Kumar M - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18

1. (IF WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUE IS NOT ADDRESSED TODAY,
IT WILL GREATLY LIMITS FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY)
Prof. M S Mohan Kumar and Sheetal Kumar K R
Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
INTEGRATED URBAN WATER
MANAGEMENT

2. Introduction
 The world is undergoing an intensive process of urbanisation
 It is estimated that population living in urban and peri-urban areas will
increase to 5 billion by 2030 with most of this growth occurring on the
edges of mega-cities
 Increasing competition for water provides an impetus for increasing use
of water saving and replacement techniques
 This new paradigm requires an improved capability for integrated
modelling approaches to analyse the whole-of-watercycle
 This involves the integration of the various sub-systems—Catchment
(surface-groundwater), water supply systems, wastewater, water
allocation, internal recycling, decentralised treatment and storm water
harvesting
 Adding to this system complexity is the need to consider water quality
as a constraining factor when using a fit-for-purpose approach to
integrated urban water management (IUWM)

3. Issues of water supply from source to
disposal of waste
 Source water is not pure any more – Increasing the
cost of treatment
 GW based water supply systems are bound to
failures
 The water infrastructure cannot keep pace with the
development of population growth, and expansion of
city boundaries yet.
 The water supply system suffers from fragility which
results in substantial losses of clean water
 Cross contamination of drinking water with sewage
 Very less or zero monitoring of the system
 Huge mismatch between demand and supply of
water
 Inefficient waste water collection system
 Water is not being recycled efficiently – only 30% of
sewage is treated (Bangalore)
 Water pollution rate is higher than natural
purification rate

4. Major issues with water supply
 Water demand is far exceeding supply and
leading to inter-sectoral conflicts
 52 % of the borewell water, and 59 % of the
tap water in Bangalore is undrinkable and
contains 8.4% and 19 % E.coli bacteria
respectively.
 The time bomb of increasing water pollution is
ticking
 Reorientation and capacity building required
for technocrats for a new vision for water
 Urban population growth is much faster
compared to both overall population growth
and rural population growth – Demanding
more water
 No pipe is 100% impervious, especially not
when the infrastructure is old and rusted like
in the old cities – Bangalore, Mysore,
Hyderabad etc
Supply demand gap

5. Water Resource for cities
 The long-term average rainfall for the
country is 1,160 mm, which is the
highest in the world for a country of
comparable size.
 GW :- About 80 per cent of the
domestic water demand is met through
groundwater
 Inland water resources of the country
are classified as rivers and canals,
reservoirs, tanks, lakes and ponds,
derelict water, and brackish water
 According to estimates uncontrolled
discharge of untreated
domestic/municipal wastewater has
resulted in contamination of 75 per
cent of all surface water across India
(MoUD, 2009)

6. Highly inefficient water systems
 Most of our water infrastructures are
old and inefficient
 Leaking pipes, water tanks, low
efficiency pumps etc
 Treatment plant losses are high - old
and technology obsolete
 All the operations are manual – Zero
automation
 No GIS maps, SCADA system for data
gathering – to help in decision support

7. Water supply systems components
Source water
reliability
Pumping
machinery
monitoring
Water quality
efficiency
monitoring
Transmission main –
leak and burst
detection
Storage,
monitoring and
control
Distribution
monitoring for
event detection
Source - WSP manual

8. 8
Develop methods to
determine and analyze the
quantitative and qualitative
status of WDSs
To take quick decisions to
maintain the three - physical,
hydraulic and water quality
integrity of WDSs
Physical
QualityHydraulic
Maintain physical barrier
between distribution
system interior and
external environment
Maintain disinfectant
residual, bio-stability,
prevent external
contamination
Maintain desirable
water flows,
pressures, water
age
Strategies in the Efficient
Management of WDSs

9. How to address these issues..?
 water infrastructure – from entry into the
transmission system through distribution to the
customer – structured to be operated under
continuous supply conditions, including the
concept and establishment of DMAs;
 restructuring of existing systems, presently
operated under intermittent supply conditions,
to continuous supply at minimum cost and while
maintaining a water supply service through the
conversion process
 appropriate hydraulic models and their
application to planning, design and operation
 all aspects of water distribution system
pressure management, including the
specification of appropriate types and sizing
of pressure control valves

10. How to address these issues..?
 Design, specification and choice of flow and pressure measurement
and control devices for the management of a continuous supply service
 Operational skills and technology:- operation under continuous
supply; pressure management; proactive detection, location and repair
of hidden leaks
 Demand and supply management
 Introduction and routine use of water utility management information
systems
 Management information systems:
 Restructuring the distribution network
 Leakage reduction and continuity in supply
 Controlling system pressure

11. Hardware and software requirements
 Flow meters
 Pressure and water level sensors
 Water quality sensors
 Control valves
 Gadgets to measure the
efficiency of systems- Pumps,
WTP’s etc
 Stress sensors to predict future
pipe failure predictions
 Smart water meters
 New devices to detect events
(Leakage, cross contamination etc)
 Algorithms to read analyse
the flow data for mass
balancing and leak detection
 Water quality event
detections
 Logic controls for pressure
and level senors
 Feedback control systems fro
valves
 Online predictive hydraulic
modelling
Hardware Software

12. Different levels of controlling the system
Where, E(t)= Error in the pipe
MATLABEPANET
Hydraulics
Valve Loss Coefficient
for i = 1…..n
Simulation relations between EPANET and Matlab
Where, Kv= Valve Coefficient, Q1= present flow in pipe,
Q1
* = target flow in pipe, h1= head at the starting node of
pipe, h2= head at the end node of pipe, A1= area of
selected pipe, l1= length of selected pipe.
Different levels of controlling the system
12

13. National water mission
 “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its
more equitable distribution both across and within States
through integrated water resources development and
management”
 Comprehensive water data base in public domain and
assessment of impact of climate change on water resource
 Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation,
augmentation and preservation
 Focused attention to vulnerable areas including over-exploited
areas; (d) increasing water use efficiency by 20%
 Focused attention to vulnerable areas including over-exploited
areas; (d) increasing water use efficiency by 20%

14. Moving towards continuous water
supply system
 The intermittent system suffers from several
disadvantages, wherever possible, intermittent
supply should be discouraged
 Distribution systems operated under conditions of
continuous (24-7) supply avoid all of the
deficiencies set out in the response to the previous
question
 If a distribution system is continuously pressurized,
it is not possible for contaminated groundwater to
enter the pipes
 Only on the rare occasions that there are breaks
in service will contaminated water be able to
enter the system under 24-7 supply conditions
Questions..?
 Do We have Enough Bulk Water Resources to Provide a
24-7 Service
 Won’t We Use more Water with 24-7 Supply
 Won’t We Use more Energy with a 24-7 Supply
 Can We Afford to Convert to 24-7 Supply
 Will Water Charges Rise as a Result of Conversion to
24-7 Supply
Source - WSP manual

15. Intermittent to 24x7
 Many countries in Africa manage to provide a continuous water
supply service with daily per capita water supplies of 50 liters
Source - WSP manual

16. Water balance studies from all
perspective
 Watershed catchment
mass balancing
 Water supply mass
balancing studies from
source to consumer
 Waste water collection,
treatment and
discharge
 Ground water
exchange with lakes

17.  More than 80% of water supplied comes out as
grey water.
 Untreated sewage dumped in surface water-
reduces the quality of surface water
 Recycle and Reuse: Helps in water scarcity –Dual
piping (for flushing) and Gardening
 Can be supplied for Non-domestic use.
Waste Water Management:

18. Source Identification for Sustainable
water supply to greater Bangalore

19. Continued..
 Linganamakki reservoir can provide drinking water to Bangalore till 2051
 Preparation of a comprehensive scheme for
1. Rain water harvesting
2. Revival of lakes
3. Remodelling of storm water drains
4. Other works to percolate rain water to the ground
 10 TMC of water can be diverted from Konganahole and Kakkattuhole to the
catment of Lakshmantheertha which joins Cauvery near KRS – 6.44TMC can be
used for Bangalore
 10 TMC from Etthinahole
 UFW reduction work has started with the interest of reducing UFW from 48%
to 16% at a cost of 1254 crores – resulting in 4 TMC of water savings
 Dual pipeline for portable and non portable purposes for future layouts to
reduce the demand of fresh water
 To create awareness among water users about the scarcity of water

20. Water management software for
Bangalore City

21. Bangalore network monitoring

22. Tools, algorithms and overall support
systems
 Dynamic algorithms to control actuators, Valves, pumps etc to
automate water operations with greater precission
 Analytical capabilities can be programmed to provide pro-
active alerts to commonly occurring disruptions
 Analytical tools can be tuned to provide business level
optimization such as pressure management to reduce energy
bills or water loss from leakage
 Aggregation of data through user supported water equations
can provide a higher level of functionality such as water
balance equations by zones or wards
 Water quality event detection systems – with the help of low
cost sensors

23. Continued..
 Machine learning tools to support decisions of leakage works
 Optimization tools for identifying the location for placing
sensors
 Integrating the real time data and continuously refine the
equations
 Providing the information to the workforce on their mobile
phones and integrate more instrumentation
 benchmarks for valve timings and settings, triggering alarms
when valve timings and settings are violated

24. Smart Water Grids
1 • Real time monitoring
2 •Early detection of events
3 •Proper asset management
4 • Fully automated
5 • Flexible to meet future challenges
1/23/2018
24

25. Water Resources Management : Drinking Water Systems
Real time monitoring of WDS:
 Sensors deployed in the system
collects key water quality and
quantity parameters.
 The data is collected and
analyzed.
 The analyzed data is used to
develop various algorithms for
water quality and quantity
modeling and prediction.
 Visualization and dash-boarding
of collected data can also be
done.
Sensor node
Dash board

26. Multiple angle to solve water issues
Urban
water
system
Information
and computer
scientist s
Chemist and
Micro-
biologists
Economics and
social scientists
Civil Engineers
GIS Experts &
Environmental
Engineers
Electrical,
Electronics
and
communication
Engineers
Control and
automation
Engineers

27. Lab scale water network
 Test bed to simulate real-world
WDN issues and events:- Indian
scenario.
 Test and develop algorithms for
 Leak detection and localization
 Water quality studies
 Application of controllers for
water system management
 To develop low cost sensors for
water quality and quantity.
 To develop an online models for
water systems
 Real time control and decision
support system for water networks
 Fully controlled and instrumented
system for water network
simulation

28. WDN Model (Water
quantity/ quality)
Sensor Data with
Noise
State Estimation
Algorithms
Historical
data/Threshold
Anomaly Indicators Event detection
Leak detected in one
of the simulation study
EPANET
Mean, Stand.dev etc.
Analytics
Controller Application in WDNs
Use of control systems in WDS
 flow in pipes,
 level in tanks and
 pump speed control
Controller:- PID, PI, PD etc.
System Model Controller
Target
Actuator WDN

29. IISc Smart Campus Water Project
 Sustainable use of water on campus
 100+ water level and quality sensors on
tanks and reservoirs, flow meters on inlet
pipes
Level of water
TDS, Temperature etc
 Crowd sourced data collection
 100’s of water samples, usage report
 Data Mules thru’ Smart phone Bluetooth
 Covers 40% of the campus
 Hostels, departments, quarters etc
 Examine big data and cloud computing for
practical IOT
 Reduce usage and improve quality
 Extensible IOT infrastructure

30. Way forward- Understanding
 Surface Water Supply
 Ground Water Supply
 Harvesting Rain Water at House hold level
 Harvesting Rain Water at micro catchment scale
 Use of Recycled water
 Mass balance studies at city scales
 Water Quality Studies
 Water Wise Cities / Water smart cities

31. Thank you