Building Services 2

Building Service II
Group Members : Chiam Jia Ern (0318524)
Hii Pai Ling (0320598)
Jenny Hoo Yee Tying (0321841)
Khor Ka Nee (0321789)
Liew Chia Niu (0313338)
Na Yeow Sing (0320385)
Ng Jia Nan (0321451)
Lecturer : Dr. Kam Kenn Jhun

Case Study: Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

Introduction
• Owned by GCH Retail (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
• There have 125 giant shop throughout
Malaysia.
• Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) have
102 while East Malaysia have 23.

The Purpose of Giant
• Synonymous with everyday low prices.
• Big variety and great value and recognized
for offering the most vibrant.
• Comfortable and complete shopping
environment.

Part 2 : Existing Types of System

Ventilation
• It is a process that replacing air in an enclosed space to control the
temperature.
• A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously
withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.

Type of Ventilation
• Natural Ventilation
 a process of supplying and removing
air through an indoor space without
using mechanical systems.
 refers to the flow of external air to an
indoor space as a result of pressure
or temperature differences.
• Mechanical Ventilation
 circulate fresh air using ducts and
fans rather than relying on airflow
through small holes or crack’s in a
home’s wall, roof or windows.
 have more control to provide the
proper fresh air flow along with
appropriate locations for intake and
exhaust.

Components of Mechanical Ventilation
Fan
-to provide the necessary air movement.
Filter
-to ensure a specified air change and
force the air under fan pressure.
Ductwork
-to deliver and remove air.
Fire dampers
-to prevent the spread of fire inside
the ductwork) and diffusers (to
have more complex and efficient
coned air distributors.

Diffuser
• A mechanical device that is designed to control the characteristics of a
fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open system.
• Can be as a shape of round, rectangular, or can be as linear slot diffusers.

The Diffuser in Giant
• Four-way louvre bladed diffuser
 Used to supply air at ceiling level
 A multi-cone adjustable diffuser
 Can be changed from horizontal 4-way
diffusion to vertical projection.
• Side-wall Inlet Diffuser
 Is suitable when there is no false ceiling
 Each inlet is equipped with a grill.
 A series of grill distributed at the
internals along the inner partition wall
with ducts in the corridor.

Outlet Air Conditioning
• Is the outermost panel within any type of object that controls
the rate in which air passes into the surrounding area.
• Have the ability to be open or shut at varying degrees to
restrict the flow of currents coming and going.
• Some of them can also be sealed off completely to stop
airflow.
• This function is especially important, because if without the
proper filtration, the air itself could reach life-threatening
levels.

Air Conditioning System
• Composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to
condition the air.
• Transport it to the conditioned space.
• Control the indoor environmental parameters of specific space within
required limits.
• Type of air conditioning:
unitary system
package system
centralized system
Giant Mall
• large area building
• requires high cooling

Centralized systems
• Is a manufacturer of air movement and control equipment.
• Can serve multiple spaces from one base location.
• Use chilled water as a cooling medium and use extensive
ductwork for air distribution.
• Advantages :
better control of comfort conditions
higher energy efficiency and greater load-management potential
• Disadvantages:
 more expensive to install
 usually more sophisticated to operate and maintain
• Not suitable for the existing building because this system must be incorporated in the
design of new building.

Chilled Water Air- conditioning System
• A system that employ water chillers.
• Makes use of water as its secondary refrigerant.
• Chiller is used to remove heat from the water which is then circulated through other components to
absorb heat from the space.
• Used when need large cooling capacity.
• Advantages :
cost-effectiveness
 no hazard of having refrigerant piped all over the building
• Three major subsystems:
chilled water plant
condenser water system
air-delivery system.

A typical chilled water central system

Component of Chilled
Water Air- conditioning
System

Water Chiller
• A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle.
• Cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in
air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually
dehumidifying the air in the building.
• Chillers are of two types:
 air cooled
 water cooled.

Evaporator
• Works the opposite of the condenser.
• Refrigerant liquid is converted to gas, absorbing heat from the air in the
compartment.

Compressor
• Compacts the refrigerant vapor and pumps it to the reversing valve.

Condenser
• An equipment that converts a gas to a liquid to obtain either the substance or
the released heat.

Cooling Tower
• Heat rejection devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
• Either use the evaporation of water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid
to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to
near the dry-bulb air temperature

The Cooling Tower in Giant Mall
Cooling tower
is located at the
roof

AHU (Air Handling Unit)
• A device used to condition and circulate air as
part of HVAC system.
• Usually, an air handler is a large metal box
containing a blower, heating or cooling
elements, filter racks or chambers, sound
attenuators, and dampers.
• Air handlers usually connect to ductwork that
distributes the conditioned air through the
building, and returns it to the AHU.

Condenser Pump Room
This is a set of device by
using mechanical forces
to move the condenser
water.

The pump which use to pump the refrigerant
(water) .
This is the hot water supply because the
pipe is connecting to the mall.
The ducting and piping in condenser
pump room.
The water supply in the room .

The condenser which
convert the gas to the
liquid.
The piping in Condenser Pump
Room
CWR: Condenser Water Return
CWS: Condenser Water Supply
The air filters are put
on the ground in the
room.

Fire Protection System
The duty of the fire protection system may be
to extinguish the fire or control the fire.
In order to prevent fire:
 From becoming destructive.
 Reduce the effects of uncontrolled fire.
 Save lives and property.

Active Fire
Protection
System
Includes the action of extinguishes the fire, or
being notified of fire happenings and smoke
conditions by automatic or manual operation
system.
 Fire alarm bell
 Manual Call Point
 Wet Riser
 Fireman Intercom System
 Fire alarm control panel
 Pendent Sprinkle
 External Fire Hydrant
 Water Tank
 Fire Man Switch
 Smoke Detector
 Fire extinguishing system
In Giant
Kelana Jaya Mall

Fire alarm bell
 Activated by the fire detector throughout the building.
 Continuous type of fire alarm bell.
Manual Call Point
As an emergency break glass
is a device that enables the
occupants to raise the alarm by
breaking the frangible element
on the fascia.

Wet Riser
Fireman
Intercom
System
Communication between
remote areas and the fire
command centre in Giant Mall
Located near the emergency
staircase in each and every floor.

Fire Alarm Control Panel
Pendent Sprinkle
Designed to monitor each circuit, zone or point
of any condition display the status of that
condition and to operate any required output
Utilize water by direct application onto
flames and heat, which causes cooling of
the combustion process and prevents
ignition of adjacent combustibles

•The distance between the fire hydrant
and the building is between 4m to 8m.
•Fire hydrant is place beside the road so
that the fire brigade could get easy
access to input their hose.
•The type of fire hydrant used is two-
way fire hydrant.
The wet riser system and
water sprinkler system
uses the same water.
External
Fire
Hydrant
Water
Tank

• Smoke detector used in Giant Mall: ionization.
• Uses a little measure of radioactive material to ionize air
in an internal sensing chamber.
• Powered by a central fire alarm system, which is
powered by the building power with a battery backup.
To prevent the equipment from being overheated and
in turn causes explosion.
Fire Man Switch
Smoke Detector

 The type of fire extinguisher that Giant Mall uses
throughout the building is dry powder extinguisher.
 Can extinguish majority of classes of fire.
Main function
 To quickly extinguish a developing fire and alert
occupants before extensive damage occurs by filling
the protected area with a gas or chemical
extinguishing agent.
Fire
Extinguishing
System

Parts of a building that provides a barrier to fire
which slowing the spread rate of fire.
 Protects load bearing columns and other
critical structures to prevent the building
collapsing during fires.
 Effective for short duration exposure about 1-2
hours.
Fire Escape Plan
 Emergency Exit Signage
 Fire Escape Door
 Fire Escape Staircase
 Fire assembly point
Passive Fire
Protection
System
In Giant
Kelana Jaya Mall

Fire escape provides a method of escape in the event of fire or
other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building
inaccessible which allow the occupant to leave the building to a
safer area range outside of the building.
To reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear
directional system.
Material: Solid hardwood core with asbestos insulation board
Dimension: Single leaf 900mm x 2100mm x 38mm
Double leaf 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm
Fire rated: 1 hour
Fire
Escape
Plan
Emergency
Exit
Signage
Fire
Escape
Door

• The type of fire escape staircase: half landing
staircase
• the material used: cements concrete
• The stairway landing is sufficiently wide to
accommodate the occupants in the event of fire to
escape.
Riser: 170mm Tread: 275mm
Fire Escape
Staircase

The assembly point of Giant Mall is subject to class-A
capacity and class-B capacity.
Class A-capacity: accommodate 1000 persons and
above.
Class B-capacity: accommodate 300 to 1000 persons.
Fire
Assembly
Point

Vertical Transport
• An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently
moves people or goods between floors, levels or decks of a building,
vessel or other structures.
• Forms of vertical transportation may be found within, around and in
general association with modern buildings and developments.

Elevator
• Generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
• Type:
Electric Lift
Hydraulic Lift

Hydraulic elevator
• The elevator that has an underground cylinder.
• Powered by the piston that travels inside a
cylinder to lift the elevator cab.
• Installation cost: cheaper compare to a traction
elevator.
• Usually installed in a building that has fewer floor.
• The low maintenance cost of this type elevator
makes them the ideal choice for low rise and low
traffic installation.

Hydraulic freight elevator in Giant Mall
• Has a two speed and centre opening and load capacity of 2600kg which can hold up
to 38 passengers
• Capacity: 38 passengers or 2600kg
• Door closing time : 3 seconds
• Time for the lift to travel from the highest floor to the lowest floor : 17 seconds
• Time for the lift to travel from one floor to another floor : 9 seconds
• Lift arrangement: only one lift for 3 floors, so the quality of the service is excellent
• Main usage : move the trolley

The interior of elevator cab.
The load capacity of elevator.

The hydraulic elevator located at
level 2 near to maintenance office.
The lift of Giant is normally used for
transport and move the goods and
trolley.

Escalator
• Is a conveyor transport designed for moving people quickly and efficiently between
floors of a building.
• Requires no waiting time for us and reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during
peak times.
• Normally located at department store, exhibition hall, air terminal and railway station.
• Several escalators will be required and can be grouped in a number of ways to suit
the building functions when large numbers of people are anticipated.
• The speeds of the escalators in Giant Mall is between 0.5 m/s and 0.6 m/s. Step
width is about 1000mm, which allow two people to stand side by side or to pass on
the step.

Travelator (moving walkway, moving
sidewalk)
• A slow conveyor belt that transports people horizontally up to the practical
limitations of about 300 m.
• Work in a similar manner to an escalator.
• In both cases, riders can walk or stand.
• The walkways are often supplied in pairs, one for each direction.
• Particularly useful in large railways and airports terminals, as well shopping
complexes, and may be inclined up to about 15° where level differentials
occurs.

Travelator in Giant Mall
• Speeds : 0.8 m/s
• Step width:
About 1200mm, which allow two people to stand side by side, or to
allow adequate room for customers to pass easily with the trolleys
• Main purpose
Easier to the customers to carry their stuff with trolley and travel from
one floor to another floor.

Arrangement
(Two way
Traffic)
(Two way
Traffic)
(One way
Traffic)
(One way
Traffic)
Used mainly in department stores and
public transportation buildings with
heavy traffic flow.
Used to connect two levels and
direction can be adjusted to suit traffic
flow.
This arrangement allows customers to
travel quickly to upper floors without
any waiting time.
Customers have to walk past
strategically placed merchandise
displays.

The other view of escalatorEscalators in double bank with
interrupted traffic in two travel
direction
.

The travelator is located at the first
floor to second floor.
The travelator is located at the second
floor to third floor.

The notice signboard is placed on the
glazing of the travelator.
The signboard of Giant Mall show that the
arrangement of travelator.

Electrical Supply and Distribution System
As shown in the diagram , before the
distribution stations, it is further
stepped down to either 275kv or
132kv and when it reaches the
substation, it is stepped down to
33kv.
The local substations would further
reduce the electricity from 33kv to
11kv, which the Giant Mall uses. In
the Giant Mall, the transformer
further steps it down to the usable
voltages.

Main Switch
Board /
Distribution
Panel
 Is a large assembly of panels which contains switches
which allow electricity to be redirected.
 To divide the main current into smaller currents for
further distribution control of current.
Sub-Switch
Board
The sub-switch board has the same functionality of the
main switch board which is to connect and disconnect the
electric supply from the main switchboard.
Generato
r Set
Provide adequate power and supply for the entire
building to run under emergencies such as fire and also
as a standby system where it is always ready to power
the building.

Transformer
Device that changes or transformers alternating current
(ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another
voltage.
Electrical
Conduit Tee
Conduit can protect the cable physical damage and
heat. PVC electrical conduit is rigid and lightweight
which is durable and readily cut.
Substation
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
opposite, or perform any of a few other essential
capacities.

Problems
and
Recommendations
of
Active Fire Protection
System

Problem: Hose reels are not being
sited in an accessible and appropriate
position because there are a lot of
obstructions surrounding them.

Malaysian Standard MS 1489
• Part 1(1999). Clause 15.2.1
• Hose reels should be sited in prominent and accessible
positions at each floor level adjacent to exits in corridors on exit
routes, in such a way that the nozzle of the hose can be taken
into every room, having regard to any obstruction.
• Recommendation: Remove those obstructions away.

Problem: Wastage being disposed around the fire protection
systems.

• Cleaning services of the mall must be improved.
• A sign board of ‘please do not simply litter’ or ‘no littering here’ can be added
as well.
Recommendation

Problem: The workers of the mall have treated the closet and
room for storing the fire protection systems such as hose reel and
fire extinguisher as their own storage space to keep unnecessary
objects.

• Set up a strict management system.
• Inform every worker of the mall to locate their working tools and personal
belongings in a proper corner
• Help to improve aesthetic value of the mall as well.
Recommendation

Problem:
• Corrosion of the sprinkler heads.
• Not being serviced or replaced by the management office.

• Replace any sprinkler component that is rusted or corroded.
• Contact the specialists to perform the repairment of the fire sprinkler system as
soon as possible.
Recommendation

Problem: A fire extinguisher is being placed on floor.

BS 5306-8:2000
Siting of fire extinguisher:
• In a conspicuous location that is easily accessible.
• Not in cupboards or behind doors.
• Not above cookers or other heat emitters, or in any place of excessive heat or cold.
• Hung on wall brackets within easy reach, not placed on floor.
• Carrying handle 1 metre above floor for heavier extinguishers (liquid based) and 1.5 metres for
others.
• Along escape routes near to a door leading to a place of safety.
• Positioned in a wall recess so as not to obstruct general movement.
• A maximum distance of 30 metres from the site of a possible fire.
• Repeated location on each storey.

Recommendation
• The fire extinguisher should be removed
away from ground.
• Hang back to the wall bracket within
easy reach.
• Perform periodical check on every fire
extinguisher to ensure that they are in
good condition.

Problems
and
Recommendations
of
Passive Fire Protection System

Passive fire protection system
Problem: Escape route’s floor (UBBL Article 169)
HOLE !!!

Recommend Smooth concrete floor
Escape safely 
Recommendation

Problem
• Handle of the fire door is missing.

Recommend
• The replacement should be done to make sure the door is operated
normally in order to provide the basic security and safety.
Recommendation

Problem:
• No signage or ‘crack’ signage on the fire resistant doors.
• Based on the Malaysia Standard Section 7 Article 33.1.9 (page 148),
“All fire doors other than lift entrance doors should be marked with the
appropriate fire safety sign conforming to MS 982 according to whether
the door is to be kept closed when not in use. Fire doors to cupboards
and to service ducts should be marked on the outside. All other fire
doors should be marked on both sides.”

• The main purpose of the signage is to alert the customers and
workers to keep the door closed so as to fulfill the fire safety
compliance.
• So, we can recommend the operator to put a new signage on the
fire door.

Problem
• Besides, the trolley and the letter box are placed in the fire
escape route.
• It totally breaks the Malaysian Standard Section 4 Article 10.4.3
(d) (page 46), “all escape routes and escape doors (both internally
and externally) can be kept free from obstruction.”
• According to UBBL Article 110, the staircase should always clear
and free of obstruction.

Problem
• Fire doors cannot close automatically as the door closer is
loosen.
• Section 7 Article 33.1.6.1 of the Malaysian Standard states that,
“Fire doors can only operate correctly if they are fully closed at
the time of fire. It is, therefore, normally necessary for them to
be fitted with a self-closing device.”

Cannot close
automatically and
can’t fully
closed!!!

Recommend
• In this situation, we recommend the owner to replace a new door
closer (Figure ) to make sure all the self closure devices operate
normally and the fire doors can fully closed.
Recommendation

Problem: Fire door surface is damaged.
• Section 7 Article 33.1.1 of the Malaysian Standard states that,
“the fire door should have function to protect escape routes from
the effects of fire”
• The fire door is used to prevent the spreading of fire or smoke to
the safety route.
• A good condition fire door is to ensure it reaches the fire
resistance capability.

• No maintenance and the paint shed off!!!

Recommend
• The door should be under maintenance or repaint it to ensure it can withstand
more longer when fire occur.
• We recommend the Intumescent paints for painting the old timber fire door.
• The purpose of this paint is to protect all types of materials from the heat
generated by the fire as it forms an insulating coating.
• It is also known as fire resistant paints.
• It can be used for internal and external structures.
Recommendation

Problem: No fire exit stair signage through whole escape route.
• Section 5 Article 16.4 of the Malaysian Standard states that :
“Every doorway or other exit providing access to a means of escape, other than
exits inordinary use (e.g. main entrances), should be distinctively and
conspicuously marked by an exit sign in accordance with MS 983. Final exit levels
from stairs should be clearly marked as such, particularly where the exit opens off
a stair that continues down or up beyond the level of the final exit.”

Recommend: Put fire exit stair signage till final exit.
Recommendation

• No “In the event of fire do not use this lift” signage.
• Malaysian Standard Annexe K (page 388) (i) mentioned about, “prohibition
signs are used to prohibit behavior likely to increase or cause danger.”

Recommend:
Displayed on the visible area or beside the lift to get the occupants’ attention.
Recommendation

Problems
and
Recommendations
of
Vertical Transport System

Vertical Transport
• Not provide passenger elevator.
• It is not convenience for the disabled people or old people.
• The freight elevator is located far from the crowd and not
showing on the floor plan of the shopping mall.
Freight
elevator

The floor plans of Giant Mall only show the location of escalator and travelator.

Recommendation
• Wheelchair accessible escalator instead of elevator as according to UBBL 124 stating that:
For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at
least one lift shall be provided.
• This systems are commonly used at the public space in many countries, for example, Japan
train stations, KLIA2 and etc.

• Designed by Jesús Sánchez, a student at the School of Industrial and
Aeronautical Engineering of Terrassa (ETSEIAT) of the Universitat Politècnica de
Catalunya (UPC). (Spain)
• Date : 2009

User safety :
• Block that can prevent the wheelchair from moving forward.
• Backup battery system to supply energy in the case of a power cut.
The approximately 5cm block
prevent the wheelchair from
moving forward.

Advantages:
• It is cost effective as it can save the money to install the elevator and solve the problem
of accessibility for disabled people.
• Saving the space of installing elevator instead of using wheelchair accessible escalator.
Disadvantages:
• The process takes 1-2 minutes and normal passengers cannot use during the operation.
• It requires help from the staff to press the button if the passengers are not able to press
the button.

Vertical Transport
• Safety signage provided beside the escalator are not sufficient.
• Inform the public of the directions and cautions while using elevators or travellator to
ensure passenger safety.
The escalator safety signage
in Giant Mall only provide the
basic safety information.

The relevant department should add some additional safety signage beside the
escalator or travelator.
Recommendation

Vertical Transport
• All travellator will generate some noise, the level of noise generated should be relatively
uniform throughout the system, and not increase over time.
• Squeaks, vibrations, and rubbing noises are usually the result of excessive component wear or
improper adjustment.
• The noise produce in that particular travelator is relatively high compare to other travelator in
the building.
• Noisy operation problem occur in the travelator which located near to KFC.
Normal travelator sound Travelator with problem sound

• The maintenance officer should rate the noise generated by the
travelator relative to other travelator.
• So that necessary maintenance can be carry out.
Recommendation

Vertical Transport
• Paint painted in the elevator started to fall apart.
• This will affect the aesthetic appearance of the lift.

• The maintenance office should carry out a paint job to restore
the aesthetic appearance of the interior part of elevator cab.
Recommendation

• When we visited the loading bay, the elbow is uncovered and the connection of the
wires are loose.
• Once the wires expose to the water, it may cause electrical short circuit and affect the
operation of the building.
Electrical Problem

• This is a serviceability problem.
• Relevant department can repair the elbow as soon as
possible to ensure the safety of the passengers.
• External elbows change from plastic to stainless steel.
Recommendation

Advantages:
 More durable than plastic and steel.
 Stainless steel is corrosion resistant.
 Longevity and reduce the costly maintenance and replacement.
Disadvantages:
 More expensive compared to plastic
and steel elbow.

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