Timeline of Human History & Leaders (1071 AD - 1370 AD)

Timeline of
Human History &
Leaders
(1071 AD - 1370
AD)

Timeline
and
Empires
Presentation Outline
Leaders

Timeline of Human History from
1071 AD to 1370 AD
The High Middle Ages or The High
Medieval Period

Americas Africa Europe Asia Pacific
1000
1100
1200
1300
Kingdom
of
Cusco
Toltecs
Great
Pueblo
Mississippian
Culture
Mali
Empire
Great
Zimbabwe
Zagwe
Dynasty
Byzantine
Empire
Holy
Roman
Empire
France
England
Ayyubid
Dynasty
Sultanate
of
Rum
Fatimid
Caliphate
Great
Seljuk
Empire
Timurid
Empire
Golden
Hordes
Mongol
Empire
Khanag
Mongol
Yuan
Empire
Chagatai
Khanate
Ilkhanate
Kamakura
Shogunate
Ashikaga
Shogunate
Timeline of Empires

The
Mongol
Empire
(1206-
1368)

Expanding
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire (1206-1368)
• Largest contiguous
land empire
• Leadership of
Genghis Khan,
Mongolia
• Sea of Japan to parts
of Eastern Europe,
Indian subcontinent
and Arctic

Expanding
Mongol Empire
• Largest contiguous
land empire
• Leadership of
Genghis Khan,
Mongolia
• Sea of Japan to parts
of Eastern Europe,
Indian subcontinent
and Arctic

Splitting of the
Khanates
Split into four Khanates:
• Golden Hordes in the Northeast
• Yuan Dynasty or Great Khanate
in China
• Ilkhanate in the Southeast and
Persia
• Chagatai Khanate in Central
Asia

Fall of the
Mongol Empire
WHY DID THEY FALL?
• Failure of military
campaigns
• Inept successors
• Disputes over
succession

Decline of the
Khanates
WHY DID THEY FALL?
• Failure of military
campaigns
• Inept successors
• Disputes over
succession

The Holy Roman
Empire (962-1806)
Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171)
Seljuk Empire (1037-1194)
Ayyubid Dynasty (1171-1517)

The Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)
The Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)
Most powerful monarchy in Europe
Political entity
Western, Central & Southern Europe
Byzantine Empire: Eastern Roman Empire
(330-1453)
Capital: Constantinople
WHY DID THEY FALL?
• Invasion by barbaric tribes
• Economic troubles
• Slave labour
• Overexpansion
• Corruption
• Loss of Christian values
Imperial Banner
(1430-1806)
Coat of Arms (1790-
1806)

Middle East
Fatimid Caliphate
(909-1171)
• Claimed descent
from Fāṭimah,
daughter of the
Prophet
Muhammad
(PBUH)
• Ismaili Shia
political and
religious dynasty

Middle East
Ayyubid
Dynasty
Ayyubid Dynasty (1171-
1517)
• Founding dynasty of the
medieval Sultanate of
Egypt
• Saladin Ayyub
• Sunni Muslims seeking
to convert others
• Resurgence in
intellectual activity in the
Islamic world
• Conquered by Ottomans

Middle East
Seljuk Empire (1037-
1194)
• Turko-Persian
Sunni Muslim
• Barrier to Europe
against Mongols
• Defending Islamic
world against
Western Crusaders
• Later morphed into
Ottoman Empire

Mali Empire (1235-1670)
• Founded by Sundiata Keita
• 9th Mansa: Musa, wealthiest person in
history ($400 billion)
• Expanding trade: mining salt & gold,
elephant ivory
WHY DID THEY FALL?
• Development of other
trade centers and routes
• Civil wars

1077
1096-
1099
1121
1125-
1142
The Humiliation of Canossa
Henry IV (Germany) walked barefoot in a
blizzard to Canossa Castle to ask for Pope
Gregory VII’s forgiveness from
excommunication
Henry IV crowned Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire in 1084
The First Crusade
Series of religious and political wars
between Christians and Muslims over
the Holy Land Jerusalem
The Battle of Didgori
Tiny Georgian force outsmarted the
Seljuks using modern military tactics
Jin conquest of Northern China
Jin and Song Dynasties joined together to
defeat Liao Dynasty.
Then, Jin turned against Song.

1128
1135-
1153
1147-
1192
1171
Portugal gains independence
From the kingdom of Leon through the
Treaty of Zamora after the Battle of Sao
Mamede
English and Norman civil war
After King Henry I died, a destructive
succession crisis known as “The Anarchy”
occurred.
Daughter Empress Matilda
VS
Nephew Stephen of Blois
The Second and Third
Major Crusades
Kings of France & Germany
VS
Seljuk Turks
Saladin
VS
England’s Richard the Lionheart
The formation of the Ayyubid
dynasty
Saladin Ayyub deposed Fatimid Caliphate
and became the Sultan of Egypt, Syria, and
other parts of North Africa

1180-
1185
1202-
1291
1206
1215
Japan’s Genpei War
A dispute over succession between
Taira and Minamoto Clans fueled
this civil war.
This established the shogunate
(military dictatorship) with the
emperor serving only a nominal
role.
The end of the big Crusades
9 crusades in total with mixed results
Ultimately,
Europeans defeated
Muslim victory
Mongol Empire founded
by Genghis Khan
United feuding tribes and formed a
powerful army to conquer large
portions of Asia and Eastern Europe
Largest contiguous empire in the
world
The creation of the Magna
Carta
England’s King John signed this agreeing to
a more balanced form of power.
Foundation of today’s laws regarding
protection against illegal imprisonment, fair
taxing, basic human rights.

1258
1271-
1295
1274-
1281
1296
The Siege of Baghdad
The Mongols seized, looted,
destroyed and wiped out the
population of Baghdad, the capital of
the powerful Abbasid Caliphate.
Considered to be the end of the
Islamic Golden Age
Marco Polo explores Asia via
the Silk Road
Served as foreign emissary of the Chinese
Emperor Kublai Khan
First European to publish his travels to the
Far East in depth
Bringing unknown information and
technology to Europe
The Mongol’s attempted
invasion of Japan
Two storms of “divine wind” ruined
two attempts by Yuan to invade
Japan
Yuan didn’t attack again
The First War of Scottish
Independence begins
After the King of Scots Alexander III died
with no obvious heir, 13 families put a claim
to the throne.
England’s King Edward forced the new King
John Balliol to be servient to him.
Scottish rebellion against England

1324
1337
1347-
1352
1366
Mansa Musa
Richest man in history
9th king of Mali in Africa
Trade of salt and gold
Pilgrimage to Mecca with 60,000 men
The Hundred
Years War
England’s Edward III
declared the Kingdom of
France was rightfully his
to claim
Series of long and
bloody conflicts between
France & Britain
The Black Death
This disease killed half of Europe-
between 30-40 million people.
Infection spread by rats, poor
hygiene, cramped living conditions
Timur the conqueror
Self-proclaimed “Sword of Islam”
Last great nomadic conqueror
Claimed to be Genghis Khan’s successor
Ingenious but brutal military leader
Killed 100,000 people

Astrolabe Compass
Eyeglasses Gunpowder
Mechanical Clock
Printing Press
Inventions of the High Middle Ages

Saladin’s Background
❑ Name: Yousif Ayoub Abu Al-Mouthafar. Known in Arabic (Salah
ad Dien Al-Ayoubi)
❑ Originally from: Kurdistan
❑ Place and Date of Birth: Tikrit, Iraq – 1138
❑ Religion: Muslim
❑ Descriptive Epithet: Saladin means (Righteousness of the
Faith) & Al-Malik Al-Nasir (Victorious King)
❑ He created: The Ayyubid Dynasty from 1174 to 1341; situated
today in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Israel & Turkey
❑ Death: 1193, Damascus at the age of 55

Early Adulthood
▪ In 1164 and 1169, Saladin assisted
his uncle in a military expeditions
▪ Saladin was later given his Uncle’s
position as Vizier of Cairo.
▪ Saladin wished to unite all the
Muslims
▪ Unified Jerusalem to Muslim lands

▪ In 1187, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem
after defeating its King in the Battle of
Hattin.
▪ Saladin and Richard signed a new truce
Saladin And The Crusaders

Saladin: As A Hero
▪ Repelling the Crusaders
▪ Recapturing Jerusalem
▪ The most esteemed Muslim figures

Saladin: A Great
Muslim
▪ Broad minded and Inclusive faith
▪ Treated them honorably
▪ Humble
▪ Forgiving mind

✔ Founder and first Great Khan (Emperor)
✔ Genghis Khan the “Universal Ruler”
✔ Ruling period : 1206-1227
Genghis Khan (1162-1227)

CHILDHOOD
✔ Got married at 09 Yrs of Age
✔ His father was poisoned & Killed
✔ Being rejected by his own clan
My name is Temujin.
Later I will become
known as Genghis
Khan.

EARLY STRUGGLES
✔ Poverty & Tribal upbringing
✔ Killing his half brother
✔ Returning to his wife’s tribe maintain an
alliance

UNIFICATION OF MONGOL
✔ Forming strong alliances
✔ Rewarding loyalty
✔ Bringing defeated warriors into his band

CONQUERING THE WORLD
✔ Western Xia Dynasty
✔ Jin Dynasty
✔ Kara Kitay
✔ Attacks on Georgia & Vulgaria
✔ Attacks on Eastern Europe
And Many More…
The Name, The
Legend

Postal or
Messenger System
The
First Passport
Deaths
of 40 Million People
Promoted
Religious Tolerance
A
Unified Empire
KHAN’S
LEGACY

DEATH OF KHAN
✔ Exact cause of his death remains a mystery
✔ Exact burial site remains a mystery
✔ Genghis Khan left Ogedei Khan as his successor
A True Leader, The First To Unite The Steppes, Thus
Rested In Peace……

● Lead From The Front
● Serve a Greater Good Than yourself
● Have a Vision
● Understand Your People
● Be Self Reliant, Be Humble & Be Moderate
● Change the World But Change it Gradually
● Morality
● Patience
● Strong Ethics
LEARNING’S FROM KHAN

The Anglo Saxon/
Early Medieval
England
(871 – 899 CE)
Alfred The Great
-King of Wessex & Anglo
Saxon

A Brief History of Alfred
● Alfred the Great (c. 849 – 26 October c. 899 )
● King of the West Saxons from 871 to c. 886 and King of
the Anglo-Saxons from c. 886 until his death in 899.
● Youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife
Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young.
● Reputation as a learned and merciful man who
encouraged education along with improving the legal
system and military structure.
● He was given the epithet "the Great" in the 16th
century.
● Death reason was unknown but most probably caused
by poor health experienced early on in his life.

Youth & Rise to Power
• Learn poetry. At the age of four, his father sent him
to Rome on pilgrimage, where he was confirmed in the faith
by the Pope and according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was
anointed as king.
• Alfred's family had low expectations of him as a warrior-king
as he was more given to books than action and was often
ill as a young man.
• After King Æthelwulf died in 858, Wessex was ruled by three
of Alfred's brothers.
• Later on Alfred proved himself a capable leader in battle.

King At War
● The Viking Wars. The Battle of Eddington.
● The Battle of Edington was fought between
the Saxons, led by Alfred the Great, and the
Vikings, led by Guthrum.
● Alfred won a great victory at the Battle of
Edington in 878 but continued to struggle
with Danish advances until 896, when the
invasions ceased. His success in quelling
the attacks was largely due to his
superlative defensive strategy.

The Anglo Saxon Kingdoms
• Wessex was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the
south of England. It lasted from 519 until
927. Wessex ultimately unified England.
• Essex was established early in the 6th
century. It existed until 825 when it was taken
over by Wessex.
• East Anglia was established in the 6th
century and lasted until 918 although it was
taken over first by Mercia and then by the
Danes.

Leadership
• Alfred had a dream, or vision, of one unified kingdom
for all English speaking people: England
• His military, educational, legal and religious
initiatives were all part of his strategy to accomplish his
goal

Legacy
● Reforming the traditions and structure of
early English society
● Maintaining peace in uncertain times
● Introducing structure, judicial processes
and education
● Left a considerable cultural impact on the
generations that followed

Death
● October 26, 899 at the age of 50 or 51
● Unknown cause
● Suffered throughout his life with a
painful and unpleasant illness
● Either Crohn’s disease or
haemorrhoids
● His grandson King Eadred seems to
have suffered from a similar illness

Alauddin khilji
Sultan
(Reign. 1296 – 1316)

About alauddin Khilji
13th Sultan of Delhi.
Nephew and a Son-in-law of his predecessor Jalaluddin Khilji .
Born in 1266, Ali Gurshap, Qalati Khaljī. (Afghanistan at
present day).
Considered as Sikander - e - Sani (Alexander the Second)
Governor of kara, Governor of Awadh, Amir-i-
Tuzuk (Equivalent to Master of ceremonies).

Ascension
Alauddin was
formally
proclaimed as
the Sultan in
Delhi in 1296.
Started March
towards Delhi in
2nd week of
October 1296.
king Ruknuddin
led an army
against him but
defeated by
Alauddin at
midnight.
Ruknuddin
escaped to
Multan in the
early morning.

Rebuild the nation
Social Reforms
Administrative
Changes
Revenue Reforms
Market Reforms Military Reforms
Invasion of Mongol

Dissolution of power
Alauddin I’llness Malik Kafur’s
conspiracy
Blinded Two Sons and
killed Brother in law
Alp khan
Alauddin died 4 January
1316
Malik Kafur made 6
year’s old
Shihabuddin as a
puppet Monarch.
Mubarak khan
killed Malik Kafur
and became the
next king.

First Muslim ruler of Bengal
Founder of Khalji Dynasty of Bengal
Ikhtiyar al-Din Muḥammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

EARLY LIFE
Born and Raised in Garmsir, Hemland
First appointed as the Dewan-i-Ard at GHOR
south-eastern corner of modern Mirzapur district

Conquest of Bengal and Bihar
Attacked the south bihar
Attacked Buddhist Bihar in 1199
Attacked Lakshman Sen and conquered Nadia

Failure in Tibbet
● Ignored the advice of king of Kamarupa
● Injured a lot of soldiers
● Returned to Devkot
● Jumped into the river

Madrasa Khanqahs
Coins
Mosques
Began 500 years of
ruling
Bakhtiyarer
Ghora
Legacy of Khalji

DEATH OF KHALJI
A revolution was declared against him
In 1206 he died

⮚ Very brilliant rider and a fencer.
⮚ expert on horse riding, sword
using, and battle strategies
⮚ Daring, Bold, Brave, Vigours,
Courageous, and aggressive.
⮚ Just, Fair, Gracious, Kind.
⮚ Soft hearted
ABOUT OSMAN GAZI

Leadership Qualities of Osman Gazi
Great politician
Dedication Administrative skills
Courage
Great vision
Great military strategy
Self confidencence
Influence
Supportive

Skills of Osman Gazi as a leader
Risk Taking Skills
Political Skills
Military Skills
Administrative Skills

Maintained a Balance
SENATE MILITARY

Military Strategy of Osman Gazi
⮚ Use gunpowder
⮚ Use Canon
⮚ Use Short arrows
⮚ Having excellent horsemanship
⮚ Building & keeping good bonding to
the soldiers

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
By Osman I
In 1281 After Ertugrul Gazi’s death,
he became the leader of Kayi tribe

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
By Osman I
After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe
and, with the conquest of the Balkans &
transformed into a transcontinental empire
Kulucahisar
Eskişehir
Bursa constantinople

Ottoman empire
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
By Osman I
During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent,
they conqured Asia, Europe & north Africa

Ottoman empire
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
By Osman I

Administrative
Changes
Military
reforms
Social reforms
Market
reforms
Revenue
reforms
CONTRIBUTION OF OSMAN GAZI

Forming an empire Adopting taxes Minting the first
coins of ottoman

Administrative
Reform
81
Society Education
Taxation Criminal law
formulate an effective & simplified code of laws, known as the Kanun-
I-Osmani that served the Ottoman Empire for the next 300 years.

ULTIMATE TARGET
❖Through both warfare and diplomacy, he was
able to unify inherited and captured lands
under his rule.
❖Osman Gazi built the foundation of an Islamic
empire that would expand over 3 continents and
rule for more than 600 years, the Ottoman
empire.

DEATH OF A GREAT LEADER
AND WARRIOR
❖According to some sources he died of natural causes
before the fall of the city, while other suggests he heard
the news of the fall of the city.
❖Buried in Bursa.
❖Osman left a written will to his son Orhan instructing him
to move on with conquests and jihad against the
Byzantines, that he abides by the teachings of Islam,
accompany the ʿUlamāʾ, amend his parish, and dedicates
himself to spread the word of Islam.

The
Mongol
Empire
(c.1259 – c. 1294)
Kublai Khan

The first Yuan ruler of all of China.
Reign: 1259 to 1294
Lifetime: c. 1215 – c. 1295
Childhood: Skilled fighter, hunter and horseman
Kublai Khan

Start to Raise Power
In 1236, Ogodei granted Kublai a
fiefdom of some 10,000 households in
the Hopei (Hebei) province.

1245
When Kublai was in his thirties
his older brother Mongke became
Khan of the Mongol Empire.
Mongke promoted Kublai to the
ruler of Northern China
Early Ruling Territory

1252
1253
1256
Mongke ordered Kublai to attack
Yunnan and conquer the Dali
Kingdom
Preparing for his first military
campaign
By the end of 1256 he had
conquered Yunnan.
The Battle of Yunnan

1259
To attack and conquer
southern China and the Song
Dynasty. Kublai agreed to a
peace treaty with the Song
where the Song would pay
him tribute each year and then
returned back north.
The Battle with Song Dynasty

Civil War & Succession
A civil war ultimately broke out
between the two main candidates:
Kublai and his younger brother
Ariq Boke

KUBLAI: As a Successful Leader
⮚ He ensure there were no rebellions
⮚ In 1263, he moved Mongol capital
⮚ The Invasions of Japan

Legacy
He built a new capital city in Beijing.
Beijing is still the capital of China today
Many roads and highways were built by the
Mongols in China

DEATH OF KHAN
Kublai died of natural causes in 1294 at the age of 79 or 80 -
an extremely old age for often hard-living Mongol rulers.

The Mali
Empire
(c.1235 – c. 1255)
Mansa Sundiata Keita
-The Lion King

History of The Lion King
● Lifetime: c. 1217 – c. 1255
● Son of Naré Maghann Konaté and Sukulung Conté
● Founder Emperor of The Mali Empire
● Crowned Mansa after The Battle of Kirina: c. 1235
● Physically Challenged by born
● Unknown Death Reason

Childhood
Was crippled from childhood & only by will the
lion king first stepped at the age of four-a great
day for the mali empire,West Africa.

Battle of Kirina
● Soumaoro Kante was defeated by
Sundiata(c.1235) and his allies
(perhaps when Sundiata shot the
king with a poisoned arrow).
● This victory marked to first step in
the rise of the Mali Empire.
● The task ahead of him was not an easy
one and it involved uniting various
tribes to defeat a common enemy.

Leadership
• Sundiata was a lad full of strength;
his arms had the strength of ten and
his biceps inspired fear in his
companions.
• Loyalty by keeping the promise .
• Voice carried authority, eyes were
live coals, arms were iron, and was
the husband of power.
• Uncompromising determination.

Legacy
● A Strong Army to rule 12 states.
● Economic power as he controlled trade routes
& gold fields
● Codified 1st social & political constitution.
● Developed mechanisms for agriculture,
introduced cotton & weaving in Mali.
● Ensured absolute security throughout his
reign.

Death
● Generally accepted death year of Mansa
Sundiata Keita is c. 1255
● According to some, he died of drowning while
trying to cross the Sankarani River, near
Niani.
● Delafosse - accidentally killed by an arrow
during a ceremony

Timeline of Human History & Leaders (1071 AD - 1370 AD)

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Timeline of Human History & Leaders (1071 AD - 1370 AD)