1. GRAMMER BOOK
SEMESTER 2
Javier Polhemus

2. Table of Contents
• 1.Imperfect vs. Preterite
• 2. Future vs. Conditional
• 3.Por
• 4. Para
• 5. Commands
• 6. Present Perfect
• 7. DOP
• 8.Adverbs
• 9.Subjunctive
• 10. Se impersonal
• 11. Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir

3. Preterite Vs imperfect
The imperfect is used when talking about
A finished or s”napshot” like action that
The preterite is used when talking about happened in the past
A continuous action that happened in the past
é amos Aba Abamos
aste -------------------- Abas ---------
ó aron aba aban
i imos Ía Íamos
iste ------------------- Ías ----------------
io ieron Ía Ían

4. Future
• The future is used
when talking
about the
immediate future
like “I will eat”. é emos
ás ----------------
• To change a verb á án
into the future you
use the infinitive +
the endings.

5. Conditional
• The conditional is
used when saying you
should, could, or
would do something. Ía Íamos
Like “I should run”. Ías
Like the future it’s the Ía Ían
infinitive added with
the conditional
endings.

6. POR
• To show motion or general location
• Object of a search
• Means in which something is done.
• Unit of measure
• Exchange or substitution
• Reason or motive for action

7. PARA
• Destination
• Deadline for something
• Reciever of something
• Comparison with others or opinion
• In the employ of
• Purpose

8. Commands
Put in the usted form and drop the ‘s’ Put into yo form and change to opposite vowel
Put in the yo form and change to opposite
Keep in usteded and change to opposite
vowel and add an ‘s’
vowel.
Keep in nosotros opposite vowel.

9. PRESENT PERFECT
• To create the present perfect you use the
present tense of the verb haber and add it to
a verb with the ending of ado or ido
he hemos
has
ha han

10. DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUN
• To use double object pronouns you add
me Nos
te
Lo,las Los las
Attached to the end of verbs

11. ADVERBS
• To make an adverb you use an adjective +
mente.
• rapido + mente = quickly
Bastarte quiet
mal badly
Mucho A lot
Muy very
Nunca Never
Siempre Always
Peor Worse
Demasiado too

12. SUBJUNCTIVE
• To conjugate you change to the opposite
vowel. Subjunctive is used for:
Wish,wanting,emotion,doubt,denial,
impersonal expressions, negation,or guessing.
mire miremos
mires
mire Miren

13. SE IMPERSONAL
• Se puts a sort of
anonymous person or
thing doing an action.
When using se you always
use the third person form.
Can be used with every
verb tense.

14. Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir
• Ir + present participle = is slowly but surely
____________ ing
• Andar+ present participle = in going around
__________ing
• Seguir + present participle = is still _______ing