantages :
Best adaptation to the root canal walls
Better bacterial seal
Flows in areas of root resorption, accessory canals and
other irregularities
Clinical considerations :
“COKE BOTTLE EFFECT”

Disadvantages :
lack of length control (overextension or underextension )

Elements Obturation System

Inject-R Fill–Backfilling Technique.

Method of backfilling has been developed by Roane at the University of Oklahoma
Moyco-Union Broach; Bethpage, N.Y

Inject-R Fill,
miniature-sized metal tube +
conventional gutta-percha
plunger,
used for backfilling process.
allows for delivery of a single backfill injection of gutta-percha

The Inject-R Fill
• Heated in a flame or an electronic heater
• Coronal surface of the gutta-percha -canal should be warmed
• Burner is used -- sleeve is waved through the flame until gutta-percha
begins to extrude from the open end.
warmed unit -placed into the orifice
canal orifice must be at least 2 mm in diameter.
handle pushed - injects the heated gutta-percha into the canal.
Pre-fitted hand or finger pluggers used to compact the gutta-percha.

Ultrafill 3D ( low heat tech)
• 1984 by Michanowicz and Czonstokowsky
• System uses Ampules that contain GP of different viscosities.
• GP formulations : Regular set, Endoset and Firm set.
• Ampules are heated for 15 minutes to plasticize the GP.
• A cannula with diameter of 0.7 mm is attached to each ampule and the GP is
injected with a modified ‘ PERIPRESS SYRINGE’.
• Excessive pressure is avoided to prevent extrusion of material.

Advantages :
• Simple, fast, predictable filling of root canals.
• Especially useful for small or very curved canals.
• More dense and well adapted root canal fillings compared to
the conventional technique.
Disadvantages :
Overextension.

SOLID-CORE
CARRIER:
MANUAL
INSERTION

SOLID-CORE CARRIER: MANUAL INSERTION

In 1978, Johnson described a unique yet simple method of canal obturation with
thermoplasticized alpha-phase gutta-percha carried into the canal on an endodontic file.
ThermaFil is considered the major core-carrier technique,
Two similar products : Soft-Core, and its European version, Three Dee GP.
The central carrier is uniformly coated with a layer of refined and tested
alpha-phase gutta-percha
ThermaFil
ThermaFil

Original handmade gutta-percha
obturator mounted on regular
endodontic file.
Modern manufactured Thermafil
Obturators—alpha-phase gutta-percha
mounted on radiopaque, flexible, plastic
carriers.

Contemporary carriers are made of radiopaque plastic
While the gutta-percha covering the original carriers was heated in a flame,
New plastic core carriers are heated in a controlled oven environment called the
ThermaPrep Plus heating system Dentsply/Tulsa.
Method of Use.
The sealer is applied, the warmed obturator is removed
from the ThermaPrep Plus heater and carried slowly to full
working length in the canal.
ThermaPrep Plus heater

Efficacy of ThermaFil Obturation.

Weller et al. at Georgia used a split-tooth model to assess gutta-percha adaptation
using Obtura, three types of ThermaFil core carriers, and lateral compaction. No
root canal sealer was used. The best adaptation was with Obtura obturations,
followed by ThermaFil plastic, ThermaFil titanium, ThermaFil stainless steel, and
lateral compaction

COLD PLASTICIZED GP
GuttaFlowGuttaFlow®®
Cold Flowable Gutta PerchaCold Flowable Gutta Percha

COLD PLASTICIZED GP
GuttaFlow®
is the first Non-Heated Flowable Obturation Material for
root canals which combines Gutta-Percha and Sealer in One product
• Works at room temperature
• Easier and Faster
– Gutta-Percha and Sealer in One
– No condensation needed
+ =
GP Powder Sealer GuttaFlow
• Excellent Seal
No Heat - No Shrinkage
Expands slightly by 0.2% percen
• Insoluble and dimensionally stable

COLD PLASTICIZED GP
GuttaFlow®
Step-by-Step / Application
• Activation
• Mixing

GuttaFlow®
Step-by-Step / Application
• Dispensing

GuttaFlow®
Step-by-Step Application
Root canals filled with master points
and GuttaFlow®
AH Plus-8 hours curing
time
COLD PLASTICIZED GP

• Light speed Simplifill.
• MTA
Apical third filling

APICAL THIRD FILLING
SimpliFill Obturation Technique
SimpliFill was originally developed by Senia at Light Speed Technology to
complement the canal shape created using Light Speed instruments.
The Apical GP Plug size is the same ISO size as the LightSpeed “Master
Apical Rotary” (MAR)

•LIGHTSPEED's very short cutting blade provides more accurate
tactile feedback which helps determine when the canal has been
properly cleaned.
•LIGHTSPEED's taper less shaft gives it more flexibility than
others. This flexibility keeps it centered, virtually eliminating
ledging, zipping and perforating the canal.

•LIGHTSPEED instrumentation is conservative. It removes
sufficient dentin to clean and shape without over-enlarging the
canal and weakening the root. This approach reduces the risk of
future root fracture.

SimpliFill is a relatively new
two-phased obturation method
use of a stainless steel carrier to place
compact a 5 mm segment of gutta-percha into the apical portion
Once placed, the carrier is removed, leaving a plug of gutta-percha.
If a post is not desired, The Second Phase
backfill canal with Ketac-Endo sealer along with accessory cones of gutta-percha.
Backfill Syringe

Obturators
BETTER
Virtually no leakage occurred through SimpliFill's Apical Plug
FASTER
... Complete obturation with SimpliFill® was accomplished in less than half the
time of lateral condensation
"Maria D. Santos, William A. Walker, and David L. Carnes.. J Endodon 1999; 25: 609-12.
Abstract "

•Conserves Dentin
•Simple to use
•Requires no expensive equipment
•Requires no heat
•Leaves no carrier in canal
•Is kind to the root
• Saves time when post space is required
•Simplifies cleaning and shaping
Apical Plug
Rubber stop
Shaft
Apical GP Plug
( length 5mm).

Trial Fitting
The purpose of trial fitting is to check that
the SimpliFill GP Plug fits the apical
preparation correctly.*Trial fit a GP Plug
the same size as the MAR. Set the stop at
WL. Do not use sealer.
S I M P L I F I L L ®

Step 1
Place Apical GP Plug™ to WL

Step 2
Release GP Plug
from Carrier

Step 3
Fill Remainder of
Canal with Sealer
SimpliFill syringe

MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATES
• It is used as an apical obturation material before complete obturation
of the canal.
• Following cleaning and shaping, canal is dried and MTA is placed.
• The material is compacted into the apical portion of the root to form
a barrier.
• After the material sets,GP can then be compacted without extrusion
Advantages :
• sterile, biocompatible
• Induces hard tissue formation at the apical region.
• Rapid, eliminating the need for numerous visits.

NON INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUE OF OBTURATION
Fully automatic method:
• Mechanism of root canal preparation: Rapid pressure changes under partial
vaccum cause bubble formation which then implode (cavitations). This
process takes place at least 250 times per second and produces an intense
exchange of sodium hypochlorite within the canals.
• Strong tissue dissolving action of NaOCl removes pulp tissue within 10-15
minutes.
• Mechanism of root canal obturation: The device consists of a multistage
vaccum pump which when fitted to the tooth creates vaccum in prepared
canals. The root canal filling paste is then sucked in the canal.
• The pump contains a ball inside, which prevents air entry in the reservoir.

ENDODONTICS – INGLE
PATHWAYS OF PULP—COHEN.
ENDODONTIC THERAY – FRANKLIN WEINE
www.pubmed.com
www.google.com
ENDODONTOLOGY -BEER , KIM
COMPANY CATALOGUES –GUTTA FLOW
MAGNIFICATION IN ENDODONTICS:
THE USE OF THE OPERATING
MICROSCOPE
INTERNATIONAL DENTISTRY SA –
AUSTRALASIAN EDITION VOL. 1, NO. 2

Recent advances in obturation techniques/ dental implant courses

Recent advances in obturation techniques/ dental implant courses

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