5086 5090.output

* GB785493 (A)
Description: GB785493 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to flashlight lamp and holders therefor
Description of GB785493 (A)
PATENT SPEICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
August 8, 1955.
No 22786/55.
Application mnade in Netherlands on August 7, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 9 ( 2), C 2 D: C 2 E International
Classification:-GO 3 d.
L; and 38 ( 1), E 3 (A 6 A: A 12: B 4 A: B 4 D: C 2 C:
: D 2: E 3 A: E 3 B:X).
H 02 f.
and Holders Page 1, line 1, for n Phllllps' read "Phuilipstt.
THE PATIENT OFFICE, 25th November, 1957 DB 00840/1 ( 12)/3606 150
11/57 R (o JJ LIIC d U U HLIU LIL, W 1 WUJI a c 1 ta r m the sealing
edges between the bulb neck and the exhaust tube to the outside, being
clamped against the bulb neck near the bulb by a flat ring made of
insulating material and having a circular inner periphery which
engages the outer side of the lamp neck only over part of the said
inner periphery, whilst two opposite surfaces extending parallel to
the axis of the lamp are provided on that part of the cross section of
the lamp neck where the ring is not in contact with the lamp neck
Preferably the insulating ring engages with the lamp neck over an
adhesive layer so that the wires are caused to adhere to the lamp neck
When the lamp is inserted in a holder, the wires are in contact with
resilient current supply members of the lamp holder such that the lamp
is held in the holder.
As is known, flashlight lamps can be used once only and after taking a
photograph by means of a flashlight lamp, the used lamp must be
exchanged for a new one A photographer using these lamps therefore
carries with him a number of spare lamps It is therefore an advantage,

if these lamps occupy but little space and have but little weight.
Of late years, the trend of development of flashlight lamps has been
for the bulbs of resilient and shaped to hold the inserted lamp in the
correct position After the lamp has been used, it is simply pulled out
of the holder and the new lamp pushed in 65 Thus the exchange of lamps
can be effected much more quickly than was formerly possible This
feature is of value, particularly when photographs are taken in rapid
sequence 70 These features enable the flashlight lamps to be
manufactured simply and handled easily by the user.
The current supply wires of the lamp are arranged on the largest
diameter of the lamp 75 neck and they can therefore be clamped against
the lamp neck by a simple ring having a circular aperture This ring
may conveniently serve as a stop for the insertion of the lamp into
its holder 80 To ensure correct location of the lamp in a holder, the
lamp neck is preferably flattened or provided with flat sides between
the areas of maximum diameter on which the supply wires lie 85 As a
rule, the outside of the flashlight lamp bulb is coated with a
transparent lacquer to hold together the fragments of the bulb, if it
should break when used It was common practice to apply this
transparent 90 785,493 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improveminents in or relating to Flashlight Lamp Therefor ERRATUII
SPECIFICATIO 1; _O 785,493 PATENT SPECFI(CATION Date of Application
and filing Complete Specification:
August 8, 1955.
No 22786/55 v Application made in Netherlands on August 7, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Clas Res 9 ( 2), C 2 D: C 2 E International
Classification:-GO 3 d.
L; and 38 ( 1}, E 3 (A 6 A: A 12: B 4 A: B 4 D: C 2 C:
: D 2: E 3 A: E 3 B: X).
H 02 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Flashlight Lamp and Holders Therefor
We, PHILLIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Spencer House, South
Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
THIS INVENTION relates to flash light lamps and holders therefor
According to the invention a flash light lamp comprises a bead mount
provided with a glass foot which is constituted by the bulb neck and
an exhaust tube sealed together at their respective edges, the current
supply wires of the bead mount, which are taken through the sealing
edges between the bulb neck and the exhaust tube to the outside, being

clamped against the bulb neck near the bulb by a flat ring made of
insulating material and having a circular inner periphery which
engages the outer side of the lamp neck only over part of the said
inner periphery, whilst two opposite surfaces extending parallel to
the axis of the lamp are provided on that part of the cross section of
the lamp neck where the ring is not in contact with the lamp neck
Preferably the insulating ring engages with the lamp neck over an
adhesive layer so that the wires are caused to adhere to the lamp neck
When the lamp is inserted in a holder, the wires are in contact with
resilient current supply members of the lamp holder such that the lamp
is held in the holder.
As is known, flashlight lamps can be used once only and after taking a
photograph by means of a flashlight lamp, the used lamp must be
exchanged for a new one A photographer using these lamps therefore
carries with him a number of spare lamps It is therefore an advantage,
if these lamps occupy but little space and have but little weight.
Of late years, the trend of development of flashlight lamps has been
for the bulbs of these lamps to become smaller and we have previously
suggested providing such lamps with a bead mount, which is materially
cheaper than the stem tube mount formerly employed It has also been
the practice to 50 secure a metal cap rigidly to the lamp neck in
similar manner to that employed for ordinary illuminating lamps,
consequently, after the lamp has been once used, the cap is thrown
away with the lamp This waste 55 may now be avoided by providing the
lamp with a holder from which it is detachable.
By matching the shapes of the lamp neck and the aperture in the lamp
holder, the cap-less lamp can be positioned correctly 60 by feel Also,
the lamp holder contacts are resilient and shaped to hold the inserted
lamp in the correct position After the lamp has been used, it is
simply pulled out of the holder and the new lamp pushed in 65 Thus the
exchange of lamps can be effected much more quickly than was formerly
possible This feature is of value, particularly when photographs are
taken in rapid sequence 70 These features enable the flashlight lamps
to be manufactured simply and handled easily by the user.
The current supply wires of the lamp are arranged on the largest
diameter of the lamp 75 neck and they can therefore be clamped against
the lamp neck by a simple ring having a circular aperture This ring
may conveniently serve as a stop for the insertion of the lamp into
its holder 80 To ensure correct location of the lamp in a holder, the
lamp neck is preferably flattened or provided with flat sides between
the areas of maximum diameter on which the supply wires lie 85 As a
rule, the outside of the flashlight lamp bulb is coated with a
transparent lacquer to hold together the fragments of the bulb, if it
should break when used It was common practice to apply this

transparent 90 785,493 785,493 lacquer coating after the lamp cap had
been secured to the bulb The omission of the cap permits a different
procedure in manufacture The lacquer may be applied before sealing-in
the zbead mount and is preferably the first stage of manufacture Next
the actinically burning material is introduced into the bulb The lead
mount is then suspended in the bulb with the supply wires bent over
the bulb neck and the ring of insulating material is slipped over the
neck of the bulb Then the exhaust tube is sealed onto the neck of the
bulb In the course of this operation, the lacquer layer becomes
somewhat sticky in the region of the seal and conveniently serves as
an adhesive for the insulating ring In this way, the insulating ring
is automatically stuck to the neck and the supply wires are at the 2
same time secured to the neck of the bulb.
The lamp holder used in the combination is with advantage shaped so
that its end remote from the lamp fitted into it fits into a
conventional lamp holder as used for lamps with fitted caps.
If this cap-less lamp and holder combination is used in a conventional
flashlight lamp reflector having a conventional lamp holder, the
exchange of a lamp is performed simply be removing the expended lamp
from the intermediate lamp holder and inserting a new bulb.
Alternatively this holder may be secured rigidly to a reflector, in
which case only the cap-less flashlight lamps can be used The
last-mentioned arrangement makes it possible to provide the reflector
with an ejecting device for removing expended flashlight lamps.
In order that the invention may be put into effect readily, an example
will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which:Figures 1 and 2 are two lateral views of a cap-less
photographic flashlight lamp on an enlarged scale and taken at right
angles to each other; Figure 3 is a plan view of the lamp shown in
Figures 1 and 2 arranged foot uppermost as shown in those figures;
Figure 4 is a plan view of a lamp holder which would be suitable for
the lamps of Figures 1 to 3, arranged with the end to receive the lamp
uppermost; Figure 5 is a perspective view of the lamp and lamp holder
arranged so that the lamp can be inserted into the lamp holder by an
axial movement, and Figure 6 is a diagrammatical sectional view of a
reflector with integral lamp holder suitable for cap-less lamps and
with a lamp ejector.
The lamp shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 has bulb 1, which encloses a
filament wire 2, supported from a bead mount comprising pole wires 3
and 4 and a bead 5 The bulb 1 also encloses actinically burning
material 6, in the form of fine wire Alternatively, this may be in the
form of strip or foil To the bulb neck 7 is secured, in the sealing 70
plane A-A, an exhaust tube, of which the sealed-off end 8 is shown in
the drawings of the completed lamp.

In the manufacture of such a lamp the outer side of the bulb is coated
with a trans 75 parent lacquer layer Next, a quantity of actinic
material is introduced into the bulb before the exhaust tube and the
bead mount are fitted Then the bead mount is hung over the sealing
edge of the bulb neck 80 so that the bent-over ends 9 and 10 of the
pole wires engage the edge A A at their bends Then a flat ring 11,
having a circular central hole 12 is slipped over the bulb neck 7, to
secure the wire ends 9 and 10 85 This ring is made of insulating
material such as cardboard After these operations, the exhaust tube 8
is arranged on the sealing surface A A of the bulb neck and sealed
thereto The bulb is evacuated and oxy 90 gen is then introduced into
it Finally, the exhaust tube is sealed off and the lamp is then ready
for use.
During the heating of the bulb for sealing the exhaust tube to the
surface A A, the 95 transparent lacquer layer becomes slightly sticky
As the bulb cools, this lacquer layer hardens and serves as an
adhesive for the ring 11 on the bulb 1 As is evident, particularly
from Figure 3, the diameter d 100 of the hole 12 in the ring 11 is
chosen to be such that the ring fits tightly on the part of the bulb
neck 7 of greatest diameter (e).
Consequently, the ring engages the bulb neck only over the zones B E
and C D 105 Thus the ring also holds the bent-over ends 9 and 10 of
the current supply wires tightly against the outside of the bulb neck
7.
As shown in Figure 3 the circumference of the bulb neck 7 deviates
from that of a 110 circle and has flat parts B C and D E which serve
as locating faces in co-operation with the lamp holder, and
intermediate curved parts C D and E B, against which lie the ends 9
and 10 of the pole wires 3 115 and 4 The distance between the surfaces
B C and D E is designated by f; the distance between the curved
surfaces C D and E B corresponds substantially to the diameter e of
the hole in the ring 11 120 This shape of the bulb neck has the effect
of correctly locating the lamp upon insertion into the lamp holder 13
in relation to the contacts 14 and 15 Thus the correct rotational
position of the lamp relatively 125 to the holder is easily found when
a lamp is inserted therein.
As shown in Figure 4 and the left-hand part of Figure 5, the holder
consists of a metal cylindrical body part 16 and a flange 130 the
reflector, the bracket 39 carries a guide for the shaft 41 of a lamp
ejector This ejector has a knob 43 and a head 42 so that when the knob
is pushed forwards, the ejector slides axially through the guide 40 so
70 that the head 42 enters the sleeve 33 through a rear aperture 47
provided for the purpose until the head 42 abuts against the end 44 of
the neck 45 of a lamp fitted in the reflector lamp holder, whereupon

the lamp 49 75 is pushed forward by the ejector until it disengages
from the resilient contacts 34 and and falls out of the reflector
Thereafter, the ejector may be retracted and a new lamp fitted, the
ring 50 around the 80 lamp neck 51 limiting the depth of insertion.
In the embodiment shown the bulb neck has two facing locating surfaces
with intermediate curved surfaces, against which the 85 ends of the
supply wires are secured It will, however, be obvious that other lamp
neck sections of non-circular shape will also provide suitable
locating surfaces in relation to a correspondingly shaped holder
However, 90 the current supply wires should preferably lie against
opposite faces on the largest diameter of the lamp foot.
A method of manufacturing a flash light lamp, somewhat similar to the
lamp describ 95 ed in the present specification has been described and
claimed in Specification 744,848 which although bearing a prior filing
date, had not however been published at the time of filing of the
present specification This 100 prior specification relates to a method
in the manufacturing of a flash light lamp, of introducing an ignition
device, supported by a bead mount structure, into the bulb which has
an integral neck part, characterized in 105 that, after the bead mount
structure has been introduced into the lamp bulb in such manner that
the ends of the support wires project from the mouth of the bulb neck,
these ends are bent along the outer surface 110 of the bulb neck and
are secured in position thereon by a close fitting ring which is
fitted around the bulb neck and secured thereon by softening an
adhesive already applied to the surface of the bulb, whereupon the ex
115 haust tube is sealed to the bulb neck in a manner such that the
ends of the support wires extend through the joint.
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* GB785494 (A)
Description: GB785494 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Weighing apparatus for continuous weighing of equal amounts of granular
material
Weighing Apparatus for Continuous Weighing of Equal Amounts
of Granular Material
We, TEEPACK SPEZIALMASCHINEN G. M. B. H., a German Company, of 19,
Kevelaerer Strasse, Dusseldorf-Heerdt, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted ro us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement :-
The present invention relates to weighing apparatus for continuous
weighing of equal amounts of granular material and of the kind in
which a weigh beam carries a load pan at each end and in which the
load pans are alternately filled with a desired amount of material.
The known weighing machines of this kind have the disadvantage that
they are very com- plicated and are subject to considerable friction.
Further the diversion of the funnel for the granular material from one
scale pan to the other is effected comparatively slowly since various
parts must operate successively to perform this action. In the
comparatively long period between reaching the intended weight and the
actual diversion of the stream of material a continuation of the
filling occurs.
This fact together with the substantial friction forces has the result
that an e act weighr cannot be maintained on such machines.
To avoid this disadvantage the weighing machine according to the
invention is characterised in chat a stationary weight carrier is
provided at each end of the weigh beam for supporting the weights,
that the weights are lifted from the carrier by the rocking movement
of the weigh beam by means provided at both ends of the weigh beam,
when the load pan on the same side of the weigh beam is empty and the
load pan on the other side of the weigh beam is filled and are again
deposited on the carrier when the load pan on the same side of the
weigh beam is heavier than the load pan on the other side of the weigh
beam and that the stationary weight carrier and the means provided at
the ends of the weigh beam for lifting and depositing the weights are
so arranged that the weights are moved in a substantially vertical
direction.
The stationary carriers may be provided with hollow cone-shaped seats
which carry the weights and the latter have a cone-shaped outer
surface fitting into a hollow cone-shaped recess. Further, cone-shaped

pins are provided directly or indirectly on the weigh beam below the
carriers for the weights and at a small distance therefrom, which lift
the weights upon the movements of the weigh beam and set them down
again upon the carriers. Moreover, a detector device of mechanical,
electrical or optical type is provided which in each case on reaching
the given weight of one load pan controls in known manner the
deflection of the stream of granular material from one load pan to the
other.
Such a weighing apparatus has the advantage that the alternate loading
and unloading the weigh beam with the weights is effected even for
quite small deflections of the beam since the weights are arranged at
a small distance over the cone-shaped pins carried by the weigh beam,
which lift the weights and can again deposit them on the carrier. By
the special formation of the weights, of the seatings for the weights
provided on the carriers and the pins provided on the weigh beam,
centering of the weights is obtained and thereby the removal of much
friction and an impact-free movement of the weights. Thereby an
increase in the accuracy of weighing is obtained with simultaneously a
more simple construction of the apparatus. As a result of the small
distance of the weights from the pins and the small deflection of the
beam a practically vertical movement of the weights is permitted.
Weighing machines are known embodying weights which are adapted to be
lifted but such weighing machines are not intended for the continuous
weighing of uniform amounts of granular material and thus the weights
are provided on such machines only on one side of the beam. Moreover
the weights were in such cases arranged either in stationary guides
without true centering or they embodied several cone-shaped bores by
which they were mounted on coned pins and centering is effected by a
stem which does not move out of the appropriate cylindrical bores
provided in the weights. In the-latter case the coned formation merely
has the purpose of securing an impact-free engagement of the weight.
In all cases however considerable friction is involved which is
avoided by the present invention.
Conveniently the lifting weights are arranged between the knife edges
of the load pans and the load pans themselves. The weights may embody
a recess for receiving fractional value weights.
It is also advantageous that both the weight carriers as also the
cone-shaped pins arranged on parts of the beam are adjustable in
height and the pins are preferably arranged on a bridge-piece of the
load pans concerned.
On both sides of the weigh beam stops are preferably also provided
above it which strike the weigh beam when the weight is lifted only by
a small amount from its seat.
The method of operation of the weighing machine according to the

invention is such that one side of the weigh beam is loaded with the
weight corresponding to the amount of granular material to be weighed
out as soon as the material has been supplie to the load pan of the
other side of the beam and that after reaching the desired weight this
first load pan is emptied and the second load pan is filled at the
same time, the weigh beam on this side is unloaded from the weights
and loaded with the same weight on the side of the first load pan
being emptied as soon as the second load pan has reached approximately
the desired weight.
This procedure can be performed as often as desired without a break so
that a continuous working of the machine is possible.
If, as is convenient, the machine is operated with preliminary filling
and then making up to weight, the machine is preferably so constructed
that the loading with the weight is effected in each case at one side
of the weight beam at the latest as soon as the initial filling of the
load pan on the other side is ended.
Preferably the commencement of the filling of the one load pan and the
termination of the filling of the other load pan are effected simul-
taneously so that the flow of granular material need not be
interrupted but merely diverted.
A weighing apparatus according to the invention is shown by way of
example and partially rammatically on the accompanying drawings, in
which :-
Fig. 1 is a partially sectioned view of the weighing apparatus ;
Fig. 2 shows that the support for a load pan with several cone-shaped
pins adjustable in height and, in section, a weight carrier with
several weights of different values ;
Fig. 3 shows on an enlarged scale a weight and in section part of a
weight carrier ;
Fig. 4 shows on an enlarged scale a partially sectioned partial view
of the weighing apparatus ; and
Fig. 5 shows a plan of the apparatus.
The apparatus embodies a weigh beam 1 formed by two parallel disposed
rod-like parts.
These are supported by means of knife edges 3 on a stand 2 which
embodies knife sockets 31. The weigh beam 1 carries load pans 41 411
at its ends, each pan being suspende by a support 5 which connects the
two rod-like parts of the weigh beam 1. Each support 5 embodies two vo
knife so l-ets 61 by which it is supported against knife edges 6
provided at the ends of the weigh beam 1. The load pans 41, 4"which
are of funnel-shape, each embody a discharge flap 7 hinged to the
parallel side walls of the load pan by means of a hinge 27 and in the
closed position the flap 7 bears against these parallel side walls.
Further, a counter-weight 23 is adjustably mounted on a lever 29

secured to the spindle ef each hinge 27, this spindle being rigidly
connecte to the assoeiated discharge Sap 7. The purpose of the weights
28 is to bring the flap 7 of the load pan 41 or 411 to its closed
position, but the torque exerted thereby on the discharge fap 7 by the
weight 28 can be overcome by the material in the load pan.
Further, a projecting lever 30, which is vertical when the discharge
flap 7 is in the closed position, is rigidly connected to each hinge
spindle and serves to locl-the discharge flap 7.
A double-armed lever 36 is pivoted to each support 5 at 35, and is
subjected to the action of a spring 37, secured to the lever 35 and to
the load pan concerned, said spring 37 tending to depress the lever
against a stop 38 provided on the load pan concerne. This stop 38 is
so arranged that the lever 36-, the lever 30 and thus the discharge
flap 7 concerne can be locked. The release of the lever 36 can be
effected in each case by an electromagnet 39 secured to a stationary
plate 11 by means of an angle bracket 40.
At their lower ends the load pans 41, 471 are engaged by a beam 8
which, like the weigh beam 1, may consist oi two parallel disposed
rod-like parts bearing by knife edges 9 in knife sockets 91 provided
on the stand 2. The beam 8 carries knife edges 10 at its ends on which
the load pans 41, 411 bear by means of knife socl ; ets 10t.
The weigh beam is supporte by means of the stand 2 on the horizontally
arranged plate 11 which embodies recesses 12 for the load pans 41,
411.
Weights 13 are associated with carriers secured to the horizontal
plate 11, each consisting of two angle section elerments 141 and l41l.
The overlapping vertically arranged limbs of the carriers 14), 141l
are fixed together by means of a screw 15 which engages the vertical
limb of carrier 14 and traverses a slot 16 in the vertical limb of the
carrier element 1491 so that the angle element 14"is adjustable in
height.
As will be apparent particularly from Figs. 2, 3 and 4 the carrier
elements 14"and fl4" embody recessed conical seats 17 for receiving
the cone-shaped outer surfaces 18 of the weights 13 ; the latter each
comprise a hollow cone-shaped recess 19 which corresponds to a
cone-shaped pin 20. In the embodiment shown said pins are adjustably
arranged in a vertical direction on the connecting parts 21 of the
support 5. As shown the pins 20 embody a threaded shank 31 which can
be clamped to the connecting part 21 by means of nuts 32. The weights
conveniently embody in their upper face a recess 26 for receiving
fractional value weights.
In the horizontal position of the weigh beam 1 the axis of each
cone-shaped pin 20, the axis of the corresponding cone-shaped recess
17 of the weight carrier 141l, the axis of the coneshaped outer

surface 18 of the weight 13 seating in this recess 17 and the axis of
the coneshaped recess 19 of the weight 13 concerne, all lie in a
straight line which lies in the plane running through the edges of the
knife elements 6.
Stationary abutments 22 are provided over both limbs of the weigh beam
1 and are rigidly connecte to the plate 11. These abutments are so
placed that in the horizontal position of the weigh beam they are
located at a small distance therefrom so that the weigh beam can only
execute small movements.
The supply of the granular material is effected from a funnel 23 and a
hose-like distributor feeder 24 and the granular material passes from
the sections thereof into the feeder channels 25 which feed it to the
load pans 41, 411. The feeder channels 25 are conveniently formed in
known manner as shaker feeders, and supporte in pivotal manner on the
plate 11 by means of springs 33. The feeder channels 25 can be
operated by alternating current magnets 34 in such manner that they
deliver the granular material from the distributor feeder 24 into the
load pans #, 41 Dhen the magnets 34 are not energised the feeder
channels 25 are stationary and do not feed. When one magnet 34 is
energised by alternating current the feeder channel 25 concerne is set
into vibration and delivers the granular material.
An upwardly projecting lever 41 is fixedly secured to the centre of
one rod-lilce section of the weigh beam 1 and the ends of said lever
41 are forked. A photosensitive element 42 is secured to the
distributor feeder 24 which can be so illuminated by a point source of
light, not shown, that the ends of the lever 41 interrupt the light
beam on movement of the weigh beam. The shaker magnets 34 and the
unlock- ing magnets 39 are controlled by this photosensitive element
42 in known manner not further described.
The method of operation of the weighing machine is as follows : a
weight or weights 13 is placed on each carrier 14"equal to the amount
of material to be delivered and assuming that the granular material is
fed to the load pan 1 and that the load pan 41 is empty, it will be
seen that the weigh beam 1 is depressed to a small extent by the
weight of the load pan 411 and that the load pan 41 rises.
Thereby the cone-shaped pins 20 pertaining to the load pan 41 engage
the weight 13 but no further movement accurs until the weight in the
load pan 4"reaches the required value when the beam comes into
equilibrium as the weight 13 is lifted off the carrier 14". After a
small further movement in equilibrium the weigh beam causes the
photosensitive element 42 to be screened from the light source by the
forked end of the lever 41 whereupon the shaker magnet 34 of the
feeder channel 25 feeding the load pan 411 is de-energised so that
further feed to that pan is stopped and the magnet 39 associated

with the lever 36 locking the discharge flap 7 of the pan 411 is
momentarily energised so that the lever 36 and consequently the lever
30 of the load pan 411 are released and the discharge flap 7 opens to
empty load pan 411. At the same time as the shaker magnet 34 of the
load pan 411 is de-energised that pertaining to the load pan 4 is
energised so that the feeder channel 25 concerned is set into
vibration and commences the filling of the load pan 41 hile the load
pan 411 is emptying. In each case the shaker magnet which is brought
into operation in this way, remains in operation until the weigh beam
reaches its other end position.
Thus emptying of one load pan and the filling of the other proceed at
the same time and as soon as the flap 7 of the load pan which has just
been filled is opened and the contents have commenced to flow out, the
previously lifted weights 13 are set down on the carrier 14"concerned
; this load pan is fully emptied just before the other load pan is
completely filled so that the weigh beam is tilted in the opposite
direction and then comes into engagement with the weight 13 on the
other side and lifts them at the moment when the required weight value
is reached, whereupon the element 42 is again energised to initiate
the emptying of the load pan which has just been filled and the
filling of the load pan which has just been emptied, and so on
alternately.
After each load pan in turn has emptied the flap 7 returns to the
closed position by the counterweight 28 and the lever 36 comes into
locking engagement with the lever 30 by the action of the spring 37.
By means of the weighing apparatus according to the invention,
approximately twice the output of a common weighing machine can be
obtained. Further the weigh beam operates smoothly since a retarding
action is obtained on the load pan which has just been filled by the
granular material still contained in the pan being emptied.
The arrangement of the cone-shaped pins, of the weight searings, of
the weights themselves and of the knife edges carrying the load pan
concerned, in a vertical plane-considered in the horizontal position
of the weigh beamgives the smallest possible departure from the
desirable rectilinear movement of the weights resulting from the
arcuate paths of the knife edges carrying the load pans. The effect of
these deviations is minimised by the coneshape of the pins, of the
seatings for the weights and the recesses in the weights in view of
the co-operation of these parts. The special formation and arrangement
of these parts practically exclude wear and improve these sensitive
parts.
What we claim is :-
1. Weighing apparatus for the continuous weighing out of uniform
amounts of granular material by means of a weigh beam which carries a

load pan at each end and in which the load pans are filled and emptied
alternately with the desired amount of material during the movements
of the weigh beam and are alternately loaded and unloaded at each
end with the same amounts of material in such manner that the weight
on one side serves for weighing out the granular material in the load
pan on the other side, characterised in that a stationary weight
carrier is provided at each end of the weigh beam for supporting the
weights, that the weights are lifted from the carrier by the rocking
movement of the weigh beam by means provided at bo ends of the weigh
beam, when the load pan on the same side of the weigh beam is empty
and the load pan on the other side of the weigh beam is filled and are
again deposited on the carrier when the load pan on the same side of
the weigh beam is heavier than the load pan on the other side of the
weigh beam and that the stationary weight carrier and the means
provided at the ends of the weigh beam for lifting and depositing the
weights are so arranged that the weights are moved in a substantially
vertical direction.
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* GB785495 (A)
Description: GB785495 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Apparatus for measuring and feeding charges of pulverulent granular or
liquid materials
Apparatus for Measuring and feeding Charges of Pulverulent
Granular or Liquid Materials
I, HUBERT RENE MARIE COLAS DIETS

FRANCS, of 103, Avenue Verdier, Montrouge,
Seine, France, a citizen of the French Republic, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement :
Various difficulties are met in the measuring and feeding of
pulverulent, granular or liquid materials, particularly cement: the
material must be fed regularly from a storage container to a measuring
device and moreover it must be completely discharged from said
measuring device; it is also convenient that the material should be
delivered as desired to several places; such facilities are not
provided in knawn apparauts, the more serious defects of which result
from their limited possibility to reach different delivery places and
above all from their irregular operation due mostly to imperfect
sealing of said apparatus. For cement in particular, a perfect sealing
of such apparatus is essential since atmospheric moisture causes a
partial setting which results in clogging or jamming of the apparatus.
It is an object of the present invention to remedy such drawbacks in
order to obtain a regular and safe distribution with measured
quantities of a pulverulent, granular or liquid material. Such
conditions are particularly valuable for the feeding of cement in
building works with high cement consumption and numerous concrete
mixers or in a concrete plant.
According to the invention an apparatus for weighing and feeding
charges of pulverulent, granular or liquid materials, more
particularly cement is characterised by the fact that it comprises a
storage hopper for said material, the outlet of which hopper is offset
with respect to the vertical axis of said hopper and is located
adjacent a plane passing through two adjacent pillars of a supporting
structure for said hopper, said outlet being connected in a
fluid-tight manner to a weight measuring member fed by gravity from
the hopper, which measuring member is connected in a fluid-tight
manner in turn with a pivotally movable conveyor, which can swing in a
horizontal plane over a large obtuse angle, said conveyor being
moreover supported by means permitting it to swing in a vertical
plane.
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood and readily
carried into practice, an embodiment thereof will now be described
more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a side view of a weight and feeding apparatus, with parts
broken away;
Fig. 2 is a corresponding plan view from above;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view to a larger scale and with parts broken
away, showing the mechanism of the measuring member and of the

delivery arm;
Fig. 4 is a detailed front view showing the pawls for locking the
measuring member in its lower position, and
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatical view from above showing the operation of
the pawls.
Referring to fig. 1 the material is stored in a cylindrical chamber 1
disposed with its axis vertical and having a roof provided with a
filling trap-door adapted to tightly close a man-hole 2 and with a
vent stack 3, a fixed vertical rod 4, the function of which will be
described hereafter, depending from said roof in an eccentric
position.
The lower part of the chamber 1 is secured to pillars 5 arranged as
the apices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the section circle
of the cylindrical chamber 1. Said pillars 5 rest at ground level on
horizontal base members 6.
The lower circular section 7 of the chamber 1 joins the larger
circular base of a cone 9 having an inclined axis. The last inclined
generatrix 8 of said cone makes with the vertical an angle greater
than or at least equal to the angle of repose of the pulverulent
material stored in the hopper. Adjacent its apex, the cone 9 has a
cylindrical extension 10 which is sealingly connected through a hose
11 to the inlet port 12 of the measuring member 13. The latter is
formed by a cylindrical body extending upwards from a cone 14 which
has its axis vertical in the illustrated embodiment. If necessary,
said cone 14 may have an inclined axis provided the slope of its least
inclined generatrix permits the measured material to flow out
completely, just as described above for the hopper 9. The whole
measuring member is carried by a fork 15 pivoted on diametrically
opposite trunnions 16 fixed to the wall of the member 13. The fork 15
extends from one end of a beam 17 pivotally supported by a pivot pin
18 and provided at its other end with an adjustable
counterweight-carrying device 19. The pivot pin 18 is supported by an
arm 20 which, for example, depends from the cone 9.
The apex of the cone 14 is connected, through a sealing hose 21, to
the inlet port 22 of a delivery arm 23 which can swing owing to the
flexibility of said hose 21.
The arm 23 is formed by a box-member of suitable length bearing on
trunnions 23a supported by a forked bracket 23b mounted on a thrust
bearing 24 resting on the horizontal member 6. Thus, as best shown in
Fig. 2, the arm 23 can swing about a vertical axis aligned with the
fore-mentioned rod 4 over an angle limited by the lines
A and B which are just in contact with the external surface of the
adjacent pillars 5, said angle approximating to 1800 in the
illustrated example. Moreover, the arm can pivot in a vertical plane

about the trunnions 23a in the forked bracket 23b. The arm and the
hereafter described devices supported thereby are so balanced that the
discharge end of said arm tends to rise.
The box-member of the arm 23 carries an electric motor 24 which,
through suitable transmission means diagrammatically indicated at 25
in Fig. 3, drives a conveyor band 26 running over a driving roller 27
and a stretching roller 28. The loaded side of the band 26 is
supported by suitably spaced intermediate rollers 29.
Adjacent the roller 28, the box-member 23 terminates in a discharge
spout 30 which can be closed tightly at its lower end by a trap 31.
Said trap is operated by means of a lever arm 32 fast with the hinge
pin 33 of the trap and actuated by a link rod 34 connected to one end
of a control lever 35 pivoted on a pin 36 carried by the wall of the
box-member 23. The lever 35 is also connected to a link rod 37 pivoted
on a lever arm 38 which is fast with the shaft of a cam 39. The lever
35 is moreover pivotally connected with a pair of rods 40 which
control a pair of pawls 41 simultaneously actuated by a pair of cam
elements 42 moving linearly back and forth with the rods 40 (see Fig.
5). The pawls have an elastically deformable body and are rigidly
fixed at their end opposite their hooked end to the sides of the
forked bracket 23b. Said pawls are substantially in the plane of the
trunnions 23a, so that they may keep their hold in spite of
oscillations of the delivery arm 23 in the vertical plane. The trap 31
is provided with a tappet 44 adapted to operate a contact45 connected
through leads 46 to the motor 24, so that the opening of the trap
causes the motor 24 to start and that the closing of the trap causes
the motor to stop.
With such an arrangement, the lever 35 simultaneously controls the
trap, the motor and the pawls. Of course, other control arrangements
may be used and adapted to the control of other kinds of motor, such
as compressed fluid motors, internal combustion engines or any other
suitable motor means.
The rod 4 has fixed thereto at the suitable level an appropriately
shaped valve member 47 adapted to tightly close the inlet port 12 when
the measuring device is in its lower position. The rod 4 is also
provided with an abutment 48 for a spring 49 mounted around the rod 4
and pressing against the end of a tube 50 through which the rod 4
passes with a substantial clearance. The lower end of the tube 50 is
provided with a lifting plate 51 the lower face of which is engaged by
the profiled contour of the cam 39 at an eccentric point of said face.
The tube 50 also carries a shaped valve member 52 the lower portion of
which is frustroconical and adapted to close the outlet port at the
lower end of the conical portion 14 of the measuring member 13.
The rod 4 extends through the plate 51 and the free end of said rod

cooperates with a cam 53 carried by a shaft which extends through the
sides of the box-member 23 and is rotated by the motor 24 through
transmission means diagrammatically indicated at 54 in Fig. 3.
The smaller base of the conical portion 14 is provided with a
reinforcement 55 formed externally with a number of annular plane
surfaces alternating with conical surfaces so as to be automatically
caught by the pawls 41 when the measuring device moves to its lower
position with the control lever 35 in its pulled up position.
The above described apparatus operates as follows:
The storage chamber 1 and the hopper cone 9 are filled with a
pulverulent or granular material through any handling means, said
material being thus protected against weather. Under the action of the
counterweight 19, the weight measuring member 13 is raised, whereas
the valve member 47 is stationary. The inlet port 12 is therefore
open, the flexibility of the hose 11 permitting the relative movement
between the valve and port. The pulverulent material then flows down
into the measuring member 13-14, the outlet port of which is closed by
the valve member 52 urged against its seat by the spring 49. When the
weight of the pulverulent material in the measuring member has reached
a predetermined value, the balance is upset and the counterweight 19
is lifted, the measuring member 13 moves downwards and the inlet port
12 is closed by the valve member 47, the hose 11 then stretching out.
If it is desired to deliver the thus measured weight, it is merely
necessary to bring the arm 23 to the desired angular positions in the
horizontal and vertical planes and to pull up the lever 35 as
indicated by the arrow in Fig. 3. The pawls 41 then engage the
catching surfaces 55, thus holding the measuring member 13 in its
lower position and keeping the inlet port 12 dosed by the valve member
47. At the same time, the cam 39 has rotated and lifted the valve
member 52 against the action of the spring 49. The measured quantity
of material is thus discharged on to the band 26 which is put in
motion by the motor 24 as a result of the simultaneous opening of the
trap 31 which makes the contact at 45. The measured quantity is
delivered through the spout 30 at the desired place.
During the discharge operation, the cam 53 causes transversal
vibrations of the rod 4 and the propagation of said vibrations within
the chamber 13 and the hopper cone 9 is sufficient to break any vault
formation which may have a tendency to occur in the stored material.
If the delivery has to be slowed or interrupted, it is sufficient
therefor to slightly pull down the lever 35 so as to partially close
the trap 31 and stop the motor 24.
In order that this operation does not cause undue release of the
catching surfaces 55 by the pawls 41, one of the pivot pins of each
link rod 40 extends through an elongated hole, so that the pawls are

actuated only when the lever 35 is fully pulled back; alternatively
the cam elements 42 may be so shaped as to obtain the same result. The
position and inclination of the delivery arm may be changed during the
delivery operation without affecting the engagement of the pawls 41
with the catching surfaces 55.
When the lever 35 is moved to its lower position, the cam 39 leaves
the valve member 52 free to come back to its closing position on the
outlet port of the cone 14 and the pawls 41 are moved clear of the
catching surfaces 55. Since the measuring member 13 is empty, the
counterweight 19 causes it to rise and the valve member 47 moves away
from the inlet port 12, so that the pulverulent or granular material
can flow from the hopper 9.
It will be appreciated that the stored, measured and delivered
pulverulent or granular material is all the time sealed off from outer
atmosphere and that, more particularly in such material as cement, no
undue setting process can occur at the connections between the hopper
and the measuring member and between the latter and the delivery arm,
such a setting being likely to cause stoppage of the moving members.
It will be appreciated also that the control mechanism arrangement for
feeding the measuring member and the delivery arm could be different,
as it is only necessary, for a proper running of the mechanism, to
avoid filling of the measuring member during a delivery operation. If
need be, the various controls of the measuring member and the delivery
arm may be effected by separate control members, instead of a common
one such as the lever 35.
Of course, without departing from the scope of the invention, many
modifications can be made in the embodiment described and illustrated.
Thus, the supporting pillars may be arranged otherwise and the
eccentricity of the hopper outlet with respect to the axis of the
storage chamber may vary.
Also, the storage chamber may be prismatic with a pyramidal hopper. Of
course, in the case of a liquid material, the conveyor means in the
delivery channel will be suitably adapted, for example in the form of
pumping devices, worm conveyor or the like.
WHAT I CLAIMIS:
1. An apparatus for weighing and feeding charges of pulverulent,
granular or liquid materials, more particularly cement characterised
by the fact that it comprises a storage hopper for said material, the
outlet of which hopper is offset with respect to the vertical axis of
said hopper and is located adjacent a plane passing through two
adjacent pillars d a supporting structure for said hopper, said outlet
being connected in a fluid-tight manner to a weight measuring member
fed by gravity from the hopper, which measuring member is connected in
a fluid-tight manner in turn with a pivotally movable conveyor, which

can swing in a horizontal plane over a large obtuse angle, said
conveyor being moreover supported by means permitting it to swing in a
vertical plane.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterised by the fact that
the hopper
* GB785496 (A)
Description: GB785496 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to a method of manufacturing electric discharge
tubes
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7859496 Ad' Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
Sept 5, 1955.
8 No 25412/55.
Application made in Netherlands on Sept 8, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 36, E 2; and 39 ( 2), B 2 F.
International Classification:-CO 3 c H Olk.
Improvements in or relating to a Method of Manufacturing Electric
Discharge Tubes.
We, PHILIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Spencer House, South
Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing electric discharge
tubes, which comprise at least one contact member part of which is
sealed in glass, whilst at least the surface of the part which
projects beyond the tube consists of gold.
Although such gold coated contact members can be sealed in glass
satisfactorily since the coefficients of thermal expansion of the core
material and the glass correspond with one another, such contact

members, particularly pin-shaped members suffer from the disadvantage
that the glass is likely to crack when the member is subjected to
lateral forces.
It was found that this was caused by insufficient adherence of the
glass to the gold.
It is well known that the adherence of the glass can be strongly
improved if oxides are present on a metal surface Thus, it has already
been proposed to coat the surface of copper-plated or silver-plated
sealing in conductors with a thin layer of chromium, which during
sealing in is entirely or in part converted into chromium oxide
Instead of chromium use may also be made of iron, aluminium, manganese
or cobalt.
However, these metals have the disadvantage that they and their oxides
can only be removed from the parts projecting beyond the seal with
difficulty, particularly if they are coated on a layer of gold In
contact members gold is used to obtain a corrosion-resistant surface
which makes a reliable contact with the contact springs Consequently,
this gold surface must be cleaned by removal of oxides.
In this event it is also of importance that the oxide layer has a
controlled thickness which lPrice is accurately determined, since an
oxide layer which is too thick may give rise to leakage due to the
fact that the oxide layer does not sufficiently adhere to the base
layer and is not entirely dissolved in the glass 50 These requirements
can be satisfied in a simple manner in the present invention if, in a
method of manufacturing an, electric discharge tube comprising at
least one contact member part of which is sealed in glass whilst 55
the surface of the part which projects beyond the tube consists of
gold, previous to the sealing-in operation this member is covered with
a layer of copper or a layer containing copper and gold, so that at
the instant of 60 sealing-in the contact member, the copper is
converted to copper oxide, the resulting layer subsequently being
removed from the part of the contact member which projects beyond the
tube after the tube envelope has been sealed 65 off.
The copper oxide can be provided by coating the gold layer with a
copper layer of, for example, from 5 to 10 microns, which copper layer
during heating in the sealing-in 70 process is entirely oxidised to
form copper oxide This thin film of oxide also protects the base metal
from attack by combustion gases and the like The copper oxide film can
subsequently be removed from the gold 75 plated parts of the contact
member which project beyond the seal together with any remaining
copper, by pickling.
As an alternative gold and copper may be coated simultaneously on the
core material of 80 the contact member by electro-deposition.
During heating in the sealing-in process a sufficient amount of copper

oxide is produced at the surface to ensure a good adherence of the
glass The desired result is obtainable 85 even if the layer contains
only 1 % of copper.
In this event also the oxides can subsequently be removed from the
surface outside of the seal.
When not only a satisfactory contact but 90 also a very high
conductivity for highfrequency currents is required, the core material
may be coated with a copper-gold alloy compound, for example Au Cu or
Au Cu 3 The electric resistance of gold-copper compounds is a minimum
at this molecular ratio When such a compound is used, a surface copper
oxide layer is produced during sealing-in which subsequently can be
readily removed from the surface projecting beyond the seal by
pickling Since such a layer of high electric conductivity contains a
comparatively small amount of gold, it is cheap and consequently may
be made comparatively thick without the tube becoming too expensive
This ensures a better protection of the core metal In addition, the
wear resistance of such a layer is higher not only because the layer
is thicker, but also because it is harder.
In contra-distinction thereto care was taken in a well-known process
that on no account was a copper oxide layer produced at the surface of
a conductor for high frequency currents since copper oxide is a
semi-conductor so that the occurrence of large highfrequency losses
was feared Consequently, the copper layer was coated with a layer of
chromium, iron or aluminium, which layer was oxidised in order to
improve the adherence of the glass, which oxides also offer a very
high resistance In this process the copper could, if required, be
replaced by silver or gold As has been mentioned hereinbefore, the
said coating metals suffer from the disadvantage that they andlor
their oxides can only be removed from a gold surface with difficulty.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described more fully with
reference, by way of example, to the accompanying drawing, the single
figure of which shows an electric discharge tube manufactured by
carrying out the process in accordance with the invention.
Reference numeral 1 designates the tube envelope which is sealed by a
base disc 2 made of glass In the disc 2 contact pins 3 which may, for
example consist of ferrochromium and are coated with a layer of gold 4
are sealed in Between the gold layer 4 and 50 the core 3 one or more
intermediate layers, which preferably contain cobalt, may be
interposed At the seal copper oxide 5 is dissolved in the glass so
that a satisfactory adherence of the glass to the gold layer 4 is 55
obtained The pins 3 are connected to an electrode system 6.
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* GB785497 (A)
Description: GB785497 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Cellulose acetate having improved color fastness and process of producing
the same
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 6, 1955.
o' No 25515/55.
Application made in United States of America on Sept 16 d-1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 2 ( 2), B 2 82, F 2 (F: G: J), F 3 (B: E:
F: G: H: L).
International Classification:-CO 8 b D Oif.
Cellulose Acetate having improved Color Fastness and process of
producing the same We, PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY, a corporation
organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of
America, of Bartlesville, State of Oklahoma, United States of America,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -

This invention relates to cellulose acetate having improved color
fastness In a further aspect, this invention relates to a method of
producing cellulose acetate having improved color fastness.
In British Patent 744,244, a method is disclosed relating to the
treatment of fabrics in order to produce materials having improved
resistance to gas fading The process disclosed in that application
which provides the best resistance to gas fading is a multi-step one
comprising impregnating the fabric with an aqueous acid solution of a
polymer of a vinylpyridine, subjecting the fabric to treatment with a
basic material, removing excess base, and finally drying the resulting
impregnated fabric.
We have discovered that materials having a basis of cellulose acetate
which are resistant to gas fading can be prepared by incorporating a
vinyl-pyridine (as hereinafter defined) or a polymer of vinylpyridine
in the casting or spinning solution Surprisingly, fibers and films
obtained from such a solution are resistant to gas fading, and the
process represents a considerable improvement over the above-mentioned
Patent because of the elimination of the treating steps after the
fabric is made.
Utilizing the present invention, it is possible for a film or yarn
supplier to incorporate the vinylpyridine or polymer thereof in the
casting dope and thus enable such a supplier to provide a later
processor with a material having resistance to gas fading as an
inherent property of the material.
By the various aspects of this invention, one lPticc 3 s 6 d l or more
of the following aspects will be obtained.
An object of this invention is to provide a cellulose acetate
material, such as films, yarns, filaments, caps, bands, and the like,
which is color fast when compared to unmodified cellulose acetate A
further object of this invention is to provide cellulose acetate
products which are resistant to gas fading and to provide a process
for the preparation of these materials.
It is pointed out that fibers made from cellulose acetate are sold as
" acetate " Our process for improving the color fastness of cellulose
acetate materials comprises the addition of a minor amount of a
vinylpyridine (as hereinafter defined) or a" polymer thereof in the
casting or spinning dope The vinylpyridine or polymer thereof is
retained in the film or fiber following the casting thereof.
In order to provide resistance to gas fading, at least 0 04 pound per
100 pounds of cellulose acetate of the vinylpyridine or polymer
thereof should be incorporated in the cellulose acetate The major
improvement is obtained using up to 2 parts by weight on the same
basis, although, when conditions are severe, as much as 5 parts per
100 parts of the cellulose acetate are used.

For the production of films or fibers from cellulose acetate, the
acetate, prepared by acetylating cellulose, is dissolved in a suitable
solvent The particular solvent used can be any one which dissolves
cellulose acetate and which is a solvent for vinylpyridine or
polyvinylpyridine Chloroform has been used as such a solvent, but the
one in commercial use today is acetone Other solvents include acetonyl
acetone, dioxane, methyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and furfural In
general, the spinning or casting solution contains from 5 to 35 per
cent by weight of the cellulose acetate and has a viscosity of
approximately 1500 poises If a dull yarn is required, titanium oxide
is added to this solution, generally in an amount of 1 to 2 per cent.
785497 The dye can be also added to this solution, although, in
general, our invention is used when the final product after casting is
to be dyed.
After the solvent/cellulose acetate solution is prepared, it is
supplied to the casting operation When yarn is being produced, the
dope is squeezed through a spinneret, a metal plate through which a
number of small holes have been drilled, into a drying zone where the
filaments pass counter-current to a stream of heated air This heated
air, at a temperature in the neighborhood of 100 ' C, evaporates
practically all of the solvent from the filaments, the solvent being
withdrawn from the cabinet and recovered by any suitable means.
While any vinylpyridine which is soluble in the casting dope is
suitable for use in this invention, 2-vinylpyridine,
2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and 2-vinyl-5-ethylpyridine are preferred The
compounds to be used according to the invention have the formula ( R
(CP-CH,) where R is hydrogen or methyl and N is 1 or 2 Other alkyl
groups may be attached to the heterocyclic ring, but, because of the
effect of steric hindrance, compounds having not more than 12 carbon
atoms in the alkyl groups attached to the ring are preferred Other
compounds which can be used in the practice of our invention include
4-vinylpyridine; 2,5divinylpyridine; 2,3,4 trimethyl 5 vinylpyridine;
3,4,5,6-tetramethyl-2-vinylpyridine; 3-ethyl-5-vinylpyridine;
2,6-diethyl-4-vinylpyridine; 2-isopropyl-4-nonyl-5-vinylpyridine; 2
methyl 5 undecyl 3 vinylpyridine; 3dodecyl-4,5-divinylpyridine;
2,4-dimethyl-5,6dipentyl 3 vinylpyridine; 2-decyl-5
(alphamethylvinyl)pyridine; 3,5 di(alpha methylvinyl)pyridine, and the
like When polymers are employed, they can range from rubbery to solid
resinous polymers As used herein, polymers include copolymers,
terpolymers, etc, as well as homopolymers When a copolymerizable
monomer is employed, it is preferred to use at least 85 per cent by
weight of the vinylpyridine in the polymerizable mixture Of the
materials which can be polymerized with the vinylpyridines of this
invention, we prefer to use conjugated diolefins containing 4 to 6

carbon atoms per molecule.
1,3-Butadiene is most frequently used, but isoprene, piperylene,
2,3-diethyl butadiene, and the like, are also applicable Other
suitable comonomers are those which contain a CH, = C< group, such as
styrene, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, the butenes, methylvinyl ether
and the like.
The polymers can be prepared by emulsion polymerization or by
polymerization in an acid medium Many emulsion polymerization systems
are available using a variety of catalysts Among these are catalysts
comprising the alkali or ammonuim persulfates either 65 alone or in
combination with an alkali metal bisulfite; oxygen and an alkali metal
bisulfite; peroxides or hydroperoxides with an iron pyrophosphate
complex; peroxides or hydroperoxides with polyamines (known as the 70
peroxamine recipe); diazothioethers; other redox combinations which
include an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent Reference is made to
British Patents 691,965, 692,016 and 656,727, for further details of
suitable poly 15 merization systems Polymerization in acid medium is
shown in U S Patent 2,491,472 which discloses polymerization in the
presence of acids having a dissociation constant of at least 1 49 X
10-, mineral acids being pre 80 ferred As shown in the example of the
present application, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine can be polymerized in
the presence of acetic acid.
Cellulose acetate is particularly subject to fading when exposed to
gases, such as are 85 formed by the combustion of fuel gases,
illuminating gases and the like The oxides of nitrogen, such as NO,
NO,, N 0,Q and N.O are known to have a deleterious effect on dyed
cellulose acetate, various shades of 90 blue anthraquinone dyes being
the most susceptible to gas fading It is also known that N O is formed
in the combustion of fuel gases, the gaseous products of which
combustion, as noted above, cause gas fading 95 The following example
sets forth a particular example of a cellulose acetate material
produced according to the process of our invention The particular
amounts specified therein should be considered as illustrative of 100
the invention herein set forth, but should not be considered as
limiting the invention to the specific amounts recited.
EXAMPLE.
An acetone solution of cellulose acetate, 105 blue dye, and
poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine was prepared using the ingredients in
the following proportions:
Parts b Cellulose acetate 1 Celanthrene Blue FFS
Poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine An anthraquinone dye (du Pont) y Weight
1 Sufficient acetone was employed to give a solution having a solids
content of 10 per cent 115 by weight.
A solution was prepared similar to the above, except that

poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine was omitted.
Films from the two solutions were cast on 120 glass with a Bird film
applicator A piece of each film was placed in a 250 C circulating air
oven with air containing 0 5 volume per 785,497 dine in the casting or
spinning dope.
The process of claim 4, in which said poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine is
present in an amount between 0 04 and 5 pounds per 100 45 pounds of
said cellulose acetate.
6 The process of claim 4, in which said poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine
is present in an amount between 0 04 and 2 pounds per pounds of said
cellulose acetate 50 7 In the production of cellulose acetate fibers
by a process which comprises preparing a solution of cellulose acetate
in acetone having a solids content of 5 to 35 per cent of cellulose
acetate by weight, feeding the 55 resulting dope through a spinning
jet to a zone supplied with heated air, and recovering the resulting
fibers, the improvement which comprises adding, to improve the color
fastness of the fibers, between 0 04 to 5 pounds 60 per 100 pounds of
cellulose acetate of material selected from the group consisting of
vinylpyridines (as hereinbefore defined) and polymers thereof.
8 The process of claim 7 in which said 65 material added to improve
color fastness is poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.
9 Cellulose acetate containing a minor amount of a compound selected
from the group consisting of vinylpyridines (as herein 70 defined) and
polymers thereof.
Cellulose acetate containing a minor amount of
poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.
11 Cellulose acetate containing, per 100 pounds of said material, 0 04
to 5 pounds of 75 poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.
12 Cellulose acetate containing, per 100 pounds of said material, 0 04
to 2 pounds of poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.
STEVENS, LANGNER, PARRY & ROLLINSON, Chartered Patent Agents, Agents
for the Applicants.
cent NO, The film containing the poly-2methyl-5-vinylpyridine remained
blue, while the other film turned a light red after 45 minutes.
The polymer was made using the following recipe:
2-Methyl-5-vinylpyridine Water Glacial acetic acid Potassium
persulfate Sodium bisulfite Parts by Weight 300 0.9 0.5 Polymerization
was carried out at 500 C, substantially quantitative conversion being
obtained in 12 hours.
The other vinylpyridines set forth above can be substituted for the
2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.
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