The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s with the goals of creating a "City upon a Hill" and purifying the Church of England. They emphasized self-governance through democratic town meetings and a strict moral code based on Calvinist beliefs. However, dissent grew within the colony as it struggled to maintain religious conformity, leading to events like the trial of Mistress Anne Hibbens for alleged witchcraft in the 1650s.

1. God, Gold, & Glory An Introduction to European Exploration & Expansion

2. Old vs. New World How did the Age of Exploration and Discovery transform both the New and the Old World from 1492 - 1600? (positively and negatively)

3. Old World Events Lead to New World Explorations OVERVIEW: As Europe emerged from the Middle Ages (500 - c. 1450), fundamental changes stimulated interest in overseas exploration. The Crusades, Renaissance, and the rise of absolute monarchs in the Old World fueled a “commercial revolution” in which adventurous navigators sought new routes to Asia around Africa and across the Atlantic.

4. RESULTS: Led to profitable land trade between Far East, Middle East, Italy, and Western Europe -Contributed to the formation of a strong middle (merchant) class and the rise of nation-states Crusades (1095-1291) Stimulated demand for Eastern goods (spices, sugar, silk, etc.)

5. Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) Period of intellectual interest in secular aspects of civilization RESULTS: Directed Western European thought to scientific matters, geography, & navigation -Inspired Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal) and other explorers to search for an all-water route around Africa to the Far East

6. Monarchs began to extend their authority over feudal lords Rise of Absolute Monarchs RESULTS: Growing spirit of nationalism w/ monarch as the symbol of national unity Rising middle class supported monarchs to assure their protection of property and trade Portugal, Spain, France, England unified under their monarchs Monarchs of new nation-states financed and sought colonial empires

7. "THE PUSH" 1) Rise of towns and merchant (middle) class 2) New sources of capital (deposit banking and joint stock companies) 3) Renaissance (“rebirth”) 4) Printing Press (c. 1438) 5) Protestant Reformation -Divided Christianity and contributed to rivalry and competition

8. 1) Spirit of curiosity and adventure. 2) Prospective wealth and glory. 3) “Missionary impulse” -The “cross accompanied the sword”. 4) National/Religious rivalries in the search for prestige "THE PULL"

9. Motives The 3 G’s God religious fervor convert natives Gold expand trade - esp. spices & precious metals profit Glory adventure power national pride

10. Means Mid-1400s European monarchs had MORE: Power Resources Advanced technology Pair/Share: Based on our last unit, why do you think the above is true?

11. Portugal Early leader Sailed eastward --> India (spice trade)

12. The Portuguese Motives:Set up trading posts for purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coast Extent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498) Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)

13. Prince Henry the Navigator Instrumental Patronage led to major technological advances

14. Vasco da Gama Cape of Good Hope Secured control of spice trade Took from Muslims HUGE $$$

15. Spain Sailed westward Seeking route --> Asia Spain Portugal

16. The Spanish Motives:Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (“Indians”) to Catholicism Extent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)

17. Christopher Columbus Earth not so big Queen Isabella 4 voyages - all end up in the Caribbean

18. Ferdinand Magellan 1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe (sort of)

19. Spain in the Americas Conquistadors - the Spanish conquerors of the Americas Gifts from Spain

20. Encomienda System Aztec & Inca civilizations destroyed Spanish control Subjects of Queen Encomienda - the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers Protection - required but not followed

21. Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas Europe --> Americas Horses, cattle, & wheat Americas --> Europe Potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, & tobacco Transformed economic activity

22. New Spain Treaty of Tordesillas gave much of New World to Spain Intermarried with natives (mestizos) Spanish language & culture blended in Spanish encomienda system Only Catholics could settle in colonies Strict control over colonies (no self-government) Colonial merchants could trade only with Spain (mercantilism)

23. European Rivals Dutch French British

24. The Dutch Motives:Fur trade (Dutch West India Co.) Extent: New Netherland, Hudson R., New Amsterdam (NYC), Manhattan, Long Island, NJ, New Sweden (DE)

25. New Holland Patroonships (land given for transporting 50 people to colony) given Fairly open to non-Dutch immigrants Limited population growth

26. The French Motives:Fish in Newfoundland; Fur trade with Indians; Convert “Indians” to Catholicism Extent: Fur-trading posts and settlements (Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)

27. New France Few settlers No gold and silver Restricted immigration to Catholics Little interest in farming Strict rule from Old France

28. 1. The Iroquois Confederacy was able to menace its Native American and European neighbors because of its military alliance, sustained by political and organizational skills. the Iroquois warriors’ skill with the Europeans’ muskets. the scattered nature of the Iroquois settlements, which made it difficult for their enemies to defeat them. the alliance with the Aztecs and Incas. its vast population and area stretching through most of the northwestern part of North America.

29. 2. Which of the following was the LEAST important factor behind European exploration and settlement in the 16th century? Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change Population increase Development of nation-states Competition for trade Religious commitment

30. 3. Spain was united into a single nation-state when It was invaded by Portugal in the late 15th century. Christopher Columbus returned with news of the New World. Prince Henry the Navigator came to the throne. The Muslims were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula. The French gave up claims to various kingdoms within this country.

31. 4. The institution of encomienda allowed the Native people to enslave members of other tribes. Europeans to marry Native Americans. European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them. Governments of Europe to abolish the practice of Indian slavery and to establish African slavery. Indentured servant the opportunity to be freed after a seven-year commitment to his sponsor.

32. For Next Time… Be sure to review Chapter 3 Start reading “Serving Time In Virginia” Focus: English Exploration & Protestant Reformation Review

33. England & Exploration

34. Bell Ringer Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church (a.k.a. the “Church of England”)?

35. Religious Reform in Europe Began with… Martin Luther (Protestant/Lutherans) Wittenberg, Germany 1517 – 95 Theses John Calvin (Calvinists/Huguenots) Geneva, Switzerland The “elect” & predestination

36. Henry VIII (1509-1547) Broke with Pope and Catholic church Brought Protestant Reformation to England (Anglican Church) Added to tensions between Catholic Spain and England (Why?) Edward VI followed (1547-1553) - Protestant Mary (1553-1558) - daughter of Catherine (devout Catholic, mostly insane – nickname??)

38. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Encouraged “sea dog” voyages (Sir Francis Drake) 1588 - Spanish Armada (Philip II) defeated “Protestant Wind” English naval strength opens up trans-Atlantic trading Rising merchant class invest in joint-stock companies

39. Early English Failures Sir Walter Raleigh One time favorite of Elizabeth I Named Virginia after Elizabeth The Lost Colony (1587) Raleigh’s Virginia settlement on Roanoke Island Vanished…

40. The English With the support of strong monarchs, a growing merchant class, and capital from English investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America The first successful settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

41. Reasons for English Success Strategic/Diplomatic Island nation with large navy Availability of colonists Large standing army unnecessary “Surplus population” from enclosure movement Colonies suitable place for “undesirables” Renaissance Golden Age of English Lit.  Curiosity about unknown

42. A New King King James I (Scottish & a Stuart) Nephew of Elizabeth I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) Chartered Virginia Companies (London & Plymouth)

43. Jamestown (1607) Early difficulties for gold-hungry colonists “the starving time” CaptainJohn Smith “He who shall not work shall not eat” Chief Powhatan established “shaky peace” with colonists John Rolfe planted tobacco as cash crop James I - “filthy weed”

44. Early Virginia Society & Gov’t Tobacco Land-intensive crop Strained relations with Natives 2. Settlers 60% arrived indentured Headrights of fifty acres to those who bought a company share and transported themselves 1635: 1 Female for every 6 males in the colony

45. Early Virginia (cont.) 3. Slavery Developed later in the colony 4. Government 1619: First General Assembly of VA met in Jamestown 1624: Became a royal colony (charter revoked) 5. VA Company Charter Gave settlers the same rights of Englishmen at home

46. More Reformation in England? Puritans Anglican church too similar to Catholicism Felt that the Anglican church needed to be “purified” of all Catholic practices Separatists Wished to break away from Anglican church altogether

47. Problems Puritan/Separatist ideals = direct threat to James I Why? As a result, Puritans were persecuted

48. Seeking Tolerance 1608: Separatists sought religious tolerance in Holland 1620:Chartered by Virginia Company, Mayflower landed at Cape Cod out of VA Co. limits No legal right to land or to establish a gov’t (squatters) Less than 1/2 were Separatists Established Mayflower Compact First winter - disease and death killed over 1/2 the population

49. Signing the Mayflower Compact

50. Puritans at Plymouth Fall 1621 Squanto (Pokanoket In.): Advisor/interpreter for Pilgrims and Indians Wm. Bradford: Governor of Plymouth Colony Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation

51. Puritans at Plymouth (cont.) Political Decisions Town meetings elected assemblies (later) 1691: Merged with Mass. Bay colony

52. Activity Three Groups It is the 17th C. You have moved with a small group of men, women, and children to a region thousands of miles from your original home. You have little with you, only rudimentary tools…

53. Agriculture Throughout the colonial period, over 90% of the economy was agriculture Most early settlers engaged in subsistence farming and the pattern extended to the frontier

54. New England Farming difficult Harsh climate, rocky soil Land usually granted to a group (congregation) Towns subdivided it among families

55. New England (cont.) 3. Profitable fishing industry Whaling (oil for lighting) 4. Shipbuilding/Commerce 5. Small-scale manufacturing Discouraged by Britain

56. Middle Colonies 1. Blended economies of the other 2 regions 2. Colonial “bread basket” Climate and soil produced grain surplus 3. River systems and ports (Phila./NYC) Access to back country and overseas commerce 4. Merchants and artisans abound

57. Southern Colonies Favorable climate and abundant land Plantation system develops 2. Staple crops often grown on large estates VA - tobacco SC - rice

58. Southern (cont.) 3. 50-acre “headrights” to settlers pay passage of a laborer - receive 50 acres 4. Farms scattered / Less urban development

59. The Frontier: 1. Opportunities for venturesome individuals2. Conditions harsh on isolated farms3. Beyond reach of govt. authority Frontier

60. In Review… The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to Religious spirit of the settlers. Management of the Virginia Company. Development of a tobacco industry. Location of the settlement. Nobles’ diligent search for gold.

61. In Review… The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to Religious spirit of the settlers. Management of the Virginia Company. Development of a tobacco industry. Location of the settlement. Nobles’ diligent search for gold.

62. 2. Unlike Separatists, Puritans Advocated strict separation of church and state. Practiced passive resistance to oppression. Remained members of the Church of England. Held Calvinistic beliefs. Believed in the pre-destination of the “elect”.

63. 2. Unlike Separatists, Puritans Advocated strict separation of church and state. Practiced passive resistance to oppression. Remained members of the Church of England. Held Calvinistic beliefs. Believed in the pre-destination of the “elect”.

64. 3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to Establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America. Create a refuge for Catholics. Assist the Protestants in the British colonies. Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to various noblemen from England. Provide a safe haven for debtors and indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.

65. 3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to Establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America. Create a refuge for Catholics. Assist the Protestants in the British colonies. Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to various noblemen from England. Provide a safe haven for debtors and indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.

66. 4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) Maryland A, C, B, D B, D, C, A C, D, B, A D, C, B, A C, B, D, A

67. 4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) Maryland A, C, B, D B, D, C, A C, D, B, A D, C, B, A C, B, D, A

68. 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation? The problem of defending against Indian attacks. Conflicts over colonial boundaries. Concern about runaway servants. Neglect by the English government. A desire to suppress religious dissent.

69. 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation? The problem of defending against Indian attacks. Conflicts over colonial boundaries. Concern about runaway servants. Neglect by the English government. A desire to suppress religious dissent.

70. For Next Time… Read “Serving Time in Virginia” and answer questions on accompanying page

71. Puritan New England The Puritans were English religious dissenters who wished to purify the Church of England from within Many Puritans migrated to Massachusetts From there, the Puritan influence spread to other New England colonies Puritans Link

72. “The Great Migration”Puritans (50,000) to New World (1629 - 40) Charles I grants royal charter to Mass. Bay Co. (1629) Motives: 1. Religious mission “City upon a hill” – John Winthrop 2. Economic opportunity Middle class families 3. Escape turmoil in England

73. Motives (cont.)4.“Purify the Church of England” (non-Separatists) Criticized Anglican church for its Catholic-like ritual and hierarchy Stressed Calvinist doctrine of election (pre-destination) & importance of divine grace and good works Believed religion should be applied to daily life and govt. functioning Challenged English concept of centralized church-state control

74. The Bible Belt 1. Democratic roots lay in individual congregationalcontrol (hire/fire ministers) and town meetings 2. Emphasized “work ethic” and material progress 3. “Blue laws” stressed observance of rigid rules of conduct 4. General Court (legislature) elected by adult church male members (“freemen”) -property-holding requirement later 5. Bible and sermon of central importance 6. Clergy barred from holding political office 7. Accountability: “Responsibility for fellow men” resulted in lack of privacy and intolerance to outsiders.

75. The Trial of Mistress Anne Hibbens

76. OVERVIEW: As the years progressed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the “Puritan Experiment” was being challenged from dissenters within and Natives outside their communities Challenges in the Bay Company

77. Roger Williams Extreme Separatist and Salem minister that: Advocated a break from the Church of England Challenged the charter of the Bay colony and fairness of $ given to Natives Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior Established complete freedom of religion (including Jews & Catholics) Banished in 1635 Fled to RI in 1636 with the help of friendly Natives Built Baptist church in Providence

78. Anne Hutchinson 1. Questioned Puritan doctrine and leaders “ANTINOMIANISM” Believed faith alone, not obedience to the Puritan law, was necessary for salvation 2. Claimed she had a revelation from God Banished from Mass. in 1638 Sought refuge in RI

79. Quakers Each person could know God directly through an “inward light” Because all people were equal before God - clergy were not needed (“quaked” when under deep conviction) Persecuted in England and in Mass. (whipped, imprisoned, hanged) 1650s Radical Puritan Sect “Society of Friends”

80. Puritans vs. Indians Spread of English settlements led to clashes with Natives Friendly relations early 1637 - Pequot War Puritans attempted to convert remaining tribes Formed New England Confederation (1643) 1675 - 1676 King Philip’s (Metacom) War 52 Puritan towns attacked (12 destroyed) Final defeat against New England tribes Slowed settlement westward for decades

81. As PuritanEnthusiasm Declined:1. “Jeremiads”Sermons scolding parishioners for their waning righteousness 2. “Halfway Covenant” in 1662Offered partial congregational membership rights to people not yet converted

82. Salem Witch Hysteria (1692) Trials for witchcraft led to 20 executions and imprisonment of over 100 Reflected widening social stratification of New England and anxieties of religious traditionalists Accusers – poor vs. Salem’s merchant elite Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by “Yankee commercialism”

84. The Enlightenment 18th century European revolution that stressed man’s power to reason Reason = “faith” Man = “god” Deism developed from this Saw God as a remote Creator Influenced the founding fathers

85. The Great AwakeningEvangelical revival (1730s - 60s) Grew out of concern over Enlightenment stress on reason Jonathan Edwards/George Whitefield Stirred congregations with fiery sermons “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” “Old light”v.“New light”preachers Growth of new denominations and colleges Religious toleration important *FIRST MASS MOVEMENTof AMERICANS(transcended sectional barriers)

86. “A Politically Correct Jonathan Edwards”

87. Colonial Economies OVERVIEW: Economic systems varied widely through the British North American colonies. Sectional economic differences were largely determined by variations in climate and geography. The implementation of mercantilism was complicated by the self-governing traditions of the British North American colonies.

88. "Mercantilism" Widely practiced, nationalistic commercial theoryFor England: Colonies ensured naval supremacy by furnishing ships, sailors, and consumers for the Crown WHAT WAS IT? 1. Goal: Economically self-sufficient as a nation 2. Favorable balance of trade (Export more than you import) 3. Home industry protected from foreign competition 4. Colonies provided raw materials and market 5. Build up gold/silver supply to mother country 6. Govt. regulation for effective operation

89. British Implementation Colonies complement - not compete with Britain Legislation By Parliament (Laxly enforced): TRADE & NAVIGATION ACTS (1651 - 1673) Colonial trade to be carried only in English or colonial ships (protected English interest in the colonies) Enumerated goods (sugar, tobacco, furs) could be sold only to England Colonial or foreign goods must ship through England to be taxed before going further WOOLEN, HAT, IRON ACTS (1699 - 1750) Later, colonies forbidden to make or export goods that competed with English products

90. Colonial Development Impacted by Mercantilism African slaves imported to work on plantations (W. Indies sugar) “Non-enumerated” articles could be freely transported and sold abroad Colonial unfavorable balance of trade drained hard currency to pay for imports Debtors sought inflation through the printing of paper money

91. 1. The chief purpose of mercantilist policies was to help colonies be self-sufficient. strengthen the economy and power of the parent country defend the colonies from rival powers. maintain tight control over the tobacco industry foster stable relations between the Crown and the colonies.

92. 2. In the mid-18th century, all of the following were generally true about slavery in the British colonies except Planters thought slavery provided a more dependable labor supply than other options. There were more slaves than indentured servants in the southern colonies. It was strongly opposed in New England. Slaves accounted for nearly half the population of Virginia. Colonial laws known as slave codes gave slavery a permanent legal status.

93. 3. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the governments of all 13 colonies in the mid-18th century. The governor was appointed by the king. Members of the governor’s council were elected. The government assisted an established church. One house in the legislature was elected by eligible voters. The governor had nearly dictatorial power.

94. 4. As a result of Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 African slavery was reduced. Planters began to look for less troublesome laborers from Africa. Governor Berkeley was dismissed from office. Nathaniel Bacon was named to head the Virginia militia. Indentured servitude grew tremendously in popularity.

95. 5. The “new light” preachers of the Great Awakening delivered intensely emotional sermons. rarely addressed the matter of individual salvation. reinforced the established churches. were ultimately unsuccessful in arousing the religious enthusiasm of colonial Americans. were missionaries that went westward to evangelize Native Americans.

96. Rebellion & Scandal Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) - Jamestown, VA Approx. 1000 disenfranchised, landless, and poor rebelled against the wealthy tidewater planters and Native Americans in the region Led planters to look for new laborers By 1750, Blacks accounted for half of the VA population The John Peter Zenger Trial (1734 - 35) - New York Newspaper editor (Zenger) was tried for “seditious libel” after printing a story against the royal governor Andrew Hamilton (lawyer of Zenger) convinced the jury of Zenger’s innocence because Zenger had printed the truth Set a precedent for freedom of the press in America -