The document discusses creative approaches for communicating climate change impacts and adaptation strategies to communities and policymakers in the Canadian Arctic. It emphasizes engaging with audiences where they are at and making research as beneficial to partner communities as to the scientific community. The paper presents a process for assessing anticipatory adaptation measures that identifies cost-effective options and evaluates implementation barriers. It illustrates the application of the process using a hypothetical threatened forest as an example.

1. Creative Approaches for Communicating the
Effects of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies to
Communities and Policymakers in the Canadian Arctic
Will Vanderbilt James Ford Marie Pierre Lardeau
Climate Change Adaptation Research Group
McGill University
1

2. Engaging with people & communities
“where they’re at”
Will Vanderbilt James Ford Marie Pierre Lardeau
Climate Change Adaptation Research Group
McGill University
2

3. 3

4. We must work to make the research we
conduct as beneficial to the people we work
with as it is to our scientific community
4

5. A PROCESS FOR EVALUATING A N T I C I P A T O R Y
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SEA-LEVEL RISE ON
A D A P T A T I O N MEASURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
FARM P R O G R A M S AND CLIMATE C H A N G E
Ir~u TT E RWQ I~T H T H E N E T H E 1995L A N D S :
R
EnergyPolicy,Vol. 23. No. 4/5, pp. 463~-75,
A STUDY OF POSSIBLE SCENARIOS
I~E I N E M A N N
Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
0301~.215/95 $10.00 + 0.00
J.B. SMITH, S.E. R A G L A N D , G.J. PITTS
J. K. L E W A N D R O W S K I 1 and R. J. B R A Z E E 2
Hagler Bailly Consulting, Inc., P.O. Drawer O, Boulder, CO 80306, U.S.A. M. G. J. D E N E L Z E N * and J. R O T M A N S *
1Resources and Technology Division, Economic Research Service, United States Department of
Agriculture, 1301 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005, US.A.
Integrated assessment and Department of Mathematics, Faculty of General Sciences, University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616,
environmental policy making
2Department of Forestry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana,
IL 61820, U.S.A. Abstract Many countries are preparing national climate change action plans that describe specificmeasures they are
6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
takingto mitigategreenhousegas emissionsand adapt to the potential effects of climate change. Among the reasons for
preparing such plans are that climate change is likely to occur, and many anticipatorymeasures that would be taken Abstract. This paper describes a simulation study of some of the socio-economic
In pursuit of usefulness
in response to climate change are "no regret" measures that will produce benefits even if climate does not change.
Abstract. The view that the agricultural sector could largely offset any negative
consequences of a rise in sea level on Dutch society. A computer simulation
Additionally, these plans can serve as communications required by the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate model for the greenhouse problem has been developed, which tries to capture the
impacts of climate change by altering production practices assumes process for anticipatory adaptation measures that will enable countries to
Change. We propose here an assessment the govern- climate change cause-effect relationship for a combination of greenhouse-gas
ment will not create disincentives for farmers to measures to adapt to climate change. These measures anticipate potential climate changes and are
identify and select adapt. U.S. farm programs, how- emissions. The impact of emissions of greenhouse gases on global temperature
ever, often discourage such obvious adaptations as objectivesunder a wide variety of future climate conditions.The process builds on assessments
flexibleenoughtomeet switching crops, investing in and seaqevel rise can be calculated using the model. Additionally, separate, inde-
water conserving technologies, and entry or exit. We outline a simple portfolioParson sensitiveregions, or populations, within a country.
of vulnerability by focusing on adaptation measuresA the most
Edward for pendent modules have been implemented in order to quantify the socio-eeonomic
model describing producer decision making: we then use this framework to assess andof Government, are chosen based on expertjudgment and
Potential anticipatory adaptation measures areKennedy School two or three Harvard University
John F identified,
consequences for the Netherlands. Four consistent sets of scenarios have been
and Project on the Implementation and easiestto implement. Analytictechniques
Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, International
how specific U.S. farm programsanalysisregardingwhichmeasureswouldproducethe greatest benefits and be
might affect adaption to climate change. Three developed, based on differences in economic growth, energy use, international
are usedto assessthe benefitspresent structurefor Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
future climate scenarios are considered and in each the
Institute
and costs of each ofof U.S.
the measures and evaluate barriers to implementation.The measure
environmental measures, etc. On the basis of these scenarios estimates are made
farm programs discourages adaptation. most cost-effective and is easiest to implement is selected. We illustrate the application of the process by
that is
of the costs of coastal defence and water management in the Netherlands as a
examining a hypothetical forest threatened by climate change.
Current integrated assessment projects primarily seek end to end integration through formal
result of adaptation to the impacts of sea-level rise.
models at a national to global scale, and show three significant representational weaknesses:
Key words: adaptation, benefit-costanalysis, cost-effectivenessanalysis, multicriteria analysis impacts and adaptive response; and the
determinants of decadai-scale emissions trends; valuing
formation and effects of policies. Meeting the needs of policy audiences may require other
Farm Programs and Adapting to Climate Change forms of integration; may require integration by formal modeling or by other means; and may
Introduction
require representing decisions of other actors through political and negotiating processes.
While rational global environmental policy making requires integrated assessment, current
practice 1. Introduction
The announcement by NASA that 1991 was the second hottest year in over a no single vision of how to do it, so understanding will be best advanced by a
admits
Current scientific opinion
diverse collection of projects pursuing distinct methods and approaches. Further practice may is that the greenhouse phenomenon will become a
century should intensify the climate change debate. Se,ven of the 8 warmest years
yield some consensus on best practice, possibly including generic assessment skills generalizable
M a n y countries are preparing national climate change action plans that describe the specific
across issues.
serious threat to mankind in the coming centuries. Undoubtedly sea-level rise is
on record have now occurred since 1981.1 Also motivating the climate change
measures they are taking to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the potential effects potentially one of the most threatening consequences of the greenhouse phenome-
debate are several recent dry weather events. Much of the Western reasonso rforIntegrated assessment; Environmental policy; Modeling change is likely
of climate change. Among the United s :States
Keyw d
preparing such plans are that climate non. Nearly one-third of the world's population, including many of the largest
has experienced a persistent drought for over 5 years (since 1987);a n y measures that would be taken in response to climate change
to occur (]PCC, 1995)~ and m the northern cities, lives within 60 km of a coastline. A sea-level rise, even of less than 1 m,
hemisphere had its lowest recorded snow fall in 1990; and in 1988, drought condi- will produce benefits even if climate does not
are "no regret" measures, which means that they
would have a tremendous influence on habitation patterns, causing large-scale
change.
tions in the West, Southeast, Northern Plains, and Midwest combined to cause the
While there have been examples of integrated assess-
migrations organiz-
science, but rather assembling, summarizing,
of millions of people. Because of the vulnerability of the Netherlands to
worst U.S. agricultural losses in decades. In addition, m a n y developing countries and countries with economies in transition face
ment of important environmental issues for 20 years or ing, interpreting, and possibly rises in sea level, which resulted in the so-called Delta flood protection plan after
reconciling pieces of
While few scientists are willing to conclude that these historically highlast three to incorporatea climate change inexistinginfrastructure communicating them so flood in 1953, sea-level rise is a very important topic in this country.
numerous opportunities inmore, near tempera- have seen rapid increase in
the the future years their
knowledge, and
the last major that
and institutions. Many infrastructure projects for mintegratedg climate-sensitive resources will be
work on, and interest in, a n a g i n assessment of they are relevant and helpful for the deliberations of an
tures and extended dry periods are related to the greenhouse effect, thechange. The papers presented in this volume intelligent but inexpert policy maker. What thisthe relation between a global temperature change and global sea-level
possibility However, requires
built in these countries. climatic projects include reservoirs, hydropower facilities, coastal
These
of pending climate change should be of concern to agriculture. Because agriculture of energy, and the breadth for m a n a gstrongly on the specific decision context or and our knowledge of the processes causing sea-level rise is still
development, and irrigation indicative of the amount institutions and plans depends i n g climate
are systems. In addition, rise is not yet clear,
is largely defined by the climate, farmers' choices of inputs, outputs,agricultureinto this field. services, coastal zone m a n ato e minformed. It may be incomplete. Sea-level changes at any time and at any location are determined by
of interest, going
sensitive resources, such as and methods and fruitless definitional debate
extension
issue be a simple exercise in the
g e n t plans, information that is well known
Substantial confusion clear communication of
of production reflect their expectations of upcomingdevelopmenthas surrounded the concept of being developed. The design of these research community. More climatic factors. Geological causes may have been responsible
sustainable temperature, precipitation, are integrated assessment,
plans, and others, and accepted by a specific both geological and
growing season, and soil moisture patterns. These are also theperhaps becausewhose embeds twoshould incorporate thehowever, it is for
variables the term
infrastructure projects, institutions, and plans can and distinct oppor- often, potential synthetic. It may require expressing
for a drop in sea level of about 300 m over the last 80 million years (IPCC, 1990a).
tunities for obscurity: what is assessment, and what does results in different forms or at different resolutions;
means and variances may change as the levels ofchange to significantly affect the natural be integrated?being addressed.
climate greenhouse gases in the atmos- resources
it mean for assessment to I propose to drawing causal inferences from But the geological events that affect sea level are generally slow and are unlikely to
knowledge or data that
phere increase. A changing climate then, could rearrange the map of U.S. how governments could address adaptation to climate the discipline that generated
A few articles have beenseparate theseon agri-
published two concepts as follows. Assessment, in lie outside the scope of accelerate. In general the same holds for the historic influence of climate on sea
culture by altering regional (and international) patterns of comparativetoadvantage is thetopresentation Smith, in press a). you do X, then from different For the last two million years sea-level rise and climate have changed to-
change (e.g., Titus, 1990;contrast pure research,
Goklany, 1995; Fankhauser, 1996; of know- them (if Carter et al. Y will (probably) happen); or
level. disciplines, of
(1994) described generalledge derived can beresearch to assess adaptation. This paper propositions
steps that from taken help someone with combining
describes
in the production of commercially important crops and livestock. responsibilities evaluate possible actions or think about different degrees of confidence and inverification.
gether, cyclic periods of about 100 000 yr. During the last glacial period the sea
specific techniques that can be applied by governments to assess adaptation needs, identify driven by the need to inform
Recently, economists have started to consider the potential costs and benefits recognized by its purposes.
a problem. Assessment is Because assessment is
anticipatory adaptation measures, and select thosedoes not mean doing most cost-effective and can may require statements of
Assessment normally measures that are new important decisions, it
relating to agriculture from possible climate most readily implemented. Adams et al., process, a hypothetical example is offered to
be
change (Dudek, 1989; In describing this
Energy Policy 1995 * PresentNumber 4/5
Volume 23 address:
National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), P.O.Box l,
463
i In descending order, the hottest years on record are 1990, 1991, 1988, 1983, 1987, 1944, 1989, and 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 92: 229-238.
1981. Climatic Change 20: 169-195, 1992.
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
9 1992 KluwerAcademic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Climatic Change 23: 1-20, 1993.
© 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
5

6. Hypothesis Proposal Field Work Analysis Writing Journal
Article
GO TO MAIL TO
COMMUNITY! COMMUNITY!
6

7. HIRE LOCAL
BRAINSTORM RESEARCH CO-AUTHOR
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS & PAPERS
NEEDS WITH TRANSLATORS
COMMUNITY
CO-APPLY CONDUCT DEVELOP
FOR FUNDING FOCUS GROUPS USEFUL TOOLS
WITH LOCAL AND VERIFY FOR
ORGS RESULTS COMMUNITY
Hypothesis Proposal Field Work Analysis Writing Journal
Article
7

8. AUDIENCE
SCALE
OUTCOME
8

9. Study
Policy Makers Media General Public Scientists
Communities
Targeted posters & brochures Press releases
COP EVENTS Informal blog posts
Direct engagement Conferences
Videos
Journal Articles
(where available) Online tools & up-to-date website
9

10. Study
Policy Makers Media General Public Scientists
Communities
Targeted posters & brochures Press releases
COP EVENTS Informal blog posts
Direct engagement Conferences
Videos
Journal Articles
(where available) Online tools & up-to-date website
10

11. 11

12. Feeding the Family in
Times of Stress
Marie-Pierre Laurdeau
Goal
Share the project’s results in a
format that could affect
immediate change
12

13. Iqaluit Food
Responses
Security to Food
Dissemination Insecurity
Experiences of users of
community based programs
book in Iqaluit, Nunavut
Marie-Pierre Lardeau1
James Ford1
Gwen Healey2
Will Vanderbilt1
1. McGill University
2. Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre
13

14. 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18

19. Jesse Mike
19

20. 20

21. Inuit Food Security:
Vulnerability to Extremes
Sara Statham
Goal
Give participants, the general public, and
Iqaluit residents an exciting way to explore
and share the results of a recent project
21

22. http://ccadapt.ca/sarafoodsecurity
22

23. 23

24. Nauvikhaq (a place to grow)
The Ulukhaktok Oral History Database
Goal
Provide a lasting legacy of over
five years of research conducted
in Ulukhaktok photo: tristan pearce
http://nauvikhaq.com
24

25. Skills Transmission and Inuit
Adaptation to Climate Change
Tristan Pearce University of Guelph et al.
Inuit environmental knowledge and land skills have
been identified as key determinants of adaptive
capacity to climatic changes that affect subsistence
harvesting. There is evidence however that the
traditional modes of knowledge transmission are not
functioning as they were in the past. As a result,
many younger and inexperienced hunters are not as
well equipped to cope with the risks of hunting, and
changing climatic conditions are making it even
more hazardous for them.
25

26. 26

27. Welcome page: We’ll fill this in with a
Ulukhaktok bit of information about the project.
Oral History
Database
For now, this will be the only non-
password protected page.
ENTER
Ulukhaktok Logged in welcome page
Oral History
Users can click on a picture of an elder
Database to view all of their stories, or search
Click on an elder to Andy Akoaksion Jack Simon Kataoyak Jimmy Kudlak
for a specific term.
view their stories,
or search for a topic This page will also include informa-
below
tion about the project, contact
information, and recent uploads /
Search... news.
Mel Pretty Walter Olifie Renie Taipana Oliktoak
ADD STORIES
‘Person Page’ - this page will be the 27

28. Ulukhaktok Mel Pretty ‘Person Page’ - this page will be the
Oral History Short biography / hub of a person’s stories. Stories at-
Database information about person.
tributed to the person will automati-
PEOPLE cally be added to this page
TOPICS
SEARCH
ADD STORIES
The photo section can be a slideshow
CONTACT
HELP or single photo, and the short bio on
the right hand side can be done in
bullett point or paragraph form (what
Story one title (link) kind of information would we want to
A short description of the story, date, etc.
put there?)
Story two title (link)
A short description of the story, date, etc.
Story three title (link)
A short description of the story, date, etc.
Ulukhaktok Story title goes ‘Story Page’ - every story has its own
Oral History here page (and link), it includes links to
Database multiple versions of the audio files
PEOPLE Mel Pretty (including an in-site player), a photo
TOPICS 01 January 2007
SEARCH (where available, otherwise the text
ADD STORIES
Transcribed text goes here, scrolls along with
PLAY goes to the top of the page), and the
CONTACT
HELP audio... Download in iTunes transcribed text of the story.
Download MP3
Fugia isciunt oriatium della sendic temodis ciistini
ditatem ne lamus nimiliquos aut velic temquid ex
We could also put a short ‘about the
eumqui dolorum dunt mollenem fugiatio quam, speaker’ section onto this page, with
nos doloreperum inullabo. Sin rem eiur, odigenis
a link back to that persons’ individual
perum es a sequi tem. Nequatiis expliti consect
uribusam ut lat prate exerumet omnis cuptatu
page...
saessum, nos eaquam niscita doles et ut porum
http://nauvikhaq.com
sinimus, atempore, omnim ipsae quatem sime
con necusdaeriat lique nost, occum enihil idesend
usandip icatureni coreperspid eictas sit eliquo
28

29. How
• Use research methods that lend themselves to building
interactive digital tools
• Find (cheap) savvy undergrads with basic media &
communications skills (job description online)
• Integrate them into your team in a meaningful way
• Maintain a focus on design
29

30. Vulnerability of Inuit
women’s food system to
climate change in the
context of multiple
socio-economic stresses
A case study from Arviat, Nunavut
Current vulnerabilities Adaptive Capacity Future climate
Maude Beaumier, M.A.1
Climate Dr. James Ford, PhD1 vulnerablities
Change Shirley Tagalik, Chair of the Arviat Health Committee2
Adaptation Hilda Panigoniak, research assistant2
This vulnerability analysis shows that the Despite adaptation strategies link to While climate change was not identified as
Research Group Sarah Curley, research assistant2
food system of Inuit women is vulnerable to modernity such as greater diversity of food an important stressor on the food system
1. Department of Geography, McGill University climate variability and bio-physical change, available all year long, territorial and federal currently by Arviarmiut, when participant
McGill University 2. Hamlet of Arviat but that climate change is not an important financial support programs for hunters, observations are examined in the context of
determinant of food insecurity among Inuit families and the introduction of technology scientific literature on climate change there
women at present. Currently, socio-economic (weather forecast, GPS, collaring information, are clear linkages between climate change
and historical factors are the most important roads), sharing continues to remain the most and food security for women in the Canadian
ABSTRACT
Dr. James Ford
james.ford@mcgill.ca
in determining food insecurity. Food security
is complex and results from interactions
important traditional practice strengthening
Inuit women’s food system.
Arctic. Climate change projections indicate
that the arctic will continue warming at a
514.398.4960 between multiple human, historical and rapid rate. Thus, with environmental stressors
This research investigates the vulnerability and adaptation of Inuit environmental factors which affect the exacerbating the pressure that already exist on
women food system to climatic stresses in the context of other social food system on different levels and scales. the food system due to human and historical
stresses, using a case study from Arviat, Nunavut (NU). Food insecurity Some of the main drivers of food insecurity factors, socio-economic stresses and disparities
is a significant problem for Arviarmiut, with women being particularly today emerge as a result of rapid changes in must be addressed at the household,
livelihoods experienced by Inuit over the community and territorial/global levels in
at risk. A community-based participatory research approach was
course of the last 60 years. order to prepare for future climate change and
employed to examine how the complex interplay of human and non- Inuit women’s food system vulnerability.
human factors operating over multiple spatial and temporal scales,
affects how people experience and respond to changing conditions.
Climate and Adaptive Adaptation
Findings show that Inuit women’s food system in Arviat is sensitive to biophysical strategy cost
climate-related risks and changes, but climate change was not identified Territorial & Global changes
as affecting women’s food security. Multiple human factors negatively Community Change in caribou Younger women Economic cost: need
impact Inuit women’s food security. On the other hand, a strong Household migration pathway in substituted caribou to buy more store
2010-2011 = shortage meat for store foods food which is expen-
sharing network, governmental financial support and local educational of caribou meat in Elderly women, sive and less shared
initiatives help strengthen the food system and improve food security. Hunter in Formal Community Nutrition North Arviat while eating more Health cost: due to
store food, also ate limited knowledge
Household or Education Sharing Program different country of and reduced ac-
AIM METHODS Close Family foods cess to store foods,
Budgeting Skills Community Inter-community the quality of the
Security
Food
Identify and characterize Research approach: Community-based Food System Support sharing network food consumed is
the vulnerability and participatory research in Arviat (2060 people), NU low
Financial Programs
adaptability of the Inuit Sampling: Purposive sampling Country Food NTI Hunters
women’s food system Resources Increase in tempera- Reduces pirujuaq Cost of increasing
Methods: Photovoice (n=10), semi-structured Traditional Support ture and permafrost (cache meat) period size of community
to climate change in Store Food
Insecurity
the context of multiple
interviews with Inuit women (n=42) and key Traditional Training Programs loss in the area sur- Freeze more meat freezer
Food
rounding the western when possible Cost of purchasing
stresses, using a case
informants (n=8), focus groups with women (n=7), Training Hudson Bay and in- bigger extra freezer
elders (n=3) and hunters (n=2), and participant Store Food Cost of Living crease in grizzly and
study from Arviat, NU
observations were used to collect in-depth Knowledge Employment polar bears around
qualitative data. Aviat = reduces meat
Country Food Capacity to preservation practices
Analysis: Thematic analysis using QSR NVivo,
Concept mapping Knowledge Save Food
Increase in days of Younger women in- Economic cost: need
abnormally high tem- creased consump- to buy more store
Substance Use and Gambling perature during the tion of store food food which is expen-
Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Hamlet of Arviat, the Arviat Health Committee, all the participants, summer = decrease during the summer sive and less shared
the Nutarasungnik family, Ed and Ruth Murphy, Dr. George Wenzel, Dr. Nancy Ross, Marie-Pierre Lardeau and in hunting and avail- Elderly women, Health cost: due to
Will Vanderbilt. This research would not have been possible without the financial support provided by Health ability of meat in Ar- while eating more limited knowledge
Canada through the Climate Change and Health Adaptation in Northern First Nations and Inuit Communities viat during hot sum- store food, also ate of and reduced ac-
Program 2010-2011; the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and
Climate & bio-physical Socio-Economic
mer months different country cess to store foods,
Changing Environments, graduate funding from the Department of Geography at McGill University, the Northern Change Change foods, especially fish the quality of the
Scientific Training Program (NSTP), GREAT award and funding from IPY-ACRC (Arctic Peoples, Culture, Resil- and beluga food consumed is
ience & Caribou) project. low
30

31. 31

32. http://ccadapt.ca
32

33. http://ccadapt.ca/WV_IPY
@vdblt
We must work to make the research we
conduct as beneficial to the people we work
with as it is to our scientific community
33