2. INTRODUCTION
Conductor- any material or object that allows the
flow of electricity. A basic necessity in most
electrical or electronics circuit. However even the
very best of conductors resist electricity and thus
sometimes inhibit us to a limited range of
application. The demand? “Zero resistance”. Bringing
about one of the most significant scientific changes
in science and technology: Superconductors.

3. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERCONDUCTVITY
• Substances are cooled below a critical
temperature.
• Absence of electrical resistance.
• Expulsion of magnetic field.
• Quantum mechanical phenomenon.
Electron will flow unimpeded by resistance continuing to flow forever

4. A BRIEF HISTORY
• In 1911 discovery of superconductivity in mercury by
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. (At approximate temp 4 K)
• In 1933 Meissner effect in superconductor.
• In 1986 George Bednorz and Alex Muller discovered
ceramic oxides that super conduct at higher
temperatures.
• BCS Theory: The key to superconductivity.

5. SUPERCONDUCTORS
• Materials that exhibit superconductivity below a
critical temperature Tc.
• Existence of a critical magnetic
Field (Hc).
Hc=H0[1-(T/Tc)]
• Electron pairs (bosons).

6. MATERIALS

7. Chemical
elements.(mercury,lead)
Alloys(niobium-titanium)
Ceramics(YBCO)
Organic superconductors.
(Carbon nanotubes,
Fullerene)

8. PROPERTIES
• Zero electrical resistance.
• Meissner effect
• Isotope effect (T=const/Ma)
• Josephson junction
• Tc directly proportional to applied pressure.

9. SUPERCONDUCTOR TYPE I
• Exists in two states.
• Only one critical magnetic field (Bc)
• No presence of any intermediate states.
• Soft super conductors.
• Presence of complete Meissner effect.
• Examples: Pb,Hg,Zn etc.
Meissner

10. • Exists in two states along with a third
intermediate state.
• Two critical magnetic fields present
(Bc1 ,Bc2).
• Hard super conductors.
• Partial presence of meissner effect.
• Examples: Nb3Sn, Nb3Ge,Nb3Al.
SUPERCONDUCTOR TYPE II

11. BCS THEORY
• Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory
formulated in 1957
• Bound state of electrons in
superconductor.
• Cooper pairs.

12. APPLICATIONS
• Magnetic resource imaging.
• SQUID
• “maglev”
• Cryotron
• Computer memory devices..
• RSFQ

13. DISADVANTAGE
• Very high electric current destroys
superconductivity.
• Need for cryogenic support.
• Non economical.
• Sensitive to moving magnetic
Fields.

14. ULTRACONDUCTORS
A new revolution.

15. • Room temperature superconductors.
• Processed from polar dielectric polymers.
• Absence of heat generation.
• Light weight and economical.
• Scope of faster computers.
• Ultraconducting wires revolutionising the electrical grid.
• Patented product, being developed keeping
commercialization in mind.
ULTRACONDUCTORS

16. ULTRACONDUCTING POLYMERS
• Thin films of approx (1-100
microns).
• Fabricated from polymers such as:
• Olefin
• Acrylate
• Silicon based blastics.
• Very high electrical conductivity
(> 1011 S/cm -1)
• Highly efficient and lightweight.

17. • Superconductors are a topic of extensive
worldwide research. They are the underlying
science behind many new technologies like the
carbon nanotubes.The sheer brilliance of this
object is yet to be applied to full use. If ultra
conductors are fully commercialized it would
enhance the contribution of its predecessor.
Energy is endangered and any technology that
strives for a better handlement of electrical
power and energy strives for the betterment of
mankind as a whole.
CONCLUSION

18. REFERENCE
• Concepts of modern Physics- Arthur Beisher.
• Introduction to superconductivity-Michael
Tinkham.
• www.superconductors.org
• www.chavaenergy.com

19. THANK YOU 