Krishi and Products
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With modern science and technology, agriculture related biotechnology yields immense benefits to mankind.
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Krishi and Products
- 1. AGRICULTURE and BIOPRODUCTS Thanks to Pete Desai
- 2. 2030 … Next 30 Years “Knowledge Based Economy” a new Driver Great Opportunity for Agriculture Tremendous Prospects for Plant Science
- 3. Entertainment Entertainment Energy Energy Industrial Materials Industrial Materials The 20th Century: Century of Physics & Chemistry Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and scientific. Mathematics Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Chemistry / Physics Material Science Electronics Microbiology Information Information Technology Technology Communication Communication Transportation Transportation Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Food / Agriculture Food / Agriculture Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Instruments Instruments
- 4. The 21st Century: Century of Biotechnology, Physics & Chemistry Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and scientific. Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Entertainment Entertainment Energy Energy Industrial Materials Industrial Materials BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY Mathematics Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Chemistry / Physics Material Science Electronics Microbiology Information Information Technology Technology Communication Communication Transportation Transportation Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Food / Agriculture Food / Agriculture Instruments Instruments
- 5. Technology and Global impact Molecular Biology Molecular Biology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Informatics Informatics The next threshold in human progress Electricity Electricity Computers Computers Flight Flight 20th Century Advances
- 6. Did you know Sales Per Year Canada Automobiles $ 47 Billion Residential Housing $ 13 Billion Computers $ 1.2 Billion USA Wall-Mart $ 339 Billion Exxon $ 333 Billion
- 7. Did You Know FOOD GROCERIES EXPENDITURE Canada $ 64 Billion USA $ 600+ Billion
- 8. FOOD for THOUGHT #1 Agriculture is a BIG Business The pie is bigger than we ALL think “THINK BIG”
- 9. The Age of Biology is beginning… Unit of Heredity (G. Mendel) DNA is heredity material DNA structure Genetic code DNA sequencing First transgenic plants HGP First commercial biotech crops 1865 1944 1953 1965 1977 1982 1994 1990 Corn hybrids 1920s 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 Million bp sequenced 2000 • Over 6000 million bp sequenced • 6 multi cellular genomes • 60 microbial genomes • Gene expression arrays, proteomics, regulation cascades, HTS, SNPs…. • Over 100 million acres biotech crops
- 10. Platform Technologies Digitize Digitize & Analyze & Analyze Discover Discover Control & Control & Manipulate Manipulate Genome Genome Proteome Proteome Life Networks Life Networks Directed Directed Evolution Evolution Functional Functional Genomics Genomics Genomic Genomic Sequencing Sequencing Protein Protein Engineering Engineering Protein Protein Function Function Protein Protein Structure Structure Cell Cell Systems Systems Chemo Chemo Genomics Genomics Protein & Cell Protein & Cell Signaling Signaling Gene Gene Metabolic Metabolic Protein Protein Micro Micro- - Bio Bio- - Genomics Genomics Expression Expression Path Eng. Path Eng. Engineering Engineering Biology Biology Engineering Engineering Fermentation Fermentation Enabling Technologies Enabling Technologies Further Building On: Further Building On:
- 11. Genomics to identify genes and regulation of expression… A T C A G C T G A Chromosomes Genes DNA Sequences Computer databases Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation Proteomics Metabolism Regulation Improved primary production = renewable resources Improved primary production = renewable resources
- 12. Renewable resources are sustainable (Primary energy capture to multiple uses)… Oxygen High energy chemical bonds & carbon skeletons Photosynthesis SOLAR ENERGY CO2 Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids & Oils Metabolites Many chemicals Energy, Food, Feed, Fiber, & Chemicals Ecological cycles > 1 million years Fossil Fuels Consumption & Processing
- 13. Traditional biomass approaches are insufficient to meet demand… CROP Residues TYPICAL BIOMASS FORESTRY Residues PROCESS Residues MUNICIPAL Waste recycling T R A D I T I O N A L Lignin Cellulose Hemi- cellulose Other Processing METHODS Designed SOURCES NEW FUTURE APPROACHES High energy compounds Novel building blocks - carbon skeletons - novel polymers BIOPOWER BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS Bioenergy Platform Renewable Resources
- 14. A vision for renewable resources... TODAY 2020 2050 Demand Supplied from Fossil Fuels Supplied from Renewables 5-fold Fossil fuel use is kept about flat 5-fold again Source: Renewable Resources Vision 2020 National security Environmental footprint Rural development Economic sustainability
- 15. Facts and Figures: World Energy Use… Natural Gas 23% Coal 22% Petroleum 40% Nuclear 7% 0 50 100 150 US Far East C. & S. America Canada & Mexico W. Europe E. Europe/F. Soviet Middle East Africa Quadrillion Btus Renewables 8% Source: USDOE World Energy Use = 382 Quads or 65 million Btu/yr/capita World Energy Use = 382 Quads or 65 million Btu/yr/capita BY TYPE: BY REGION:
- 16. US Renewable Energy… Hydroelectric 47% Wood and Waste 45% Solar & Wind 1.5% Geothermal 5% Ethanol Fuel 1.5% Total renewable energy use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption) Total renewable energy use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption) ♦ Today only ~4% of US energy comes from biomass ♦ Today only ~3% of US chemicals and materials come from biomass
- 17. Canada: reserves and time left… 0 25 50 75 100 125 Crude oil Nat gas Coal Proven Total projected Known reserves: Crude oil = 4.7 B bbls Nat gas = 61 T cu ft Coal = 9.5 B tons Y-axis is # YEARS until reserves are gone At current rates of domestic consumption plus export
- 18. Vision 2020 roadmap identifies several areas and the need to integrate research... Plant Science Utilization (Demand) Utilization (Materials) Processing Production Source: Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources Roadmap Unit costs Yield Consistency Infrastructure Designer plants Economics Separations Conversion Bio-catalysts Infrastructure Economics Functionality Performance Novel uses Price/value Performance Perception Genomics Enzymes Metabolism Composition Science and technology impact Key areas for integrated research
- 19. Evolution of the bio-refinery? Ethanol BioFuels Organic acids B I O P R O C E S S I N G Amino acids Butanol Levulinate Xylose Polyols Chemicals Many derivatives Starch Products Dextrose HFCS Grains Stover Biomass Marine Other/ Waste B I O R E F I N E R Y Oil Process • Edible • Industrial Glycerol + fatty acids Residue Recycling Gasification Bioenergy Methanol, H2 Fiber Feed Gluten (Protein)
- 20. KEY COMPETENCIES !Catalysis !Chem Engineering !Material Science KEY COMPETENCIES !Biotech Basics !Bioprocessing !Chem Engineering !Material Science Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based Renewable Resources Based FARM FARM FARM FARM FARM FARM FARM FARM Commodity Commodity Commodity Commodity Commodity Commodity Commodity Commodity Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Carbo Carbo Carbo Carbo Carbo Carbo Carbo Carbo- - - - - - - - hydrate hydrate hydrate hydrate hydrate hydrate hydrate hydrate Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression Specialty Specialty Specialty Specialty Specialty Specialty Specialty Specialty Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Processor Oils Oils Oils Oils Oils Oils Oils Oils Feed / Feed / Feed / Feed / Feed / Feed / Feed / Feed / Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% x% x% x% x% x% x% x% x% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Broad variety of commodity and differentiated chemicals and plastics Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Based Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst Emerging Future: Duality in Feedstocks and Processes Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing Bioprocessing
- 21. Technology Progress Gas Gas Seed Seed Products Products Products Products Fermentation Fermentation Enzymatic Enzymatic Biocatalysis Bioreactor Separation Recovery Plant Growth Identity Preservation Separation BIOPROCESSING BIOPROCESSING BIOPROCESSING BIOPROCESSING PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION PLANT EXPRESSION Liquid or Liquid or Solid Biomass Solid Biomass
- 22. Pharma Pharma Ag Ag Nutritional Supplements Nutritional Supplements Food Ingredients Food Ingredients Spec Chem Spec Chem Chemicals/Polymers Chemicals/Polymers Food /Feed Food /Feed Opportunities for Plant-Produced, Renewable Materials Enzymes Enzymes Volume Volume - - High Value Protein Manufacturing High Value Protein Manufacturing - - (Chemicals/Seeds) (Chemicals/Seeds) - - Large Volume Industrial Catalysts Large Volume Industrial Catalysts - - PG, Oleochemicals PG, Oleochemicals - - PLA, PHA’s PLA, PHA’s Value Value $/Lb. $/Lb.
- 23. Use of biotech to modify existing components… From: Hu et al, (1999) Nature Biotechnology, 17, pp 808-812. Typical wood: (or stalks/fiber) Cellulose (1,4-glucan) – tensile strength Lignin (phenolic polymers) – rigidity Hemicellulose (mixed polysaccharides) Down regulated via anti-sense Typical processing involves removing lignin from cellulosic components. Not only was lignin down, growth of the trees was significantly enhanced.
- 24. Spider silk proteins… ♦ Seven known protein types ♦ Repetitive amino acid arrays ♦“Flagelliform” silk ♦ Highly elastic (200% extension) ♦“Frame dragline” silk • Strength = 300,000 lbs/sq inch • Lighter than steel or petro-polymers Aerospace Structural engineering Ballistic protection Novel fibers for communications
- 25. Sea shells contain in interesting materials… This may turn out to be the least valuable material Natural polymers such as polyaspartate will become more prominent as a future source of renewable resources. Bio-mineralization is under genetic control Advances in renewables Advances in renewables Novel genes Functional materials Functional materials Biomimetics New materials New materials • Nanoscale biopolymers for semiconductors
- 26. The marine environment has a vast array of functional chemicals and polymers… Millions of diverse species Millions of diverse species Billions of diverse genes Billions of diverse genes Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals Advances in renewables Advances in renewables Novel genes Functional materials Functional materials Biomimetics New materials New materials Genes, proteins, chemicals Genes, proteins, chemicals
- 27. Forestry bioresources… Pulp & paper quality Degree of lignification Enzyme modification of fibers Pulp & paper quality Degree of lignification Enzyme modification of fibers Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells • Base chemical molecules Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells • Base chemical molecules Growth rate: productivity Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality Growth rate: productivity Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality Bio-diversity: • Fungi • Lichens/mosses • Microbes • Groundcover • Insects Bio-diversity: • Fungi • Lichens/mosses • Microbes • Groundcover • Insects Advanced management • Remote sensing Advanced management • Remote sensing
- 28. Lactic Acid Lactide Polylactic acid (PLA) from grown carbon... Fermentation Dimerization Controlled polymerization Polylactide PLA Resins • Melt processable • Specific Mol Wts • Polymer types Thermoplastic & other markets D E X T R O S E NatureWorks® process
- 29. Genomics can assist in moving special fatty acids between plant species… Fatty acids and/or their triglycerides = renewable industrial materials. Moving genes to high-yielding crops. PLANT FATTY ACID USES Coriander Petroselinic (C18:1 ! ! ! !6) Nylon, Detergents Cuphae Caprylate (C8:0) Detergents, lubricant Forest vine Palmitoleic (C18:1 ! ! ! !9) Detergents Honesty Nervonic (C24:1 ! ! ! !15) Slip agent Jojoba Wax and esters (C40-44) Lubricant, cosmetics Lesquerella Densipolic (12-OH C18:2 ! ! ! !9,15) Coatings Meadowfoam Arachidonic (C20:1 ! ! ! !5) Anti-corrosion Vernonia Vernolic (12-epoxy C18:1 ! ! ! !9) Plasticizer, polymers
- 30. Genomics to identify genes and regulation of expression… A T C A G C T G A Chromosomes Genes DNA Sequences Computer databases Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation Proteomics Metabolism Regulation Improved primary production = renewable resources Improved primary production = renewable resources
- 31. Traits that are on the horizon... ! Crop protection. – New approaches via natural genes…. ! Crop performance. – Fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance…. ! Compositional quality. – Focus on feed moving to food (more slowly) ! Nutraceutical & health related. – Antioxidants, edible vaccines…. ! Industrial renewable resources. – Raw materials inputs, few novel products.
- 32. The next generation will involve selecting technology to fit consumer needs... Set of Future Consumer Needs Designer Crops Grown Germplasm Base MAB Transgenics Harvest IP Store Separations Processing Food & Materials Manufacture Genes Mapping Sequencing Expression Bioinformatics T R A I T S D N A Structural Genomics Functional Genomics Proteomics Informational Science Gene Shuffling
- 33. Achieving sustainable development will require business sectors to reform new sets... FOOD PROCESSING RESOURCE PRODUCTION (agriculture) PHARMA Emerging arena of “Health and Well-being” MATERIALS CHEMICALS Emerging arena of “Sustainable Industry” Viable businesses will be more integrated but along a different dimension Viable businesses will be more integrated but along a different dimension What changes can you implement to increase the probability for future sustainable development. What changes can you implement to increase the probability for future sustainable development.
- 34. The Value Chain Wealth Creation Technology Germplasm Seeds Grower Grain Primary Secondary Retailing Handling Processing Processing CONSUMER
- 35. The Value Chain Agriculture industry must form new systems to create, capture and deliver the value from the technology. Technology Technology Germplasm Germplasm Seeds Seeds Grower Grower Grain Grain Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Retailing Retailing Handling Handling Processing Processing Processing Processing Future focus on “output” traits will drive greater co-ordination between all points in the value-chain.
- 36. Success Factors for Bio-Based Economy Consistent Supply Perceived or Add Real Value Functionality Property Create a New Innovative Product Excellent Science Resources to Commercialize
- 37. Success Factors for Bio-Based Economy Short Term Quick HITS FOCUS, Focus. focus on WINNERS Need the Biomass equivalent of: - Ethylene - Oil It could be SUGARS from Biomass not Valuable commodity - Food
- 38. FOOD for THOUGHT #2 NO one can do it alone Major Successes will be through Multi Disciplinary “TEAM APPROACH”
- 40. If you do what you always did then “You will get what you always got” *