Intro to Gender Minorities - Baltimore Police Dept., June 30 2016

WELCOME TO
Introduction to Gender
Minorities
Jean-Michel Brevelle
Sexual Minorities Program Manager
Infectious Disease Prevention and Health Services Bureau
Prevention and Health Promotion Administration
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
June 30, 2016 Presented to members of the Baltimore Police Department

Workshop Objectives
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By the end of this presentation, you will be
able to:
 Recognize the difference between sex, gender, and
sexual orientation
 Discuss the impact of violence and societal
oppression on transgender communities
 Use culturally responsive language when interacting
with transgender individuals
 Identify community resources for transgender
individuals

“I know you think you understand
what you thought I said but I'm not
sure you realize that what you
heard is not what I meant.”
Alan Greenspan
Words and Definitions
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Definitions: Sex vs Gender
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 Sex
 Biological identity – specific body design that constitutes
our understanding of sex. (e.g, penis and testes for males,
vagina and ovaries for females.) Current social
preferences do not tolerate a mixing of physical sexual
characteristics (e.g. intersex individuals born with mixed or
ambiguous characteristics).
 Gender
 Psychosocial identity – your sense of maleness,
femaleness, or otherness as it relates to social and cultural
expectations of gender (M/F) roles. Gender expressions
are categorized mannerisms that culture and society
attributes, reserves, and expects from individuals based on
their biological sex. Gender has 3 basic components:
identity, expression, and attribution.

Definitions: More About Gender
5
 Gender Identity
 Gender identity is a person's internal, personal sense
of being a man, a woman, both, neither, or another
non-binary gender. For transgender people, the sex
they were assigned at birth and their own internal
gender identity do not match.
 Gender identity is formed very early in human
development and, in its most fundamental sense, is
not related to the way in which a child is raised.
 An internal sense of gender is a deeply engrained and
enduring trait that presents challenges when not
aligned with the physical sexual attributes of the body.
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Definitions: Transgender
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 Transgender is a term used to describe people
whose gender identity differs from the sex the
doctor marked on their original birth certificate.
 This can also be an umbrella term inclusive of
many people with diverse gender experiences,
such as people who identify as transexual,
genderqueer, bigender, agender, two-spirit, and
others.

Definitions: More About Gender
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 Gender Non-Conforming
 A person whose mannerisms, appearance
(clothing, hair, use of cosmetics, etc.), social
roles, and other gender-labeled traits differ from
societal expectation (e.g., “feminine” behavior or
appearance in a male, “masculine” behavior or
appearance in a woman). (Sometimes also
referred to as gender variance, gender-variant.)
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people are also often
labeled by others as gender non-conforming.
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Definitions: Even More
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 Cisgender
 According to the Oxford English Dictionary:
“Denoting or relating to a person whose self-
identity conforms with the gender that
corresponds to their biological sex; not
transgender.”
 That is, a person whose gender identity and
expression aligns (agrees) with the social and cultural
expectations of their sex assigned at birth. (Literally,
“on this side of” (cis-) gender. )
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Definitions: Even More
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 Heteronormative
 A term to describe any of a set of societal norms
that hold that people fall into distinct and
complementary genders (man and woman) with
natural roles in life. It also holds that
heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation,
and states that sexual and marital relations are
most (or only) fitting between a man and a
woman. Consequently, a heteronormative view is
one that involves alignment of biological sex,
sexuality, gender identity, and gender roles.
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Definitions: Sexual Orientation
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 Sexual Orientation
 Refers to the sex of those to whom one is erotically and
romantically attracted.
 Categories of sexual orientation typically have included
attraction to members of one’s own sex (gay men or
lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex
(heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both
sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be
widely used, research has suggested that sexual
orientation does not always appear in such definable
categories and instead occurs on a continuum.
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Sexual Orientation vs Gender
Identity
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 Sexual Orientation is about who you are
attracted to and fall in love with
 Gender Identity is about your own sense
of self

Intersections of Sex, Gender, and
Sexual Orientation
Putting it All Together
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SEX GENDER
SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
- CHROMOSOMES
- GENITALIA
- REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
- SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
-IDENTITY: SELF-
CONCEPT
AS MALE / FEMALE /
OTHER
- EXPRESSION:
COMMUNICATING YOUR
GENDER TO OTHERS
- ATTRIBUTION: WHAT
OTHERS SEE AND
RESPOND TO
Biological
Psycho-Social
EROTIC & EMOTIONAL
ATTRACTION TO
OTHERS
Biological &
Psycho-
Social
Sex, Gender, Sexual
Orientation
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Traditional Binary Gender
Model
Biological Sex:
hormones, genitalia,
secondary sex
characteristics
Gender Identity:
“I am…” self-concept
Sexual Orientation:
erotic, emotional attraction
to others
Male Female
Masculine Feminine
Women Men
Gender Expression:
mannerisms, role, social
context
Man Woman
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*GENDERLINE*DONOTCROSS!

Gender Continuum Model
Biological Sex:
hormones, genitalia,
secondary sex
characteristics
Gender Identity:
“I am …” self-concept
Sexual Orientation:
erotic, emotional
attraction to others
Male FemaleIntersex
Man Bigender Nongender
women menboth neither other
Many configurations are possible
Gender Expression:
mannerisms, role,
social context
Masculine FeminineAndrogynous Neutral
Woman
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And Now, a Quick Video
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We All Began
As Female

A Little Biology
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Sugar and spice and
Everything nice;
That’s what little girls
are made of.
Snips and snails and
Puppy dog tails;
That’s what little boys
are made of.

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Formation of External Genitalia
6-9 weeks
18-20
weeks
6-7 weeks: Neural
tube closes to form
forebrain,
midbrain, and
hindbrain sections.
Meanwhile, over at the
brain…
24-26 weeks: Brain
stem almost fully
formed; supports
basic life and
neural responsive
functions.
25-40 weeks:
Brain development
completes to
include familiar
structure.
10-17
weeks
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Brain Development
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 Differences of exposure of a fetal or infant brain to sex
hormones produce significant differences of brain structure
and function which correlate with gender identity and sexual
behavior.
 Androgen receptors and estrogen receptors have been
identified in brains.
 Several sex-specific genes not dependent on sex steroids are
expressed differently in male and female human brains.
 The absence of the genes that generate male genitalia do not
single handedly lead to a female brain. The male brain
requires more hormones, such as testosterone, in order to
properly differentiate. These hormones are released due to a
gene expressed during embryonic development.

Gender and Social Learning
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Learning About Gender
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 7 months
 Infants can begin to tell the difference between male
and female voices. Infants can tell the difference
between their mother’s and their father’s voices.
They will often turn their head toward mother or
father when she or he is talking.

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 12 months
 Infants begin to tell the difference between male and
female faces. Infants will also spend more time
looking at their mother and/or father than at other
less familiar people. At this age, infants will turn to a
woman’s face if they hear a woman speaking; they
will look at a man’s face if they hear a man
speaking.

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 2 years
 Toddlers begin to use gender stereotypes in their
play. Young girls begin to play with “girls’ toys”, and
young boys play with “boys’ toys”. Parents also may
treat their children differently. Many young girls are
dressed in “pretty” clothing and treated very
delicately. Young boys are often dressed in “cute”
clothes that are easy to move around in. Boys are
often encouraged to be active and strong.

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 2 – 3 years
 At this age, young children are developing gender
identity. This means that they begin to label
themselves and others as male or female. They can
use words to label friends, family, and themselves
as a boy or a girl.
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 3 – 4 years
 Children at this age begin to use gender typing.
They like putting things in categories, and gender is
one way to do that. For example, a three-year-old
child may think that trucks are male toys, because
boys usually play with trucks.
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 4 – 6 years
 Children at this age begin to understand and use
gender scripts. This is another way to put things
into categories. Instead of grouping things, they put
events or activities in groups related to gender. For
example, a five-year-old child may think that a
person putting on make-up has to be female. That
child may also think that only males lift weights, so
everyone lifting weights must be male.
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 6 – 7 years
 Before this age, boys might think that they will grow
up to be women; girls might think that they will be
daddies when they are older. By age 6 or 7 though,
most children understand and believe that a
person’s gender is constant.
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Living As a Trans* Person
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Obstacles Trans* People Must
Overcome in Everyday Life
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Physical &
Mental Health
Safety & Physical
Security
Legal Documentation
& Relationships
Employment & Self-
Sufficiency
Employment Obstacles
• Job discrimination
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Sex work as survival
Legal Obstacles
• Lack of appropriate identity
documents
•Tenuous parenting rights
Health Obstacles
• Deficient, inferior
healthcare
• Lack of insurance
• Harmful self-treatment
• Inter-related health
problems
Safety Obstacles
• Violence & abuse
• Homelessness
• Unsafe public restrooms
• Unsafe schools
• Unsafe systems of care /
corrections

Poverty and Unemployment
Source: The State of Gay and Transgender Communities of Color in 2012, Center for American Progress.
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Transgender
Americans are
TWICE as likely
as the general
population to
make less than
$10,000 per
year.
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Discrimination in Public
Accommodations
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Source: Grant, Jaime M., Lisa A. Mottet, Justin Tanis, Jack Harrison, Jody L. Herman, and Mara Keisling. Injustice at Every Turn:
A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington: National Center for Transgender Equality and National
Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011.

Trauma
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A recent study investigating the
impacts of gender-related abuse
among 571 male-to-female
transgender persons in New York City
found that 78.1% had experienced
psychological abuse, and 50.1% had
experienced physical abuse during
their lifetime.Nuttbrock L, Hwahng S, Bockting W, et al. Psychiatric impact of gender-related abuse across the
life course of male-to-female transgender persons. J Sex Res. 2010;47(1):12-23.
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Behavioral Health
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Sources: (Depression): The Fenway Institute, Understanding the T in LGBT", training module.
(Other) National Center for Transgender Equality, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, "National Transgender
Discrimination
Survey Report on Health and Health Care", 2012.
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Violence Against Trans* People
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Sexual
Violence
Physical
Assault
by a Healthcare
Provider
Physical
Abuse
by Law
Enforcement
Personnel
Source: Grant, Jaime M., Lisa A. Mottet, Justin Tanis,
Jack Harrison, Jody L. Herman, and Mara Keisling.
Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National
Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington:
National Center for Transgender Equality and National
Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011.

Violence
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 National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs,
2014 Hate Violence Report
 55% of reported anti-LGBTQH murders were
transgender women; 50% were transgender women
of color
 18.88% of survivors were transgender
 Transgender people victimized by hate violence were
 1.9 times more likely to require medical attention
 4.6 times more likely to experience police violence, 6.2
times for trans* people of color
 In 2014, 6.15% of hate violence incidents reported to
the police were classified as bias crimes, a substantial
decrease from 2013 (24%).

Murders of Transgender People
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 22 transgender women in the US were
murdered in 2015
 More than any previous year in the US
 All were transgender women
 19 were transgender women of color
 1 was from Laurel, MD
 So far, 20 transgender Marylanders are known to have
either been murdered (17) or were so severely
traumatized they took their own lives (3)
 The majority were people of color.
Zella Ziona, Age
21

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These days, I look at the latest reports of
stabbed, shot, beaten trans women, search
myself for tears, and I cannot find a thing. I
want to mourn and rage. I want to honor all
of our sisters – the hundreds each year who
are ripped, namelessly and without fanfare,
from this life – who are taken so young
before their time. But the grief and anger –
even empathy – do not come. I don’t feel
anything but numbness and fatigue, and
somewhere far below that, fear.
A transgender woman of color reflecting on
the impact of anti-trans violence.

What does being misgendered feel like for a trans
person? It feels embarrassing, humiliating, and
annoying. It feels dangerously naked. Completely
vulnerable. On the best of days it makes me want
to hide somewhere; on the worst it makes me feel
unsafe. It makes me feel like I’m nothing.
Anonymous transgender man from a blog post
Best Practices for Interactions
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Best Practices
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 Gendered Titles
 Refrain from using Ms., Mr., Madam, etc. as
“automatic” honorifics when engaged with people.
They can cause much unnecessary discomfort if you
use the wrong one.
 Pronouns
 Use the pronoun that matches the person’s gender
identity.
 If you don’t know what that is, politely ask.
 Name
 Use the “lived name” when talking to or about the
person.

Best Practices
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 Assume past trauma
 Be aware of your body language and vocal tone
 Calmly explain what you are doing and why
 Ask about levels of anxiety or safety concerns
 Be aware that trauma responses can be erratic
and unreasonable to the observer, but may be
irresistible to the trauma survivor
 Don’t confuse gender identity and sexual
orientation
 Trying to relate to the transgender woman as a
“gay man” will always backfire

Best Practices
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 It’s okay to ask the transperson if they have a
preference for the gender of the officer who
will conduct search procedures
 It’s not okay to ask about genitals. Examples of
questions to avoid:
 Have you got a penis or a vagina down there?
 So what do you have between your legs?
 Have you undergone “the surgery?”
 Don’t attempt to use search procedures to
determine a person’s sex or what genitals they
have

Best Practices
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 Treat a transgender person’s transgender
status as confidential
 The high incidence of anti-transgender violence
gives transgender people good reason to fear for
their safety
 Don’t disclose this information to other detainees
 Don’t disclose this information to other agency
personnel unless it is necessary for them to do their
jobs

Questions
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It’s that time. Ask away!

Additional Sources Used for this
Presentation
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 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Hate
Violence in 2014. (2015 Release Edition) National Coalition of Anti-Violence
Programs. Retrieved from http://www.avp.org/resources/reports
 Redfern, J.S. (2013) Best Practices to Improve Police Relations with
Transgender Individuals. Journal of Law Enforcement (online) ISSN: 2161-
0231 Retrieved from http://jghcs.info/index.php/l/article/view/265/239
 Putnam, J., Myers-Walls, J.S., and Love, D. Ages & Stages: Learning About
Gender. Parent-Provider Partnerships, Purdue University. Retrived from
https://www.extension.purdue.edu/providerparent/child%20growth-
development/AgesStages.htm
Please review your handout Resources for Professional Development
for additional sources of information and learning opportunities.

Contact Information
Jean-Michel Brevelle
Sexual Minorities Program Manager
HIV/STI Integration and Capacity
Infectious Disease Prevention and Health Services Bureau
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
500 N. Calvert Street, 5th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21202
P: 410.767.5016
jean-michel.brevelle@maryland.gov
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Infectious Disease Prevention and
Health Services Bureau
http://phpa.dhmh.maryland.gov
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Intro to Gender Minorities - Baltimore Police Dept., June 30 2016

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