1. 1
Introduction to 4th
generation
wireless networks
Presented by
Huiqi Zhang

2. 2
History of Mobile Technologies
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design Begin 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010 ?
Service Analog voice Digital voice,
SMS
Higher
capacity,
Packet data,
MMS
Higher
capacity,
Broadband
data
Higher capacity,
Complete IP,
multimedia
Standards AMPS,
TACS,NMT
TDMA,CDMA,
GSM,PDC
GPRS,
EDGE
WCDMA,
CDMA2000
Single standard
Bandwidth 1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 100+Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,
CDMA
TDMA,
CDMA
CDMA CDMA ?
Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN,
Packet
network
Packet
network
IP network
(Internet)

3. 3
Convergence of High Speed
Internet& Mobility
• The Wireless Industry has grown at enormous
pace over the past decade.
• More than a billion subscribers to cellular
services are enjoying the benefits of staying
connected while on the move.
• With the growth in Internet, a wide range of
services are accessed by users through a wired
infrastructure.
• The introduction of mobile Internet brought about
by the convergence of Mobile & Internet
technologies is the future objective.

4. 4
Why 4G ? Limitations of 3G
• Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates
• Need for continuously increasing data rate and
bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements
• Limitation of spectrum and it’s allocation
• Inability to roam between different services
• To provide a seamless transport end-to-end
mechanism
• To introduce a better system with reduces cost

5. 5
What is 4G ?
• Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a
seamless connection to a wide range of information and
services, and receiving a large volume of information,
data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G
infrastructures.
• The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of
various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a
common protocol so that users are in control because
they will be able to choose every application and
environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile
communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher
data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will
focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude
of wireless systems and networks.

6. 6
What is 4G ?
• The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability
and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to
users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to
the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air
interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the
network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels
correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of
information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly
access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and
entertainment broadcast services.
• The 4G will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private;
operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc
networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as
well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G
systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing
integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth
generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude
platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to wireless local loop and fixed
wireless access to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal
area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism.

7. 7
4G Architecture

8. 8
Design Objectives
• New service platform
– Rapid deployment of new services
– Easy development of new services
• Seamless connection and handoff between
heterogeneous access system
• Information bit rate: 100Mbps (peak rate in mobile
environment) and 1Gbps (peak rate in indoor
environment)
• System capacity: 10 times that of 3G
• Cost: 1/10 to 1/100 per bit
• Base station network: all IP
• Transmission delay time: 50 ms or less

9. 9
4G needs to resolve it’s issues
• Heterogeneous networks
• Access, handoff
• Location coordination, resource coordination
• Adding new users
• Support for multicasting
• QoS, wireless security and authentication
• Network failure backup
• Pricing and billing

10. 10
Technologies
Challenges:
• Convergence/integration/inter-working of
all existing and emerging fixed and mobile
(wired and wireless) networks including
broadcast IP Technology
• Simple to select and easy to use desired
Services Agent Technology
• Universal and low cost terminals
Reconfigurable Technology

11. 11
Quality of Service
• Traffic generated by the different services will
not only increase traffic loads on the networks,
but will also require different quality of service
(QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay,
and jitter) for different streams (e.g., video,
voice, data).
• Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a
non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling
across different networks and service
differentiation between mobile flows will have
to be addressed.

12. 12
Quality of Service
• One of the most difficult problems that are to be
solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is how to
insure the constant QoS level during the handoff.
• Depending on whether the new access router is in
the same or some other subnetwork, we recognize
the horizontal (intradomain) and vertical
(interdomain) handoff.
– Vertical handoff is the handoff between heterogeneous
networks, such as between UMTS and WLAN. These
heterogeneous networks can be Cellular Networks
(UMTS, CDMA2000, and GSM), WiMAX, WLAN, and
WPAN.
– Handoff within the same network domain is called
horizontal handoff.

13. 13
Quality of Service
• However, the mobile terminal can not receive IP
packets, while the process of handoff is finished.
This time is called the handoff latency.
• Handoff latency has a great influence on the flow of
multimedia applications in real-time.
• Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the
handoff Mobile latency and the number of lost
packets.
• The field “Traffic Class” and “Flow Label” in IPv6
header enables the routers to secure the special
QoS for packet series with marked priority.

14. 14
4G Mobility Management
• The proposed mobility management architecture for
4G all-IP-based wireless systems is shown in Fig. 2.
• In this architecture, different wireless networks are
integrated through the network interworking agent
(NIA).
• The NIA can integrate several wireless networks
belonging to different service providers.
• It handles authentication, billing, and mobility
management issues during intersystem
(interdomain) roaming.

15. 15
4G Mobility Management

16. 16
4G Mobility Management
• For intradomain mobility, existing micro-
mobility management protocols can be used
• For interdomain mobility a novel cross-layer
mobility management protocol is proposed .
• The basic idea of this protocol is early
detection of the possibility of interdomain
handoff and then to carry out authentication,
authorization, and mobile IP registration of the
MT in the next domain before the actual
handoff.

17. 17
4G Mobility Management
• These operations are carried out through the
NIA, which has separate service level
agreement (SLAs) with both domains.
• In this mobility management architecture,
interdomain handoff delay is comparable to
that of intradomain handoff delay.
• The NIA is used only during interdomain
roaming. Once the MT moves into a new
domain, the NIA is no longer involved. Hence,
the load on NIA is minimal.

18. 18
Security
• The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates
the security issue.
• Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight
security mechanisms should be developed.
• Security in wireless networks mainly involves
authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and
authentication, for the access of network connectivity
and QoS resources for the mobile nodes flow.
• AAA (Authentication Authorization Accounting)
protocols provide a framework for such suffered
especially for control plane functions and installing
security policies in the mobile node such as
encryption, decryption and filtering.

19. 19
Convergence of Cellular
Networks and WLANs
Benefits for
Operators
• Higher bandwidths.
• Lower cost of networks and equipment.
• The use of licence-exempt spectrum.
• Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.
• Higher revenue.
Users
• Access to broadband multimedia services with lower
cost and where mostly needed.
• Inter Inter-network roaming.

20. 20
Convergence of Mobile Communications
& Broadcasting
From broadcaster point of view
• Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional
point-to-multipoint broadcasting systems.
From the cellular mobile operator point of
view
• Providing a complementary broadband
downlink in vehicular environments to support
IP-based multi-media traffic which is
inherently asymmetrical.

21. 21
Convergence Benefits
• Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular
mobile systems to adapt the content of their multi-
media services more rapidly in response to the
feedback from customers.
• Cellular operators will benefit from offering their
customers a range of new broadband multi
customers a range of new broadband multi-media
services in vehicular environments.
• Users will benefit from faster access to a range of
broadband multi-media services with reasonable
QoS and lower cost.

22. 22
Re-configurable Technology
• In order to use the large variety of services
and wireless networks, multimode user
terminals are essential as they can adapt to
different wireless networks by reconfiguring
themselves.
• This eliminates the need to use multiple
terminals (or multiple hardware components
in a terminal).
• The most promising way of implementing
multimode user terminals is to adopt the
software radio approach.

23. 23
Re-configurable Technology
Challenges:
• Regulatory and Standardization issues
• Business models
• User preference profiles
• Inter-system handoff mechanisms and criteria
• Software download mechanisms
• Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing
between operators

24. 24
Re-configurable Technology
Benefits for
• Users
– Select network depending on service requirements and cost.
– Connect to any network– Worldwide roaming.
– Access to new services.
• Operators
– Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).
– Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.
– Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.
– Rapid development of new personalized and customized services.
• Manufacturers
– Single platform for all markets.
– Increased flexible and efficient production.

25. 25
Personal Mobility
• In addition to terminal mobility, personal
mobility is a concern in mobility management.
• Personal mobility concentrates on the
movement of users instead of users’
terminals, and involves the provision of
personal communications and personalized
operating environments.
• Once the user’s agent identifies user’s
location, the caller’s agent can directly
communicate with his agent.

26. 26
MULTIMEDIA – Video Services
• 4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient
multimedia services at very high data rates.
• Basically there are two types of video services:
bursting and streaming video services.
• Streaming is performed when a user requires real-
time video services, in which the server delivers data
continuously at a playback rate.
• Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer
and this is done at the highest data rate taking
advantage of the whole available bandwidth.

27. 27
Applications
• Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user
services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
• Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual
navigation through which a user can access a
database of the streets, buildings etc.
• Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a
combination of GIS (Geographical Information
System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in
which a user can get the location by querying.

28. 28
Applications
• Tele-Medicine and Education: 4G will support
remote health monitoring of patients. For
people who are interested in life long
education, 4G provides a good opportunity.
• Crisis management: Natural disasters can
cause break down in communication
systems. In today’s world it might take days or
7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is
expected to restore such crisis issues in a few
hours.

29. 29
Multiple Operators and Billing
System
• In today’s communication market, an operator
usually charges customers with a simple billing and
accounting scheme.
• A flat rate based on subscribed services, call
durations, and transferred data volume is usually
enough in many situations.
• With the increase of service varieties in 4G systems,
more comprehensive billing and accounting systems
are needed.
• It is challenging to formulate one single billing
method that covers all the billing schemes involved.

30. 30
CONCLUSION
• As the history of mobile communications
shows, attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global
standard.
• 4G seems to be a very promising generation
of wireless communication that will change
the people’s life in the wireless world.
• 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and
the world is looking forward to the most
intelligent technology that would connect the
entire globe.

31. 31
Questions ?
• What can 4G do for us?
• What are the main issues for 4G ?
• What are the design objectives for 4G ?

32. 32
References
[1] Eurotechology.com. 2006. “Fourth Generation Wireless
Communications”. Tokyo, Japan. http://www.eurotechnology.com/4G/
[2] Odinma, A.C. “Next Generation Networks: Whence, Where, and
Whither”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 7(1):23-30, 2006.
[3] Marcos Katz and Frank H.P. Fitzek “On the Definition of the Fourth
Generation Wireless Communications Networks: The Challenges Ahead”
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES
(IWCT) 2005
[4]Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank Fitzek, Marcos Katz, Ramjee
Prasad, “A Pragmatic Methodology to Design 4G: From the User to the
Technology, Fourth International Conference on Networking (ICN’05),
Reunion Island, April 17-21, 2005.
[5] Junhwan Kim, “A Framework for Scenario/Service Development and its
Application to 4G”, The 12th WWRF, WG1, 2004.
[6] Petteri Alahuhta, Marko Jurvansuu, Heikki Pentikäinen, ”Roadmap for
Network Technologies and Services”, Technology Review 2004, TEKES,
Finland (http://www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/Roadmap.pdf).
[7] Special Issue on 4G Mobile Communication: “Toward Open Wireless
Architecture, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.11, No. 2, April, 2004.