Passive House for New Orleans
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Paul Dowsett of Sustainable.TO architects showcases his competition winning design for an affordable super-energy efficient home for New Orleans.
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Passive House for New Orleans
- 1. Low Cost / Low Energy House A Passive House for New Orleans
- 2. New Orleans New Orleans is a proud city, determined to preserve her cultural heritage.
- 3. New Orleans
- 4. New Orleans
- 5. Climate
- 6. Climate
- 7. Climate
- 8. Climate
- 9. Climate
- 11. A well-balanced concept of sustainability
- 12. Minimal impact on the local environment
- 13. Affordable to heat and cool
- 14. Affordable to build and purchase
- 15. Require no special skills
- 16. Shotgun typology
- 17. Meet the demanding energy efficiency standards of the Passive House
- 18. Meet post-Katrina building codes, guidelines, and best practices
- 21. Shotguns are the most abundant traditional house type in New Orleans
- 22. A linear progression of spaces aligned perpendicularly with the street
- 23. Gabled roof that pitches toward the sides
- 24. One or two stories
- 25. 40 to 70 feet in length.
- 26. The floor is generally raised 18 to 36 inches
- 27. Typical lot size of 32 by 120 feet
- 28. Situated roughly 2 to 4 feet from the side property lines
- 29. Rooms are arrayed one after the next. Circulation flows from room to room or along a hallway or gallery
- 30. Shotgun variations are categorized by the number of bays along the front facadeImage source: New Orleans Houses: A House-Watchers Guide. Lloyd Vogt. (2003)
- 32. Rectangular house with all the rooms arranged directly behind one another in a straight line, front to back. Image source: An Introduction to New Orleans Housing Types: Carrie & Scott Bernhard. (2006)
- 34. Intended as a single residence
- 35. Features an entrance hall to one side, usually two rooms deep, then a side gallery, then a back hall Image source: An Introduction to New Orleans Housing Types: Carrie & Scott Bernhard. (2006)
- 37. Intended as two separate residences. Image source: An Introduction to New Orleans Housing Types: Carrie & Scott Bernhard. (2006)
- 39. The added space is usually used either for parking or commercial purposes. Image source: An Introduction to New Orleans Housing Types: Carrie & Scott Bernhard. (2006)
- 41. The abundance of rainfall also contributed to their popularity.
- 42. Traditionally, shaded outdoor spaces are an important part of life in New Orleans. Porches, balconies, galleries arid courtyards can all provide relief from the summer sun, access to gardens, entertainment space, and can even contribute to the public life of the city.
- 43. New Orleans is still a place where people sit on their front porches, talk to passers-by, and keep an eye on the neighbourhood.Image source: New Orleans Houses: A House-Watchers Guide. Lloyd Vogt. (2003)
- 44. The Balloon Frame With this construction method a house could be easily put together by any careful workman capable of sawing to a line and driving a nail.
- 46. Long and narrow
- 47. 32 by 120 feet
- 52. Highly reflective, self-venting,
- 53. Provides a lasting 'lifetime' cladding material,
- 54. Effectively minimizes solar heat gain
- 56. Split-zoned high-efficiency heating and cooling units,
- 57. An ultra high-efficiency on-demand water heater for domestic hot water,
- 59. cooling air to circulate under the building,
- 60. shaded living and parking spaces,
- 62. Thermal bridge free
- 64. Passive and active shading in the summer
- 65. Thermal mass to temper solar heat gain in winter
- 66. Natural day-lighting and ventilationAirtight building shell ≤ 0.6 ACH @ 50 pascal pressure (simple, well-detailed construction) Annual heat requirements ≤ 15kWh/m²/year (4.75 kBtu/sf/yr) Primary Energy ≤ 120 kWh/m²/year (38.1 kBtu/sf/yr)
- 68. Help cool the living spaces above
- 69. Be used as storage
- 70. Be used as parking space
- 72. Interior side hall, main living space, with interconnected side gallery
- 73. Main living space, interior side hall, with interconnected side gallery.
- 77. Integrates both passive and active environmental systems with program, circulation and the building enclosure
- 78. Simple building shape lends itself to the demands of airtight, thermal bridge-free construction
- 79. Allows the opportunity for more cost-effective, higher-quality prefabrication
- 80. Proves that an affordable and sustainable house can also be attractive.
Notes de l'éditeur
- Its streets boast a treasury of architectural types and styles of local origin as well as magnificent examples imported from throughout the United States and other parts of the world and adapted to the city's subtropical climate and unique geographical conditions. site more suitable for mosquitoes and alligators than for human habitat. battled the river, hurricanes, floods, fires, political corruption, riots, and epidemics. She was built on swampland, much of it below sea level, necessitating construction of one of the world's great drainage systems.
- As the city grew, topographical conditions were the major determinants of the direction of expansion. Much of the area surrounding the established settlement consisted of swampland, with the only high ground running along the Mississippi River, Bayou St.John, and Bayou Metairie. These natural ridges, with their relatively firm soils, provided the only spines of land suitable for development.New Orleans is located at 300 north Latitude and 900 west longitude, less than 75 miles from the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Summer breezes are predominantly from the south or 'southwest while winter winds are predominantly from the north or northeast
- As the city grew, topographical conditions were the major determinants of the direction of expansion. Much of the area surrounding the established settlement consisted of swampland, with the only high ground running along the Mississippi River, Bayou St.John, and Bayou Metairie. These natural ridges, with their relatively firm soils, provided the only spines of land suitable for development.New Orleans is located at 300 north Latitude and 900 west longitude, less than 75 miles from the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Summer breezes are predominantly from the south or 'southwest while winter winds are predominantly from the north or northeast
- Despite balmy sub-tropical reputation, can be harshTorrential rains, tropical storms, and hurricanes assail the city year-round. Summer is extreme in New Orleans with its intense heat and humidity. Heavy rainstorms and the threat of hurricanes are usual In contrast, the autumn, winter, and spring, are quite mild with only a month or two of cold weather in December and January. When a tropical storm or hurricane approaches, buildings must be secured and prepared. Traditionally this is done with shutter systems and other operable components Building skins and roofing systems are required to shed water quickly and endure intense solar gain
- Despite balmy sub-tropical reputation, can be harshTorrential rains, tropical storms, and hurricanes assail the city year-round. Summer is extreme in New Orleans with its intense heat and humidity. Heavy rainstorms and the threat of hurricanes are usual In contrast, the autumn, winter, and spring, are quite mild with only a month or two of cold weather in December and January. When a tropical storm or hurricane approaches, buildings must be secured and prepared. Traditionally this is done with shutter systems and other operable components Building skins and roofing systems are required to shed water quickly and endure intense solar gain
- Despite balmy sub-tropical reputation, can be harshTorrential rains, tropical storms, and hurricanes assail the city year-round. Summer is extreme in New Orleans with its intense heat and humidity. Heavy rainstorms and the threat of hurricanes are usual In contrast, the autumn, winter, and spring, are quite mild with only a month or two of cold weather in December and January. When a tropical storm or hurricane approaches, buildings must be secured and prepared. Traditionally this is done with shutter systems and other operable components Building skins and roofing systems are required to shed water quickly and endure intense solar gain
- Despite balmy sub-tropical reputation, can be harshTorrential rains, tropical storms, and hurricanes assail the city year-round. Summer is extreme in New Orleans with its intense heat and humidity. Heavy rainstorms and the threat of hurricanes are usual In contrast, the autumn, winter, and spring, are quite mild with only a month or two of cold weather in December and January. When a tropical storm or hurricane approaches, buildings must be secured and prepared. Traditionally this is done with shutter systems and other operable components Building skins and roofing systems are required to shed water quickly and endure intense solar gain
- Entries in the challenge were required to meet the demanding energy-efficiency standards of the Passive House while also meeting post-Katrina building codes, guidelines and best practicesThe challenge is focusing on a single-family housing design solution for communities in New Orleans. Entries must provide a well-balanced concept of sustainability including minimal impact on the local environment, affordable to heat and cool, and affordable to build and purchase.Shotgun typology and strive to create a cohesive neighbourhood- designs should demonstrate that affordable and sustainable homes can also be beautiful
- There are three particular house types that emerged directly from the exigencies of New Orleans' climate, geography, urban organization, local cultures. and the greater society from the late 1700s to the early 1900s. These include the Creole Cottage Type, the Creole Townhouse Type and the Shotgun Type. Apart from their individual characteristics, all three types share many common conditions and attributes
- The shotgun house type first appeared in New Orleans during the 1830s to early 1900s.Shotguns are the most abundant traditional house type in New OrleansEssential Characteristics of the TypeThe Shotgun type is characterized by a linear progression of spaces aligned perpendicularly with the street. The ridge beam spans the length of the freestanding form, resulting in a gabled roof that pitches toward the sides. Common Variation CharacteristicsShotguns are one or two stories and range from roughly 40 to 70 feet in length. The floor is genNally raised 18 to 36 inches in order to provide ventilation and to separate the house from the moist ground. Most Shotguns sit on a typical lot size of 32 by 120 feet and are situated roughly 2 to 4 feet from the side property lines. Shotguns are either flush Rooms are arrayed one after the next. Circulation flows from room to room or along a hallway or gallery. Shotgun variations are categorized by the number of bays along the front facade.
- or "Shotgun Single" is one room wide and three or more rooms deep.rectangular house with all the rooms arranged directly behind one another in a straight line, front to back. usually of wood-frame construction with weatherboard siding, raised two or three feet on brick piers.The two-bay single without halls is usually three to five rooms deep.
- The 3-Bay Shotgun is essentially a Single with an added 3rd bay intended as a single residence.features an entrance hall to one side, usually two rooms deep, Three-bay shotguns are usually four or five rooms deep.
- 4-Bay ·ShotgunThe 4-Bay Shotgun or "Shotgun Double" is essentially two Singles placed side by side, divided by a shared wall, and intended as two separate residences.
- The Raised Shotgun is a pre-existing Single, Double or 3-Bay Shotgun that has been raised off the ground to avoid flooding and/or to add usable square footage. Some Shotguns are constructed as raised buildingswhile others are raised after the fact. The raised building either rests on tall piers with nothing but ground underneath or more typically, a new enclosed first level is inserted. The added space is usually used eitherfor parking or commercial purposes. The height of the new first level is usually less than that of the original and the floor is usually at grade.
- The cantilevered gallery From 1820 to 1835 there was a gradual shift from essentially Creole to essentially American building,influenced by house designs from the northeasternstatesBecause of the hot, humid summers, houses were built with high ceilings.The high ceilings allowed the hot air to rise while the heavier, cooler air settled, providing some relief from the scorching heat. Galleries were not constructed on the very earliest houses, but once their advantages in providing shade from the sun became apparent they became a standard feature of colonial architecture. The abundance of rainfall also contributed to their popularity.Traditionally, shaded outdoor spaces are an important part of life in New Orleans. Porches, balconies, galleries arid courtyards can all provide relief from the summer sun, access to gardens, entertainment space, and can even contribute to the public life of the city. New Orleans is still a place where people sit on their front porches, talk to passers-by, and keep an eye on the neighbourhood.
- 1830-1862The balloon frame, said to have been originated in Chicago by George W. Snow, surveyor and civil engineer, used lightweight "dimensional" lumber, mostly two-by-four and two-by-six inches. With this construction method a house could be easily put together by any careful workman capable of sawing to a line and driving a nail.
- Typical New Orleans lots are Long and narrow and can range from 20 to 65 feet wide by 80 to 150 feet deep; however the typical New Orleans Lot size is 32 by 120 feet. The typical New Orleans house is usually positioned perpendicular to the sidewalk .
- “Typically, the rooms of the house would be aligned in a row, with no hallways,” sustainable.TO’s review says. “One would walk from one end of the house to the other by going through each of the rooms. Our contemporary reinterpretation of the shotgun maintains the local cypress wood construction and natural cooling elements, while allowing for greater privacy, as expected in the 21st century.” Organized linearly along a circulation corridor, the long axis of the house runs East/West. This organization addresses strategies of natural ventilation, daylighting, shading and solar heat gain. The house reinterprets a traditional shotgun-style plan by mirroring two bedroom and bathroom units on either side of the main living space. The open living plan optimizes natural air flow and daylighting. The corridor opens southward to a flexible cantilevered side gallery that wraps around the house, providing shaded outdoor living space. The flexible boundary between the corridor and gallery can adapt to the changing needs of the family throughout the seasons.
- The south facade's deep roof overhang provides passive solar protection for the building's interior in the summer, while allowing passive solar heat gain in the winter. Sliding panels on the south facade offer flexibility and protection from the sun, rain and wind when required. The highly reflective, self-venting, recyclable galvalume roof and wall cladding provides a lasting 'lifetime' cladding material, which effectively minimizes solar heat gain and further protects the recessed local cypress cladding.
- To achieve Passive House Standard, this house employs an airtight, thermal-bridge free and super-insulated envelope combined with passive shading in summer and solar heat gains in winter; concrete floor topping for thermal mass to temper solar heat gain and to re-radiate the heat into the space as required; daylighting; natural ventilation and cooling; and highly reflective self-ventilating galvalume cladding. Additionally, a balanced energy recovery ventilation system and split-zoned high-efficiency heating and cooling units with an ultra high-efficiency on-demand water heater for domestic hot water and supplemental radiant floor heating reduce primary energy needs. The use of low-cost, durable and long-lasting materials, and proven construction techniques assures value to returning homeowners. For post-Katrina New Orleans, the structure is raised 7 feet above grade, ensuring security in case of flooding, while allowing cooling air to circulate under the building. Additionally, this provides shaded living and parking spaces. Pier foundations minimize disturbance to the site.
- Airtight building shell <= 0.6 ACH @ 50 pascal pressure (simple, well-detailed construction)Annual heat requirements <= 15kWh/m2/year (4.75 kBtu/sf/yr)Primary Energy <= 120 kWh/m2/year (38.1 kBtu/sf/yr)
- Shade becomes an important commodity and cross-ventilation' is necessary for human comfort.Nearly all traditional buildings in the region are raised at least two to three feet, but the term "raised" usually applies to those structures lifted six to ten feet above grade. The space below can help cool the living spaces above, be used as storage or parking space, and can even be enclosed to create utility areas or (frequently damp) accommodations.
- Our entry evokes the architecture of the traditional New Orleans shotgun house, a style popular in the region in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Shotgun houses were typically constructed of local cypress wood frame construction and siding. High ceilings and the absence of hallways allow for efficient cross-ventilation and cooling in each room. Shutters and windows may be tightly fastened or fully opened, sharply altering the quality of the interior environment. Operable, louvered shutters outside traditional casement windows permit a fine degree of control over the amount of light and air that can enter the interior in addition to the extent of privacy and degree of communication with the exterior
- The Passive House Standard demands a highly airtight building envelope, super-insulation and ultra-low energy consumption, which are provided here. The long axis of the house runs east/west, addressing the objectives of natural ventilation, daylighting, shading and solar heat gain.
- The design’s open living plan optimizes natural air flow and daylighting. The corridor opens southward to a flexible cantilevered side gallery that wraps around the house, providing shaded outdoor living space, similar to that of a north shore shotgun style. The flexible boundary between the corridor and gallery can adapt to the changing needs of the family throughout the seasons.
- The typical New Orleans house is usually 1 or 2 stories tall and rarely exceeds 3 1/2 storiesThe interior space of a typical New Orleans house is tall, roughly 11 to 14 feet, in order to allow heat to rise and escape the occupied ranges rooms are usually positioned across from one another in order to facilitate cross ventilation
- Sliding panels on the south facade offer flexibility and protection from sun, rain and wind when required. Windows on the north facade provide abundant daylight and natural ventilation while limiting solar heat gain. If required for a North/South long-axis orientation, the facade with the large sliding panels would be the West facade, achieving many of the same benefits as the optimal southern exposure.
- “Low Cost, Low Energy House” utilizes an efficient linear organization, which integrates both passive and active environmental systems with program, circulation and the building enclosure. The simple building shape lends itself to the demands of airtight, thermal bridge-free construction and allows the opportunity for more cost-effective, higher-quality prefabrication, proving that an affordable and sustainable house can also be attractive.