Bridge and its history, fundamental terms and its types and foundation

2. BRIDGE
 A bridge is a structure built
to span physical obstacles without
closing the way underneath such as
a body of water, valley, or road, for the
purpose of providing passage over the
obstacle

3. HISTORY
 The first bridges made of spans of cut wooden logs
or planks and eventually stones.
 The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were
the ancient Romans.
 The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo
and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th
century
 Although large Chinese bridges of wooden
construction existed, the oldest surviving stone
bridge in China built from 595 to 605 AD

4.  The Anji Bridge, still standing after 1400 years

5. The Arkadiko Bridge in Greece(13th century BC),
one of the oldest arch bridges in existence

6. CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE
 According to form (or) type of superstructures
 Arch bridge
 Truss bridge
 Cable stayed (or) suspended bridge
 Beam Bridge
 According to material of construction of
superstructure
 Timber bridge
 Steel bridge
 Composite bridge
 Concrete bridge

7.  According to function)
 Pedestrian bridge
 Highway bridge
 Viaduct(road or railway over a valley or river)
 Road-cum-rail or pipe line bridge
 According to the position of the bridge floor relative to
superstructures
 Deck through bridge
 Half through or suspension bridge
 According to method of connection of different part of
superstructures
 Pinned connection bridge
 Riveted connection bridge
 Welded connection bridge

8. ACCORDING TO FORM (OR) TYPE OF
SUPERSTRUCTURES
 Arch bridges
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of
bridges and have been around for thousands of
years. Arch bridges have great natural strength. They
were originally built of stone or brick but these days
are built of reinforced concrete or steel.

9. ARCH BRIDGES

10. ACCORDING TO FORM (OR) TYPE OF
SUPERSTRUCTURES
Truss bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing
superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a
structure of connected elements forming triangular
units.

11. TRUSS BRIDGE

12. ACCORDING TO FORM (OR) TYPE OF
SUPERSTRUCTURES
Cable-stayed bridges
Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension bridges,
are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed
bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding
the cables are proportionately higher.

13. CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

14. ACCORDING TO FORM (OR) TYPE OF
SUPERSTRUCTURES
Beam bridges
Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms
for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at
each end. No moments are transferred throughout
the support, hence their structural type is known
as simply supported.

16. ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Timber bridge
A timber bridge or wooden bridge is a
bridge that uses timber or wood as its principal
structural material. One of the first forms of bridge,
those of timber have been used since ancient times.

17. TIMBER BRIDGE

18. ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Steel bridge
Steel is widely used around the world for the
construction of bridges from the very large to the very
small. It is a versatile and effective material that
provides efficient and sustainable solutions.

19. STEEL BRIDGE

20. ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Simple Beam Bridges
On short spans (8m, 10m, 15m and then more
expensively up to 24m), bridges can be made from a
number of beams under the roadway straight across
the gap. The bridges benefit the most from composite
action.

21. SIMPLE BEAM BRIDGES
Over Truss Bridges
These are similar to simple beam bridges but for longer
spans, from say 18m up to approx. 100m. The deck is still on top
of the steel structure, so goes into compression when deflected.
Transoms on any type of bridge
Transoms go from side to side across a bridge and carry
the deck loads to strong steel frames on either side. This is
usually on 'open top' through truss bridges or 'closed-top'
through truss bridges.
Decking
In a normal steel building the concrete can act together
with steel decking, the steel decking taking the place of the
regular steel reinforcing bars within the concrete.

22. SIMPLE BEAM BRIDGES

23. ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Concrete Bridges
A concrete bridge is a structure made from
concrete and built for the purpose of covering a
certain distance. Typically, concrete bridges allow
vehicles or people to cross over physical
obstructions, such as lakes, rivers, valleys, or roads.
Concrete is one of the most common types of
materials used in modern-day bridge construction.

24. CONCRETE BRIDGES

25. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Pedestrian bridge
A footbridge (also called a pedestrian
bridge, pedestrian overpass, or pedestrian
overcrossing) is a bridge designed for pedestrians
and in some cases cyclists, animal traffic, and horse
riders, instead
Different types of design footbridges include:
 Timber footbridges
 Steel footbridges
 Concrete footbridge

26. PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

27. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Highway Bridge
 Built for the passage of highway vehicles and pede
strians.
 Highway bridges are designed for heavy rolling lo
ads of up to 0.8meganewtons (80,000 tons of force)
, crowds of people, and other forces

28. HIGHWAY BRIDGE

29. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Viaduct Bridge
 A viaduct is a bridge composed of several
small spans for crossing a valley or a gorge.
 The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for
road and ducere, to lead.

30. VIADUCT BRIDGE

31. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Road-cum-rail or Pipe Line Bridge
 A pipeline bridge is a bridge for running
a pipeline over a river.
 Pipeline bridges for liquids and gases are, as a rule,
only built when it is not possible to run the pipeline
on a conventional bridge or under the river.

32. ROAD-CUM-RAIL OR PIPE LINE BRIDGE

33. ACCORDING TO THE POSITION OF THE BRIDGE FLOOR
RELATIVE TO SUPERSTRUCTURES.
Deck through bridge
 A bridge deck or road bed is the roadway, or the
pedestrian walkway, surface of a bridge, and is one
structural element of the superstructure of a bridge.
 It is not to be confused with any deck of a ship
Different types of deck are.
 Structural analysis
 Railway bridge decks

34. ACCORDING TO THE POSITION OF THE BRIDGE FLOOR
RELATIVE TO SUPERSTRUCTURES.
Half through or suspension bridge
 A suspension bridge is a type
of bridge in which the deck (the
load-bearing portion) is hung below
suspension cables on vertical
suspenders.

35. HALF THROUGH OR SUSPENSION BRIDGE

36. Pinned Connection Bridge
 Structural systems transfer their loading through a
series of elements to the ground.
 This is accomplished by designing the joining of
the elements at their intersections.
Different types of Pinned Connection Bridge are
 Support types
 Pinned supports
 Pinned connections

37. ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONNECTION OF DIFFERENT
PART OF SUPERSTRUCTURES
Riveted Connection Bridge
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener.
Before being installed, a rivet consists of a
smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end.
Different types of Riveted Connection Bridge
 Solid rivets
 Blind rivets

38. ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONNECTION OF DIFFERENT
PART OF SUPERSTRUCTURES
Welded Connection Bridge
In ladder deck and multi-girder bridges, the
structural connections are the splices in the
longitudinal girders and the connections of
the bracing or cross girders to the main girders.
These connections can be made either using bolts or
by welding and the choice between these two options
has implications for both design and construction
Different types of Welded Connection Bridge
 Bolted or welded connection

39. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
There are 8 problem to damages the bridge.
1. Earthquakes
2. Fire
3. Floods
4. Construction Accidents
5. Manufacturing Defect
6. Design Defect
7. Poor Maintenance
8. Odd Occurrences

40. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
Earthquakes

41. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
Fire

42. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
Floods

43. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
Construction Accidents

44. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
1. Manufacturing Defect

45. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
1. Design Defect

46. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
1. Poor Maintenance

47. PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES
Odd Occurrences

48. FOUNDATION
Foundation is to provided to transmit
the load from the piers or abutments and
wings to and evenly distribute the load on
the strata.
It is to be provided sufficiently deep so
that it is not affected by the scour caused by
the flow in river and does not undermined.

49. TYPES OF BRIDGE FOUNDATION
The choice of bridge foundation depends upon
the importance of bridge, size, nature of soil and
sub-soil in the bed and velocity of water flow.
foundations are grouped under
 Shallow Foundation
 Open Foundation
 Block Foundation
 Deep Foundation
 Pile Foundation
 Well Foundation

50. BLOCK FOUNDATION
 is a form of shallow foundation
 used for smaller bridges in locations where there
is a good founding strata at shallow depth
 but is overlain by very soft layer of soil and high
water table making open excavation difficult due
to small quantum of work.

51. PILE FOUNDATION
Use of pile foundation has till recently not been
a popular choice for bridges in India.
For road bridges, this had been used mostly as
timber pile for temporary bridges and where
subjected to lighter loads.
RCC piles both pre-cast and cast-in-situ as
well as larger diameter bored pipes below bed level
are becoming popular.
A minimum diameter of 1200mm for river
bridge and 750mm for the others is preferred.

53. Well foundation are constructed on dry ground
in suitable form and then sunk into the ground to
the desired level by grabbing the soil through
dredge holes provided, surrounded by the solid
masonry.
WELL FOUNDATION

54. Bottom Plug:
The concrete placed at the bottom to form
the base of foundation for distributing the load to soil
below, is known as “Bottom Plug”.
 Top Plug:
The concrete placed at the top, at finishing
level, to transmit the load of structure to the to the
well steining, is known as “Top Plug”.
WELL FOUNDATION

55. Advantages
 This provides a solid and massive foundation for
heavy loads and high horizontal thrust transmitted by
the moving loads.
 This has a larger cross sectional area and hence the
total foundation bearing capacity is much larger than
piles.
 Wells can be taken trough soil having boulders, logs
of wood and such type of obstruction, without causing
damage to the structure.
WELL FOUNDATION

57. SITE SELECTION
Ideal characteristics of bridge site
1. Suitable, un-yielding, non-erodable material for
foundation should be present at short depth for
piers or abutments.
2. The bearing strata should be free from the
tendency to slip/slide/sink under load.
3. The stream at bridge site should be well defined,
as narrow as possible.
4. There should be straight reach of stream at
bridge site.