1. ChinaChina
Ming & QingMing & Qing
1450 - 17501450 - 1750
Millenium – China 1500ish

2. Ming CHINAMing CHINA
13681368 – Mongols left China:– Mongols left China:
– Silk Roads, Paper CurrencySilk Roads, Paper Currency
MingMing Rebuilt / ReclaimedRebuilt / Reclaimed ChinaChina
– BuiltBuilt strong Centralized Governmentstrong Centralized Government
– Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,
Civil Service ExamCivil Service Exam
– Rebuilt agricultural foundationRebuilt agricultural foundation
– Rebuilt & extended Great WallRebuilt & extended Great Wall
– New capital: BeijingNew capital: Beijing

3. ““Reconaissance of Indian OceanReconaissance of Indian Ocean
Basin”Basin”
7 two-year voyages: monsoons7 two-year voyages: monsoons
Find deposed nephewFind deposed nephew
Explore tradeExplore trade oppsopps inin
“Western Ocean”“Western Ocean”
DiplomacyDiplomacy
– Opened relations w/ 200 newOpened relations w/ 200 new
societies, incl. Egyptsocieties, incl. Egypt
Demonstrate strength,Demonstrate strength,
PatrolPatrol
Tribute System:Tribute System:
– Collect tributeCollect tribute
– GiftsGifts
Why choose Zheng He and Ma Huan?

4. Zheng He’s Treasure ShipZheng He’s Treasure Ship
1,608 ships built, of which these were the largest

5. Tap into Indian Ocean Basin TradeTap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade
Strait of M
alacca
Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols
.Calicut

6. Ming China: ChoseMing China: Chose SecuritySecurity overover
Global DominanceGlobal Dominance
Zheng He recalledZheng He recalled
Rebuilt & added toRebuilt & added to
Great WallGreat Wall
Beijing meansBeijing means
““northern capital”northern capital”

7. Ming Elite:Ming Elite:
Tradition, Tradition, Tradition!Tradition, Tradition, Tradition!
NEO-CONFUCIANNEO-CONFUCIAN
– Self discipline, filial piety,Self discipline, filial piety,
obedience to authority,obedience to authority,
scholarshipscholarship
Hanlin AcademyHanlin Academy
Yongle EnclopediaYongle Enclopedia

8. Footbinding Stepped Up!Footbinding Stepped Up!
What does this tell you about Women in Chinese Society?What does this tell you about Women in Chinese Society?

9. Commoners: NO INNOVATION!!Commoners: NO INNOVATION!!
Literate populaceLiterate populace
– Preferred “pop culture”Preferred “pop culture”
Romance of the Three KingdomsRomance of the Three Kingdoms
The Dream of the Red BedchamberThe Dream of the Red Bedchamber
Journey to the WestJourney to the West
Block Printing Press, obviously!Block Printing Press, obviously!
Economy &Trade: SameEconomy &Trade: Same
products.products.
– Increased population 2.5xIncreased population 2.5x
Merchants - SameMerchants - Same
importance in society.importance in society.
– Still Not supportedStill Not supported

10. Change to Social Hierarchy?Change to Social Hierarchy?
GentryGentry
– wealthy land ownerswealthy land owners
– most scholar bureaucratsmost scholar bureaucrats
came from their ranks.came from their ranks.
– Could not be called asCould not be called as
witnesses before judges,witnesses before judges,
and other legal privilegesand other legal privileges

11. Social Hierarchy: Same as everSocial Hierarchy: Same as ever
PeasantsPeasants-- largest classlargest class
– MOST IMPORTANT TO SURVIVAL OFMOST IMPORTANT TO SURVIVAL OF
CHINACHINA  most honorablemost honorable..
– Laborers, farmers, petty landlordsLaborers, farmers, petty landlords
– Honest labor, provided food for wholeHonest labor, provided food for whole
populationpopulation
Artisans / WorkersArtisans / Workers
– Tailors, barbers, physicians, manufacturingTailors, barbers, physicians, manufacturing
– Employees of state, or of higher class familiesEmployees of state, or of higher class families
– HigherHigher incomeincome than Peasantsthan Peasants
MERCHANTSMERCHANTS
– Lowest statusLowest status, although could have, although could have
hugehuge incomeincome

12. Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism
Arrival of ChristianityArrival of Christianity
Jesuit: Matteo RicciJesuit: Matteo Ricci
1500’s1500’s
Used European technology toUsed European technology to
impress!impress!
Amazing facility for languageAmazing facility for language
Preached similarity of messages ofPreached similarity of messages of
Jesus & Confucius:Jesus & Confucius:
– Book: “The True Meaning of the Lord ofBook: “The True Meaning of the Lord of
Heaven”Heaven”
Papal declaration against ConfucianismPapal declaration against Confucianism

14. 1528 1627

15. DeclineDecline
of Mingof Ming
1500’s1500’s
PortuguesePortuguese competition in traditional Chinese trading areascompetition in traditional Chinese trading areas
- Macau, but not- Macau, but not ININ China…stealing business.China…stealing business.
PiratesPirates raided port cities… stealing business.raided port cities… stealing business.
Matteo RicciMatteo Ricci  European religion & technology to China.European religion & technology to China.
1600’s:1600’s:
Floods (canals & rivers overflowing)Floods (canals & rivers overflowing)
FaminesFamines  Peasant revoltsPeasant revolts
Qing warriors from ManchuriaQing warriors from Manchuria invited to end peasant revoltsinvited to end peasant revolts
1644 - Qing ousted Emperor -1644 - Qing ousted Emperor - Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

16. 1644 -1644 - 19121912
OUTSIDERS!OUTSIDERS!
– ethnic Northern eliteethnic Northern elite
(Manchurians)(Manchurians)
– Forbade Chinese learningForbade Chinese learning
the Manchu languagethe Manchu language
– Forbade intermarriageForbade intermarriage
Film: The Last Emperor (R rating)

17. ““Queue”Queue”
Symbol of MingSymbol of Ming
SUBMISSIONSUBMISSION
to Manchu ruleto Manchu rule
Compulsory for all males.Compulsory for all males.
Penalty:Penalty:
Execution for Treason.Execution for Treason.

18. Even the EMPERORS wereEven the EMPERORS were
Confucian Scholars!Confucian Scholars!
-- KangxiKangxi (1662-1722)(1662-1722)
-- QianlongQianlong (1735 –1795)(1735 –1795)
Expansion:Expansion:
Added Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, Tibet.Added Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, Tibet.
Vassal statesVassal states: Vietnam, Burma, Nepal.: Vietnam, Burma, Nepal. NOTNOT
just TRIBUTARYjust TRIBUTARY!!!!

19. Chinese Luxuries forChinese Luxuries for
SILVER!!SILVER!!

20. Manila GalleonsManila Galleons
• 110110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250Manila galleons set sail in the 250
years of the Manila-Acapulco galleonyears of the Manila-Acapulco galleon
tradetrade
1565 to 18151565 to 1815
ZacatecasZacatecas
POTOSIPOTOSI

21. European PressureEuropean Pressure
Portuguese, Dutch,Portuguese, Dutch, EnglishEnglish ––
arrivals througharrivals through 1700’s1700’s::
MERCHANTS!?!MERCHANTS!?!
Tributary Envoys?Tributary Envoys?
Tea, silk, porcelainTea, silk, porcelain
For European / JapaneseFor European / Japanese
SILVERSILVER
Chinese opinion of ForeignersChinese opinion of Foreigners
–Emperor Qianlong: Letter toEmperor Qianlong: Letter to
King George III, 1793King George III, 1793 …… p. 906p. 906

22. Qianlong to King George IIIQianlong to King George III
Useless to Try to Learn from US – you are that far behind!
If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquireIf you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire
our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that,our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that,
even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilisation, you could noteven if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilisation, you could not
possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore… nothing would bepossibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore… nothing would be
gained.gained.
“No Thank You;” not interested in trading for your products
I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties ofI have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties of
the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tributethe State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute
offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spiritofferings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit
which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetratedwhich prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated
unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute byunto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by
land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things.land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no valueI set no value
on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactureson objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures.
I am being nice, but please don’t push me
It behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion andIt behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and
loyalty in future, so that, byloyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throneperpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and, you may secure peace and
prosperity for your country hereafter. ..You, O King, from afar have yearned after the blessingsprosperity for your country hereafter. ..You, O King, from afar have yearned after the blessings
of our civilisation, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influenceof our civilisation, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influence
have sent an Embassy across the sea …have sent an Embassy across the sea … I have already taken note of your respectful spirit ofI have already taken note of your respectful spirit of
submission,submission, have treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besideshave treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besides
issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents.issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents.
Thus has my indulgence been manifested.Thus has my indulgence been manifested.

23. Regarding Christianity:Regarding Christianity:
Regarding your nation's worship of the Lord of Heaven, it is the same religion asRegarding your nation's worship of the Lord of Heaven, it is the same religion as
that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperorsthat of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors
and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code,and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code,
which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of mywhich from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my
subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even thesubjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the
European (missionary) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold meetings withEuropean (missionary) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold meetings with
Chinese subjects; they are restricted to their appointed residences, and may not goChinese subjects; they are restricted to their appointed residences, and may not go
about propagating their religion. The distinction between Chinese and barbarian isabout propagating their religion. The distinction between Chinese and barbarian is
most strict, and your Ambassador's request that barbarians shall be given fullmost strict, and your Ambassador's request that barbarians shall be given full
liberty to disseminate their religion is utterly unreasonable.liberty to disseminate their religion is utterly unreasonable.
In Closing…In Closing…
It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by yourIt may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your
Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorantAmbassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant
of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when youof our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you
expressed these wild ideas and hopes.... If, after the receipt of this explicit decree,expressed these wild ideas and hopes.... If, after the receipt of this explicit decree,
you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow youryou lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your
barbarian merchants to proceed…landing and trading, the ordinances of mybarbarian merchants to proceed…landing and trading, the ordinances of my
Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme… Should your vessels touch the shore,Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme… Should your vessels touch the shore,
your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land… but will be subject toyour merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land… but will be subject to
instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a longinstant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long
journey for nothing. Do not say that you have not been warned.journey for nothing. Do not say that you have not been warned.

24. Fierce ProtectionFierce Protection of Chinese Cultureof Chinese Culture
1724- Christianity1724- Christianity
bannedbanned
1757- European1757- European
MerchantsMerchants
Restricted to CantonRestricted to Canton
(Guanzhou).(Guanzhou).
– Rising class of merchantsRising class of merchants
in Chinese coastal citiesin Chinese coastal cities

25. Portuguese used Macao and Goa in India as their bases for trade with China.
Guangdong is the province in which Guangzhou is situated.
Later the British would be ceded the Islands of Hong Kong in the Treaty of Nanjing.

26. Importance of Silver & Asian TradeImportance of Silver & Asian Trade
Silver “went around the World, and made the World go ‘Round.Silver “went around the World, and made the World go ‘Round.””
1500-18001500-1800 – ¾ of New World– ¾ of New World silversilver eventually wound up in Chinaeventually wound up in China
– Replaced Mongol paper currency; China’s & Japan’s silver mines wereReplaced Mongol paper currency; China’s & Japan’s silver mines were
insufficient; Bullion for tax payment; Only really desirable trade good frominsufficient; Bullion for tax payment; Only really desirable trade good from
outside.outside.
Bulk ofBulk of world’s populationworld’s population, economic activity, trade – Asian*, economic activity, trade – Asian*
– Asia was 60%Asia was 60% of world population in 1500;of world population in 1500; 66%66% by 1750.by 1750.
By 1775By 1775 Asia produced 80%Asia produced 80% of everything in the world = 2/3 of world populationof everything in the world = 2/3 of world population
produced 4/5 of world’s goods.produced 4/5 of world’s goods.
– Europeans were 1/5 of world population in 1775; along with Africa & Americas,Europeans were 1/5 of world population in 1775; along with Africa & Americas,
shared production of 1/5 of world’s goods.shared production of 1/5 of world’s goods.

27. Similarities with Other EmpiresSimilarities with Other Empires
Cultural Insularity – closed off toCultural Insularity – closed off to
EuropeansEuropeans
Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler
ExpansiveExpansive
Empires based on CommerceEmpires based on Commerce
Professional BureaucracyProfessional Bureaucracy
ButBut… Golden Age of Scholarship for Elite,… Golden Age of Scholarship for Elite,
not for Commonersnot for Commoners
ButBut… Already had gunpowder.… Already had gunpowder.
ButBut… no sultanate of women.… no sultanate of women.

28. CHINA by 1750CHINA by 1750
Unlike EuropeUnlike Europe
……..China had..China had no aspirationsno aspirations to conquerto conquer
the rest of the world, or even interact withthe rest of the world, or even interact with
it much.it much.
……....CommercialismCommercialism in China did notin China did not
change society, butchange society, but survivedsurvived on a limitedon a limited
basisbasis despite society and thedespite society and the
government.government.

29. JAPANJAPAN

30. BUKUFUBUKUFU – “Tent Government”– “Tent Government”
Rule by Shogun was supposed to
Be temporary!
Emperor as figurehead.
Warring Daimyo 1467 - 1573

31. Portuguese ArrivalPortuguese Arrival
1542-1542- Traded Guns for ChineseTraded Guns for Chinese
productsproducts
1552-1552- MissionariesMissionaries
– St. Francis XavierSt. Francis Xavier
One of 1One of 1stst
Jesuits (Goa, Ceylon, Malacca,Jesuits (Goa, Ceylon, Malacca,
Canton)Canton)
Jesuits controlled port city of Nagasaki flourished.Jesuits controlled port city of Nagasaki flourished.
100 years later, only few Japanese had100 years later, only few Japanese had
converted.converted.
……Followed by Dutch and British…Followed by Dutch and British…

32. Jesuits Everywhere…Jesuits Everywhere…

33. Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu
– Unified Japan after turmoil
of “Country at War Period”
- Competing Daimyo
– Reestablished order
social, political, and
international relations
– Emperor powerless
1600- 1868

34. Alternate AttendanceAlternate Attendance
Sankin-kōtaiSankin-kōtai 参勤交代参勤交代
Daimyo allowed only one castle.
Samurai restricted to Castle Towns.
Daimyo families lived in Edo – hostages.
Daimyo lived in Edo 6 months each year-Daimyo lived in Edo 6 months each year-
VERY EXPENSIVE TRIPS!VERY EXPENSIVE TRIPS!
Need Shogun approval to:
– Repair or change
Castle
– Marry
– Shogun assigned land

35. A Castle Town

36. SamuraiSamurai
WOMENWOMEN??????

38. Imports: Ceramics, Tea, Silk, Animal skins.Imports: Ceramics, Tea, Silk, Animal skins.
Exports: SILVER, Gold, CopperExports: SILVER, Gold, Copper with China,with China,
Korea, other Asian nations.Korea, other Asian nations.
Taxes collected by Daimyo in Rice: 40%Taxes collected by Daimyo in Rice: 40%

39. 1612 – Outlawed Christianity – Catholicism “destabilizing.”1612 – Outlawed Christianity – Catholicism “destabilizing.”
1616- Restricted western trade to 2 ports, including Nagasaki1616- Restricted western trade to 2 ports, including Nagasaki
1622- Execution of 120 missionaries & converts1622- Execution of 120 missionaries & converts
1629- Thousands of Japanese Christians executed1629- Thousands of Japanese Christians executed
1635- No Japanese may leave/return!1635- No Japanese may leave/return!
1636 – Dutch trade permitted, at a manmade island in the harbor.1636 – Dutch trade permitted, at a manmade island in the harbor.
All Japanese registered at a Shinto or Buddhist temple.All Japanese registered at a Shinto or Buddhist temple.
1637-38- Shimbara Rebellion- Catholic Samurai & peasants. Portuguese1637-38- Shimbara Rebellion- Catholic Samurai & peasants. Portuguese
expelled and some executedexpelled and some executed
1644- Last Jesuit killed or re-converted1644- Last Jesuit killed or re-converted
Some trade continued with Chinese, some Dutch, a little British;Some trade continued with Chinese, some Dutch, a little British;
otherwise,otherwise,
- -- -
..

40. ““Dutch Learning”Dutch Learning”
Anatomy, Medical Science, Botany, AstronomyAnatomy, Medical Science, Botany, Astronomy

41. “NATIVE LEARNING”
IsolationIsolation  JapaneseJapanese cultureculture
thrived:thrived:
– Buddhism & ShintoismBuddhism & Shintoism
– Unique Japanese Art formsUnique Japanese Art forms
Scrolls,Scrolls,
wood-block painting…wood-block painting…
……Japan had its own renaissance…but strictly forJapan had its own renaissance…but strictly for
Japanese Consumption!Japanese Consumption!

42. ““Floating WorldsFloating Worlds””
Escapist Popular Culture for Literate CityEscapist Popular Culture for Literate City
DwellersDwellers
What should Samurai do in the City when they are not fighting?What should Samurai do in the City when they are not fighting?

43. ““Floating WorldsFloating Worlds””
ProseProse
– Ihara Saikaku’s “The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love” (erotic)Ihara Saikaku’s “The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love” (erotic)
PoetryPoetry
– HaikuHaiku
The red blossomThe red blossom
bends bends
and drips its dew to theand drips its dew to the
ground. ground.
Like a tear it falls.Like a tear it falls.
Old Pond.Old Pond.
A Frog Jumps.A Frog Jumps.
Sound of Water.Sound of Water.
- Ba- Basho
The wind of Mt. FujiThe wind of Mt. Fuji
I've brought on myI've brought on my
fan!fan!
A gift from Edo.A gift from Edo.

44. TheatreTheatre
KabukiKabuki
– MassesMasses
– Painted facesPainted faces
– MenMen
BunrakuBunraku
– PuppetsPuppets
– ElitesElites

45. Tea housesTea houses
Public bathsPublic baths
GeishaGeisha
BrothelsBrothels

46. Controlled Population GrowthControlled Population Growth
““Thinning Out theThinning Out the
Rice Shoots”Rice Shoots”
– Contraception, abortion, infanticideContraception, abortion, infanticide
– Wide spread famine event – little ice ageWide spread famine event – little ice age
perhaps?perhaps?
– Almost Zero Population Growth 1700-1800Almost Zero Population Growth 1700-1800
Advanced Forest Management Policy:Advanced Forest Management Policy:
– Reduced logging; increase trees plantedReduced logging; increase trees planted
– Decrease Ship building, fuel, clearingDecrease Ship building, fuel, clearing
landland

47. FinFin

48. FinFin