lesson

1. Methods of
Research

2. REPORTERS:
SHINEDY ESTRADA
JACQUELINE RODRIGUEZ
TREXIE JOY INFANTE
ABRAHAM TOLEDO
RICA DUQUE
JUDY CALLANTA

3. Research methods

4. Research methods are the strategies,
processes, or techniques utilized in
collecting data or evidence for analysis
to uncover new information or create a
better understanding of a topic.

5. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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6. 1
ANSWER:
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used to describe the characteristics of a
population

7. 1
ANSWER: D E S C R I P V E
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used to describe the characteristics of a
population
T I

8. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
✔ used to describe the characteristics of a population
✔ It collects data that is used to answer a wide range of
what, when, and how questions pertaining to a
particular population or group

9. For example, descriptive
studies might be used to
answer questions such as:
What is the level of
productivity of retired
teachers in Pozzorubio,
Pangasinan

10. What kinds of math activities are used in
early childhood programs?
When do children first receive regular child
care from someone other than their parents?

11. Strength and Limitations

12. Strength
•Study participants are questioned or observed in a natural setting (e.g., their homes, child
care, or educational settings).
•Study data can be used to identify the prevalence of particular problems and the need for
new or additional services to address these problems.
•Descriptive research may identify areas in need of additional research and relationships
between variables that require future study. Descriptive research is often referred to as
“hypothesis-generating research.“
•Depending on the data collection method used, descriptive studies can generate rich
datasets on large and diverse samples.

13. Limitations
•Descriptive studies cannot be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
•Respondents may not be truthful when answering survey questions or may give socially
desirable responses.
•The choice and wording of questions on a questionnaire may influence the descriptive
findings.
•Depending on the type and size of the sample, the findings may not be generalizable or
produce an accurate description of the population of interest.

14. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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15. 2
ANSWER:
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focuses on understanding the cause-effect
relationships between two or more variables

16. 2
ANSWER: A N A L Y T I
HOME
focuses on understanding the cause-effect
relationships between two or more variables
C

17. Analytical Research
✔ Analytical research is a specific type of research that
involves critical thinking skills and the evaluation of facts
and information relative to the research being conducted.
A variety of people including students, doctors, and
psychologists use analytical research during studies to
find the most relevant information.

18. Analytical Research
✔ Analytical research focuses on understanding the
cause-effect relationships between two or more
variables. In analytical research, the researcher
tries to explain the reasons why and how the
trade deficit has moved in a specific direction
within the given time.

20. researchers conduct analytical research
to find supporting evidence to current
research being done in order to make
the work more reliable

21. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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22. 3
ANSWER:
HOME
The systematic collection and evaluation
of data to describe, explain and
understand actions or events that
occurred sometime in the past

23. 3
ANSWER: H I S T O R I
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The systematic collection and evaluation
of data to describe, explain and
understand actions or events that
occurred sometime in the past
C A L

24. Research in history involves developing an understanding of
the past through the examination and interpretation of
evidence.
Evidence may exist in the form of texts, physical remains of
historic sites, recorded data, pictures, maps, artifacts, and so
on.
The historian’s job is to find evidence, analyze its content and
biases, corroborate it with further evidence, and use that
evidence to develop an interpretation of past events that
holds some significance for the present.

25. Primary Sources
✔ refer to documents or other items that provide first-hand,
eyewitness accounts of events. For example, if you are studying
the civil rights movement, a newspaper article published the day
after the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march and a memoir written
by someone who participated in the march would both be
considered primary sources.

26. Examples of primary sources
include diaries, journals, speeches, interviews, letters,
memos, photographs, videos, public opinion polls, and
government records, among many other things.

27. The Purposes of Historical Research
To make people aware of what has happened in the
past in order to:
✔ Learn from past failures and successes
✔ Apply them to present-day problems
✔ Make predictions
✔ Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends
✔ Understand present educational practices and
policies more fully.

28. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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ANSWER:
HOME
seeks to determine a relationship
between two (2) variables—the
dependent variable and the
independent variable

30. 4
ANSWER: E X P E R I M
HOME
seeks to determine a relationship
between two (2) variables—the
dependent variable and the
independent variable
E N T A L

31. Experimental research is a study that strictly
adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a
hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by
the researcher, and variables that can be measured,
calculated, and compared. Most importantly,
experimental research is completed in a controlled
environment. The researcher collects data and the
results will either support or reject the hypothesis.
This method of research is referred to as hypothesis
testing or a deductive research method

32. 5
ANSWER:
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Research that resembles experimental
research but is not true experimental
research.

33. 5
ANSWER: E X P E R I M
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Research that resembles experimental
research but is not true experimental
research.
E N T A L
U
Q S
A I

34. This type of research is often
performed in cases where a control
group cannot be created or random
selection cannot be performed.

35. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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36. 6
HOME
a qualitative research approach that
seeks to understand and describe the
universal essence of a phenomenon.

37. 6
M E N O L O G
HOME
a qualitative research approach that
seeks to understand and describe the
universal essence of a phenomenon.
I C A L
H
P N
E O
ANSWER:

38. The purpose of the phenomenological approach
is to illuminate the specific, to identify
phenomena through how they are perceived by
the actors in a situation. In the human sphere,
this normally translates into gathering ‘deep’
information and perceptions through inductive,
qualitative methods such as interviews,
discussions, and participant observation, and
representing it from the perspective of the
research participant(s).

39. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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ANSWER:
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systematic study of designing, developing
and evaluating instructional programs,
processes, and products that must meet
criteria of internal consistency and
effectiveness

41. 7
ANSWER: D E V E L O P
HOME
systematic study of designing, developing
and evaluating instructional programs,
processes, and products that must meet
criteria of internal consistency and
effectiveness
M E N T A L

42. a study focused on the progressive changes
that occur as an organism develops. There
isn't any way to reverse the changes that
happen when you grow up. You can't take an
older person and hit the reset button to
revert them back to childhood to see how
raising them in a different time will change
who they are

43. DEVELOPMENTAL METHOD
DEVELOPMENTAL (ADJECTIVE)
-relating to the process of
growing/changing into a more
advanced, larger or stronger form.
-experimental, pilot, advocacy, enriching

44. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
-concentrates on the study of variables,
their rates of change, directions,
sequences and their inter-related
factors over a period of time.

45. PURPOSE:
To assess changes over an extended
period of time. It is conducted for
predicting future trends.
Example:
A study that involves a direct
comparison between a group of 50-
year-old with 80-year-old.

46. MANIPULATIVE EXPERIMENTS
-experiments are performed whereby all
variables except for one are controlled.
-The one variable they manipulate is
called “treatment”
This helps to determine cause and
effect.

47. NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS
-the researcher acts solely as an
observer and as little as possible to
disturb the environment. “Nature
performs the experiment, and the
researcher acts as a recorder of the
results.

48. The downfall of this type of
experiment is that it is
impossible to meet the strict
guidelines of a true scientific
experiment.

49. TYPES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS

50. LONGITUDINAL
ADVANTAGES
-Examines changes within individuals
over time.
-Provides a developmental analysis

51. LONGITUDINAL
DISADVANTAGES
-expensive
-takes a long time
-participant attrition
-possibility of practice effects
-cannot examine cohort effects

52. CROSS SECTIONAL
ADVANTAGES
-Examines changes between
participants of different ages at the
same point in time
-Provide information on age-related
change

53. CROSS SECTIONAL
DISADVANTAGES
-cannot examine change over time
-cannot examine cohort effects

54. SEQUENTIAL
ADVANTAGES
-Examines changes within individuals over time
-Examines changes between participants of
different ages at the same point in time
-Can be used to examine cohort effects

55. SEQUENTIAL
DISADVANTAGES
-may be expensive
-possibility of practice effects

56. HULAAN
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HULAAN
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ANSWER:
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investigates relationships between
two variables (or more) without the
researcher controlling or manipulating
any of them.

58. 8
ANSWER: C O R R E L A
HOME
investigates relationships between
two variables (or more) without the
researcher controlling or manipulating
any of them.
T I O N A L

59. Quality is never an accident; it is
always the result of high
intention, sincere effort,
intelligent direction, and skillful
execution; it represents the wise
choice of many alternatives.
-William A. Foster

60. THANK
YOU!