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1. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education

2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
• DEFINITIONS
• RETENTION
– FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION
• PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, MECHANICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
– CLINICAL EVALUATION OF RETENTION
– CAUSES OF POOR RETENTION

3. • STABILITY
– FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO STABILITY
• RELATIONSHIP OF DENTURE BASE TO
UNDERLYING TISSUES
• RELATIONSHIP OF EXTERNAL SURFACE AND
PERIPHERY TO SURROUNDING ORO FACIAL
MUSCULATURE
• RELATIONSHIP OF OPPOSING OCCLUSAL
SURFACES
• PATIENT EDUCATION

4. • SUPPORT
– COMPARISION OF SUPPORT IN
DENTULOUS AND EDENTULOUS
– ANATOMY OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
– TYPES OF SUPPORT
– NATURE OF SUPPORTING TISSUES
– DENTURE BEARING AREAS
– METHODS TO IMPROVE SUPPORT
• CONCLUSION

6. RETENTIONRETENTION
• That quality inherent in the dental prosthesis acting
to resist the forces of dislodgement along the path
of placement.
Or (GPT 8)
• It is the resistance to displacement of the denture
base away from the ridge.
STABILITYSTABILITY
• The quality of a removable dental prosthesis to be
firm , steady or constant to resist displacement by
functional horizontal or rotational stresses.
(GPT 8)

7. SUPPORTSUPPORT
• the resistance to vertical forces of
mastication and to occlusal or other forces
applied in the direction towards the basal
seat. (GPT 8)
According to Boucher,
• Support is the resistance of a denture to
the vertical components of mastication and
to occlusal or other forces applied in a
direction towards the basal seat

9. FACTORS INVOLVED INFACTORS INVOLVED IN
RETENTION OF DENTURESRETENTION OF DENTURES
PHYSICAL
FACTORS
BIOLOGICAL
FACTORS
MECHANICAL
FACTORS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTOR
Adhesion
 Cohesion
 Interfacial force
 Capillarity
 Gravity
 Atmospheric
pressure
 Saliva
 Area of denture
Intimate tissue
contact
 Border seal
 Oro-facial
musculature
 undercuts
 rotational path of
insertion
 springs
 suction chambers
 rubber suction discs
 magnets
 adhesives

10. INTERFACIAL FORCEINTERFACIAL FORCE
….is the resistance to separation of two parallel surfaces
that is separated by a film of liquid between them.
 interfacial surface tension
 viscous tension
• Interfacial surface tension is a property of liquids in
which exposed surface tends to contact to smallest
possible area.
• It is dependent on the existence of a liquid/air
interface at the terminus of the liquid/solid contact …..
will provide less amount of retention in mandibular
denture as it is pooled with saliva.

11. • INTERFACIAL VISCOUS TENSION:
It refers to force holding two parallel plates
together that is due to the viscosity of the
interposed liquid. Viscous tension described by
Stefan’s law: F = (3/2)Π kr4 V/h3
• r is the radius of the plates
• k viscosity of the interposed liquid
• h thickness of liquid
• V velocity
• F force required to pull the plates apart

12. ADHESION and COHESIONADHESION and COHESION
• physical force involved in the
attraction of unlike molecules
• Adhesion of saliva - mucous
membrane - the denture base -
through ionic forces between
charged salivary glycoproteins
and surface epithelium or the
resin.
• Surface area covered
• Adaptation of denture to
underlying tissues
• Direction of displacing force
• physical attraction of like
molecules for each other
• occurs in the layer of saliva
between the denture base
and the mucosa & works to
maintain the integrity of the
interposed liquid.
• Thin saliva with some mucous
components gives maximum
retenton.

14. CAPILLARY ATTRACTION ORCAPILLARY ATTRACTION OR
CAPILLARITY:CAPILLARITY:
• Capillarity is what causes the
liquid to rise in a capillary tube,
….will maximize its contact with
the walls of the capillary tube.
• denture base to the mucosa
….is sufficiently close, the
space filled with a thin film of
saliva acts like a capillary tube
in that the liquid seeks to
increase its contact with both
the denture & the mucosal
surface.

15. GRAVITYGRAVITY
• When a person is in an upright posture,
gravity acts as a retentive force for the
mandibular denture and a displacive force
for the maxillary denture.
• If the maxillary denture…metal base or
precious metal …the weight of the
prosthesis works to unseat
• Increasing the weight of mandibular
denture may theoretically seem to
increase the retention.

16. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Atmospheric pressure is the physical
factor of hydrostatic pressure due to the
weight of the atmosphere on the earth’s
surface.
• At sea level this force amounts to 14.7 psi.
• resist dislodging forces …dentures have
effective seal with maximum areamaximum area
coveragecoverage
• Proper border molding with physiological,Proper border molding with physiological,
selective pressure techniquesselective pressure techniques

17. BIOLOGICAL FACTORSBIOLOGICAL FACTORS
ORAL AND FACIAL
MUSCULATURE:
– the teeth are positioned in
the “neutral zone” between
the cheeks and the tongue.
– the polished surfaces of the
dentures are properly
shaped.

18. For the oral and facial musculature to be most
effective in providing retention for complete
dentures, the following conditions must be met:
1. maximum coverage of DBA.
2. occlusal plane must be at the correct level.
3. teeth set in the “neutral zone”.

19. INTIMATE TISSUE CONTACTINTIMATE TISSUE CONTACT
• the close adaptation of denture base to the underlying
tissue
• impression technique will determine the degree of
intimate tissue contact obtained with the tissues at rest
and during function.
 THEORIES OF IMPRESSION MAKING:
• Depending on the amount of pressure used
• Open mouth or close mouth technique
• Hand manipulations or functional movements
• Type of tray used

20. Peripheral sealPeripheral seal
• The peripheral seal gives maximum
retention by virtue of slightly compressing
the tissues at the periphery, thereby
reducing the distance between the future
denture and its supporting tissues and
increasing the force required to shear the
saliva film.

21. • In maxillary complete denture, posterior
palatal seal has to be included in steep palatal
vaults… problem—metal base/ subsequent
bench- cure reline
• A selective pressure impression technique
for the edentulous maxilla.( JPD 2004,Vol
92,299-301)--By displacing the tissues of the
palate and effectively creating a deeper vault
on the cast, the technique compensates for
the shrinkage of the PMMA.
• Buccal space… varies in size and shape – care
must taken to fill entire buccal space

22. • Labially triangularis muscle and
mentalis muscle are very active …
• Anterior lingual side --slight
displacement of the mucosa can
be tolerated and provides a seal
when the muscular floor of the
mouth is at rest.
• The posterior fibers extend
vertically to attach the hyoid
bone, while the anterior fibers
extend horizontally to meet the
fibers of the contralateral side.

23. • The posterolateral part of retromylohyoid
curtain …. superior constrictor muscle and
posteromedial aspect …. palatoglossus muscle
and lateral surface of the tongue.
• Adequate seal ….. by gently compressing the
tissues of the lateral wall of the
retromylohyoid fossa lingual to the
retromolar pad and tucking the distolingual
flange laterally against the mucosa
• Posterior extension ….on firmly bound
keratinized tissue of pear shaped pad.
• Lammie and Krol suggested beading of this

24. MECHANICAL FACTORSMECHANICAL FACTORS
UNDERCUTS
• It is that portion of the surface of an object that is
beyond the height of the contour in relationship to the
path of placement.
• Undercuts act as mechanical locking system in retention
of denture
• Usual sites of undercuts:
• Maxillary – distobuccal vestibular area
premolar area, anteriorly
• Mandibular – distolingual vestibule
lingual mandibular midbody areas.

25. • Unilateral undercuts are
utilized for denture retention.
• Bilateral undercuts can be
used for retention as long as
they are not severe.
• when present on both sides,
one side of undercut is
surgically removed.

26. SPRINGSSPRINGS
• made of coiled stainless steel or
gold-plated base metal …their
ends attached to swivels in the
premolar areas on both sides of
the upper and lower dentures.
• as soon as they are released the
dentures are forced apart by
the action of the springs and
held in place.
• Nylon springs …

27. Disadvantages of springs
• Constant pressure causes excessive
resorption
• The inner surfaces of the cheeks
frequently become sore from frictional
contact with the springs.
• Lateral movements of mandible
restricted and hence efficiency of the
dentures is impaired.
• Mucous membrane can not tolerate
constant pressure.
• unhygienic

28. SUCTION CHAMBERSSUCTION CHAMBERS
• When the denture is inserted,
the patient creates a partial
vacuum in this chamber by
sucking and swallowing
• small area of reduced pressure
will proliferate, and in time will
fill the whole suction chamber,
thus limiting the usefulness of
this device and at the time
limiting the amount of damage
(hyperplasia) which it can cause.

29. RUBBER SUCTION DISCS:RUBBER SUCTION DISCS:
• They consist of a rubber disc which is
buttoned on to a stud sunk into the
fitting surface of the denture.
• The partial vacuum created within the
perimeter of this disc holds the upper
denture suspended from the hard palate.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Due to the swelling and spreading of the
rubber disc they are not self-limiting in
action as is the case with suction
chambers.
• unhygienic. The soft tissue disc is porous
and it swells and becomes very foul.

30. • Denture adhesives refers to nontoxic,
soluble material (powder, liquid, cream)
that is applied to the tissue surface of
the denture to enhance denture
retention, stability and performance.
Composition:
• prior to early 1960s were based on
vegetable gums – karaya, tragacanth,
xanthan, acacia
• these are highly water soluble ,
AdhesiveAdhesive

31. Presently, synthetic materials ….
• Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) –short acting
• Poly(vinyl methyl ether maleate) or gantrez –long acting
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone(povidone)-short acting
• Binding agent – petrolatum, mineral oil, polyethylene oxide
• Anti-clumping agents - silicon dioxide, calcium stearate
• Flavoring agent, Color, Preservatives
Mechanism of action:
The adhesives increase retention by optimizing interfacial forces
by-
• Increasing the adhesive and cohesive properties and viscosity
of the saliva bet denture base and underlying tissue.
• Eliminating voids between the denture base and its basal seat

32. Indications and contraindicationIndications and contraindication
• To enhance retention of well made dentures
• Xerostomia
• Cerebrovascular accidents
• Orofacial dyskinesia- due to
– phenothiazines-:tranquilizers
– neuroleptics
– Gastrointestinal medications : metachlorpromide, prochlorperazine
• Resective surgery
DENTURE ADHESIVES ARE CONTRAINDICATED FORDENTURE ADHESIVES ARE CONTRAINDICATED FOR
RETENTION OF IMPROPERLY FABRICATED OR POORLYRETENTION OF IMPROPERLY FABRICATED OR POORLY
FITTING PROSTHESISFITTING PROSTHESIS

33. Denture Adhesive usageDenture Adhesive usage

34. MAGNETS:MAGNETS:
• Use of small steel magnets beneath the
molar and premolar teeth have been
advocated.
• They are arranged such that similar poles
oppose each other.

35. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS:PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS:
• The process whereby an edentulous
patient can accept and use complete
dentures is complex
• The patients ability and willingness to
accept and learn to use the dentures
ultimately determines the degree of
success of clinical treatment
• Helping a patient to adapt to complete
denture can be one of the most difficult
but also one of the most rewarding
aspects of clinical dentistry.

36. SURGICAL METHODS:SURGICAL METHODS:
SURGICAL METHODS TO AUGMENT RETENTON
• Vestibuloplasty
• Ridge augmentation procedure
• Surgical creation of undercuts
• Implants
• Pre-prosthetic surgery aims at providing a good
healthy surface for the insertion of dentures

37. Clinical evaluation for retentionClinical evaluation for retention
• Maxillary denture
• Upward anterior force on
palatal aspect of anterior
teeth –posterior border
seal
• Buccal force on palatal
aspect on one side—
opposite side

38. • Mandibular dentures
• For posterior –
downward and anterior
force on lingual aspect
of anterior teeth
• For anterior –
superiorly direct force

39. Causes of poor retentionCauses of poor retention
• When opening wide mouth
– Over / under extension
– Tight lips
– Tongue cramp
– Lack of peripheral seal
– Lack of saliva
• When coughing or sneezing
– Normal… due to sudden rise of soft palate
• Technical fault
– Inherent polymerisation shrinkage
• After several hours…
• In denture that is in use for more than a year
• When attempting to whistle
– Overextension / thick labial flanges
– Disruption of seal

41. STABILITYSTABILITY
• Fish in 1948 …
– Impression surface
– Occlusal surface
– Polished surface
• FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO STABILITY
– DIAGNOSIS
– RELATIONSHIP OF DENTURE BASE TO UNDERLYING
TISSUES
– RELATIONSHIP OF EXTERNAL SURFACE AND PERIPHERY
TO SURROUNDING ORO FACIAL MUSCULATURE
– RELATIONSHIP OF OPPOSING OCCLUSAL SURFACES
– PATIENT EDUCATION

42. • The examination of edentulous
mouths can provide information
necessary to make a diagnosis that
will relate directly to the retention
and stability of mandibular dentures.
• The question is how one can
determine by an examination of the
edentulous mouth who has and who
does not have this so-called “knack”
of handling a mandibular denture.
DiagnosisDiagnosis

43. Denture base and underlyingDenture base and underlying
tissuestissues
• Denture base adaptation
– A properly formed denture base outline
develops a seal that can be maintained during
most of the normal oral functions
– Depends on impression procedures
• Extend all basal seat within limits of
health and function….SNOW SHOE PRINCIPAL
• Selective pressure
• It should not damage tissues
• Dimensionally stable
• External form of impression….

44. • Stability is compromised-
– Inflammed tissues
– Distorted or displaced tissues
– Hyperplastic tissues
• Use of tissue liners, adhesives , fixatives

45. Residual ridge anatomy
• Large, broad, square
• Small, narrow, tapered
Palatal vault
Arch form – square and taper arch tend
to resist rotation than ovoid arch

46. Mandibular lingual flange
• Should be 90 deg to
occlusal plane
• Post flange can extend >
anterior flange….
• Sublingual crescent area…
border seal and inc
surface

47. Surfaces of denture andSurfaces of denture and
surrounding orofacial musculaturesurrounding orofacial musculature
• Muscle action…. Vertical
or lateral dislodging
forces
• Such as levator anguli
oris, incisivus, depressor
anguli oris, mentalis,
mylohyoid, and
genioglossus

48. External surface of the denture
• Fish… “the shape of buccal,labial and lingual
surfaces can wreck stability as completely as a
bad impression or a wrong bite”

49. Influence of orofacial musculature
• The three structures …..tongue, the teeth and
the medial roll of the buccinator muscle
• MEDIAL ROLL OF BUCCINATOR
Its main function is to form the buccal wall of the food
trough and to retrieve food that is forced into the buccal
pouch.
The buccal surface of the bicuspid forms a point of fixation
for the medial roll of the buccinator and other muscles at
the corner of the mouth that are commonly known as the
purse-string muscles. ….. saliva and food inside the mouth
during chewing and swallowing.

50. Modiolus and associated musculature
• Tendinous node near corner of mouth
formed by intersection of several muscles
of cheeks and lips-

51. A normal tongue position has the
following characteristics
• It completely fills the floor of the
mouth.
• The lateral borders rest over the
ridge which would normally represent
the occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
• The tip or apex of the tongue rests on
or is just to the lingual side of the
lower anterior ridge

52. RETRACTED TONGUE POSITIONRETRACTED TONGUE POSITION
It is an awkward tongue position….
• tongue is pulled back into mouth and the floor of
the mouth is exposed.
• lateral borders are either posterior to the ridge.
• tip of the apex of the tongue sometimes lies in the
posterior part of the floor of the mouth or be may
be withdrawn into the body of the tongue.

53. The neutral zone (NZ)
• Area or position where the
forces between tongue and
cheeks or lips are
neutralised
• Fish… 1931
• Tissues … functionally mold
entire polished surface
• Teeth should be placed
within NZ

54. Relatonship of opposing occlusalRelatonship of opposing occlusal
surfacessurfaces
• Dentures should be free…
interferences – within
functional range
• Premature contacts – uneven
stresss
• Bilateral balanced occlusion for
lever balance….simultaneous and
smooth glinding contacts
• Occlusion- centric position

55. OCCLUSAL PLANEOCCLUSAL PLANE
Distance of occlusal plane from
residual ridge
Anteriorly – interpupillary line/
corner of mouth
Posteriorly – camper’s plane /
anterior 2/3rd
of retromolar pad &
lateral border of tongue

56. Ridge relationshipRidge relationship
• Offset ridge relations- creates problem in
stability
• Weinberg ….set teeth in cross bite when
ridges are in severe cross bite
• Class 2 ….
• Class 3…criss cross arrangement given by-
Goyal and Bhargava (1974)

57. • Patients who possess the so-called “knack”
of wearing mandibular dentures will enjoy a
certain degree of stability.
• ‘‘No knack” - present to the dentist with a
problem.
• Building stability into mandibular dentures and
teaching patients to take advantage of the
quality are often separate problems.
SUCCESS V/S FAILURESUCCESS V/S FAILURE

58. SUPPORTSUPPORT
• According to Jacobson and Krol,
complete denture support is the
resistance to vertical movement of the
denture base towards the ridge
• Factors responsible for support:Factors responsible for support:
• Size and consistency of tissues.
• Patients general health and resistance.
• Force developed by supporting muscles.
• Severity and location of past periodontal
diseases.
• Length of edentulousness.

59. COMPARISON OF SUPPORT IN DENTULOUS
AND EDENTULOUS:
• soft and hard connective tissues, the periodontium
• Periodontium…resilient suspensory apparatus ….. adjust
their position when under stress.
• transmitted to the bone
– support and positional adjustment of the teeth

60. • The greatest forces acting
-mastication and deglutition
• biting forces are transmitted
through the bolus to the
opposing teeth whether the
teeth make contact or not.
• direction of forces …
perpendicular to the occlusal
plane
• total time … 17.5 minutes17.5 minutes

61. Mechanisms of Complete DentureMechanisms of Complete Denture
Support:Support:
• basic problem ..…edentulous --artificial
replacements are attached to the supporting bone
• Masticatory loads:
– natural teeth : 44 lb (20 kg)
– complete dentures : 13-16 lb (6-8 kg)
• Mucosa Support :
– Mean Denture Bearing Area
• Maxilla: 22.96 cm2
• Mandible : 12.15 cm
• Periodontal Ligament Area: 45 cm2

62. Anatomy of supporting structuresAnatomy of supporting structures
• The foundation for dentures is made up
of bone of the hard palate and residual
ridge, covered by mucous membrane.
1. Mucous Membrane: masticatory mucosamasticatory mucosa
– The mucosa is formed by stratified
squamous epithelium which often is
keratinised, and a subjacent lamina
propria.
– submucosa …. connective tissue that
varies in character from dense to
loose areolar tissue and also varies
considerably in thickness….

63. 2. Hard Palate :
• palatine processes of the maxilla
and palatine bone form the
foundation for the hard palate
and provide considerable support
for the denture.
• covered by soft tissue of varying
thickness, even though the
epithelium is keratinized
throughout.
• AnterolaterallyAnterolaterally, the submucosa
contains adipose tissue, and
posterotaterallyposterotaterally it contains
glandular tissue
• “hydraulic cushion”.hydraulic cushion”.

64. 3. Soft Tissues
• The presence of keratinized firmly bound mucosa
permits the tissue to better resist stress.
• Keratin is a scleroprotein present in the stratum
corneum ….. protects the vital underlying epithelial
layers.
4. Bone Factor
• pressure tension concept …..destruction or
preservation of the bone of the residual ridge.
• pressure stimulates resorption and tension maintains
the integrity or causes the deposition of bone.
• the area of muscle attachment, tends to preserve
the quality of bone.
• Cortical bone is more resistant to resorption than
cancellous or medullary bone.

65. Based on clinical and histologic impressionsBased on clinical and histologic impressions
the dentist can categorize the denturethe dentist can categorize the denture
bearing tissues into,bearing tissues into,
• Primary stress bearing areas.Primary stress bearing areas.
• Secondary stress bearing areasSecondary stress bearing areas..
• Valve producing areasValve producing areas..
• Relief areasRelief areas

66. • The primary stress bearing areas in maxilla are;
- Posterior part of residual alveolar ridge.Posterior part of residual alveolar ridge.
- Crest of residual alveolar ridge.- Crest of residual alveolar ridge.
- Flat palatal vault area- Flat palatal vault area
• roofless maxillary denture substantiate the significance
of incorporating the hard palate into denture support.
• The function of tensor veli and levator palatini muscles of
the soft palate may provide the sources of tension that
counteract the pressure resorption normally expected
beneath a denture base.

67. • A high or V-shaped palate only provides
secondary support.
• The flat or U-shapedU-shaped palate provides
excellent support that should not be lost
or diminished with the use of arbitrary
heavy foil relief.

68. Secondary Stress Bearing Areas:
• Areas of the edentulous ridge that are
greater than at right angles to occlusal
forces or are parallel to them
• Palatine rugae
• Anterior part of residual alveolar ridge.
• Slopes of residual alveolar ridge
• Maxillary tuberosity

69. Mandibular Supporting Structures:Mandibular Supporting Structures:
• PRIMARY STRESS BEARING AREAS:PRIMARY STRESS BEARING AREAS:
• Buccal shelf area.Buccal shelf area.
• Pear shaped pad.Pear shaped pad.
• Posterior alveolar ridgePosterior alveolar ridge.

70. Valve Producing Area:
• The mucosa of the labial buccal vestibule
between residual alveolar ridge and the lips and
cheeks is called valve producing area.
• The tissues of the oral vestibule and soft palate
are ideally suited to provide a valve seal.
• The adaptation of the posterior palatine border
of the maxillary denture does not differ from
other peripheral contacts

71. RELIEF AREAS:
• The relief area has a
mucosal covering
considerably reduced in
thickness, as compared to
the primary and secondary
stress bearing areas.
• The area of the
intermaxillary suture or
median raphae presents a
rather hard and unyielding
layer of mucosa.

72. METHODS TO IMPROVEMETHODS TO IMPROVE
SUPPORTSUPPORT
• SURGICAL METHODS
• Surgical removal of
pendulous tissues.
• Surgical reduction of
sharp or spiny mandibular
ridges.
• Surgical enlargement of
ridge.
• Flabby ridge.
• Implants.
• NON SURGICAL
METHODS:
• Rest for the denture
supporting tissues.
• Occlusal and vertical
dimension correction of
old prosthesis.
• Good nutrition.
• Conditioning of patients
musculature.

73. AGE CHANGES IN SUPPORTINGAGE CHANGES IN SUPPORTING
TISSUESTISSUES
• Pendleton …. that the arrangement and distribution of the
tissues are uniformly constant, although their character
varies somewhat in different persons.
• Van Thiel ….. that after complete dentures have been worn for
some time, three symptoms of change,
• 1) An adaptation and change in basic shape of the tissues
takes place
• 2) Typical epithelial changes are thickening and keratinization,
connective tissue reactions are of an inflammatory, edematous
and also fibrous nature, and the oral glands undergo
congestion and atrophy.
• 3) The symptoms of Group 3 are very varied and range from
small solitary inflammatory spots ... to marked inflammation of
the whole of the mucosa under the denture, especially of the
hard palate.

74. 1. Initial denture support …. impression
procedures ---extension and functional loading
2.2. Long term supportLong term support …directing the forces
--resistant to remodeling and resorptive
changes
3. tissues most capable of resisting vertical
displacement are allowed to make firm contactfirm contact
with denture base during function.
4. Compensation is made for the varying tissue
resiliency to provide forfor uniform denture baseuniform denture base
movementmovement under function and maintain a
harmonious occlusal relationship.

75. SummarySummary

76. List or referencesList or references
• Boucher’s prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients - 11th edition
• Complete denture prosthodontics, 2nd edition, john j. Sharry
• Impressions for complete dentures, bernard levin
• Problems and solutions in complete denture prosthodontics, david j. Lamb
• Essentials in complete denture prosthodontics, 2nd edition, sheldon winkler.
• A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete denture retention,
stability, and support. Part 1: retention T. E. Jacobson, A.J. Krol. JPD 1983,
49:5-15.
• T.E. JACOBSON and J. KROLL :A contemporary review of the factors
involved in the complete dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 49:2,1983.
• A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete dentures. Part 3
support. J P D 1983; 49(3) ; 306 - 313
• FRIEDMAN.S.: Edentulous impression procedures for maximum retention and
stability. J PROSTHET DENT 7:14,1957.
• BECKER C.M et.al, :Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics. J
PROSTHET DENT 38:601,1977.