2. Learning Competencies
• Explain the meaning of disaster;
• Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters;
• Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life;
• Explain how and when an event becomes a
disaster;
• Identify areas/locations exposed to hazards that
may lead to disasters; and
• Analyze disaster from the different perspectives
(physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic,
political, and biological).
3. Trivia
Did you know that?!
“Earthquake proof”
Palawan is allegedly the
safest part in the
Philippines when ‘The
Big One’ earthquake hits.
4. Key terms
• Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
• Disaster – a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses and
impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
• Risk – the possibility that something bad or unpleasant
will happen.
5.
6. Meaning of Disaster
• Disaster is defined as a crisis situation causing
wide spread damage which far exceeds our ability
to recover. Thus, by definition, there cannot be a
perfect ideal system that prevents damage,
because then it would not be a disaster.
• Their possibility of occurrence, time, place, and
severity of the strike can be reasonably and in
some cases accurately predicted by technological
and scientific advances.
7. Types of Disasters
• The two types of disasters are natural
disasters and man-made disasters. Natural
disaster include earthquakes, floods,
landslides, etc. On the other hand, man-made
disasters include war, bomb blasts and
chemical leaks. The disasters often differ in
quantity of damage caused or in quality of the
type of medical consequences.
9. Underlying Risks Factors
• There are some underlying factors which increase
disaster, and which need to be addresses in order to
reduce overall risk. These include environmental
problems, such as declining ecosystems, social and
economic vulnerabilities, and climate change.
• Pillar 4 of the Hyogo Framework for Action which
states that disaster risks related to changing social,
economic, environmental conditions and land use, and
the impact of hazards associated with geological
events, weather, water, climate change, are addressed
in sector development planning and programmes as
well as in post-disaster situations.
10. Effects of Disasters
• Danger of Death
• Physical Injury
• Emotional/ Mental problems
• Physical Health problems
• Damaged natural environment
• Economic environment issue
• Disruption/loss Built environment
12. The highest risks are those that have gone through the
disaster themselves. Next are those in indirect
exposure with victims. The findings show that at least
half of survivors in Armenia, Mexico and US suffer from
distress or mental health problems that need clinical
care.
13. • Disasters in developing countries have more
severe mental health impact that disasters
in developed countries.
14. Nature of Risk = Exposure (to hazard) x Vulnerability
Capacity to Cope
Summarize with…
“ Disasters are often described as a result of the
combination of the:
I. The exposure to hazard;
II. The conditions of vulnerability that are
present, and;
III. Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or
cope with the potential negative consequences.”
16. Activity 1: The Fish Bowl
Directions:
1. Write your name on 1/8 sheet of yellow paper.
2. Roll your paper and put it inside the first fish bowl.
3. On another 1/8 sheet of yellow paper, write your question
about disasters.
4. Roll your paper and put it inside the second fish bowl.
5. Your teacher will randomly pick from the first bowl the paper
bearing the name of your classmate who shall answer the
question that your teacher subsequently picks from the
second bowl.
6. The chosen student will be given a minute to answer the
question.
17. From Natural Event to Disaster
• When determining whether a natural event will
be categorized as a disaster, emergency managers
and responders need to know who and what is at
risk. In tailoring response to specific populations,
people may want to ensure warnings go out in
multiple languages and translators are available
in shelters if an area has a large foreign language
speaking population. A natural vent only
becomes a disaster when it impacts human life,
property, or livelihood.
20. Top 10 provinces that are risk to
earthquakes
1. Surigao del Sur
2. La Union
3. Benguet
4. Pangasinan
5. Pampanga
6. Tarlac
7. Ifugao
8. Davao Oriental
9. Nueva Vizcaya
10.Nueva Ecija
21. Top 10 provinces that are risk to
earthquakes-induced landslides
1. Ifugao
2. Lanao del Sur
3. Sarangani
4. Benguet
5. Mountain
province
6. Bukidnon
7. Aurora
8. Davao del Sur
9. Davao Oriental
10.Rizal
22. Top 10 provinces that are risk to
Volcanic eruptions
1. Batanes
2. Camiguin
3. Sulu
4. Biliran
5. Albay
6. Bataan
7. Sorsogon
8. South Cotabato
9. Laguna
10.Camarines Sur
23. Top 10 provinces that are risk to
Tsunamis
1. Sulu
2. Tawi-tawi
3. Basilan
4. Batanes
5. Guimaras
6. Romblon
7. Siquijor
8. Surigao del Norte
9. Camiguin
10.Masbate
25. A Biological Perspective on Disaster
• Many assumptions regarding the nation’s
need for disaster preparedness were
reassesses after 9/11. Among them was a
fuller appreciation of the fact that
preparedness had to include public health and
hospital personnel in its responder definition.
A basic priority for our country is a unified
emergency response to disasters.
26. Political Perspective on Disaster
Although governance failures can occur in
societies with stable governance systems, poorly
governed societies and weak states are almost
certain to exhibit deficiencies in disaster
governance. Various measures can be employed
to assess disaster governance; more research is
needed in this nascent field of study on factors
that contribute to effective governance and on
other topcs.
27. Social Marketing Perspective on Disaster
A social marketing approach to disaster
preparedness should be based on an
understanding of the factors that act as barriers
to people taking recommend self-protective
actions. As people experience a disaster, they
interact with family, neighbours, and friends for
help in interpreting and making meaning of the
disaster and in determining how they will
respond.
28. Psychological Perspective on Disaster
Psychological outcomes that could be classified into
six general categories – specific psychological
problems, nonspecific distress, health problems and
concerns, chronic problem in living, psychosocial
resource loss and problems specific to youth. There
were greater and more lasting negative
consequences to mental health for individual with
injury, threat to life stressors, and extreme personal
loss stressors, especially when coupled with high
community destruction.
29. Physical Science Perspective on Disaster
1. The intensity of the event: the damage to
structures, or to the natural environment, or
the levels of morbidity and mortality .
2. The event’s duration and timing; and
3. Its geographic scale.
-It has to suffocate our ability to recover.
-WHO defines disaster as an event involving 100 or more persons, with 10 or more deaths, an official disaster declaration, or an appeal for assistance. Disaster could be an insolated tornado.
For example earthquakes cause a lot of physical injury and fractures, flood cause drowning deaths and infections, chemical leaks cause toxic manifestations.
300 killed people in Pakistan
Climate change is a key element in the shifting nature of disaster risk for many communities; not only does it bring the increased risk of extreme weather events but it also increases the stress on many societies, for example through problems linked to water availability, food production and ecosystem change.
3. The highest risks are those that have gone through the disaster themeselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. The lower risk with lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage.
6. (natural en)Air quality, water quality, land degradation and contamination
6. (economic en) loss of livelihoods, loss of tourism activities, loss of employment, impact of donated foods
7.Loss of power, communications, internet, community infrastructure (public buildings, schools, and hospitals); transport serices such as rail transport infrastructure; loss of property
Armenian Earthquake
Mudslides in Mexico
Hurricane Andrew in US
- Vanuatu is the world’s most ‘st risk’ country for natural hazards according to a UN University World Risk Index.
Since 1968, PHIVOLCS has recorded twelve destructive earthquakes in the Philippines. This record includes the infamous July 16, 1990 Luzon earthquake w/c caused innumerable injuries and at least 1,100 deaths. Seismicity (geographic and historical distribution of earthquake events) is all over the country except in the Palawan region.
La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes, especially the deep-focused ones, due to Manila trench
Surigao del sur and davao oriental have earthquake hazards due to Philippine trench and nearby active faults
Frequency of shallow and left-lateral strike-slip earthquakes in Nueva Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, Eastern Pangasinan, Bengeut and La Union can be attributed to its location along the Philippine fault zone. However, Ifugao, despite having less earthquake occurences is at risk because of its very high vulnerability to disasters.
Ifugao, Lanao del sur and sarangani ranked ranked high because of their high vulnerability to disasters while Rizal ranked the lowest.
Bengeut, despite its low vulnerability, ranked fourth because of its high exposure factor or population density.
Aurora ranked higher than davao del sur and davao oriental despite its low vulnerability compared with the other two provinces. This due to the fact that the whole of Aurora is more susceptible to landslide that the other two provinces.
The Philippines lies within the ring of fire, a region of subduction zone volcanism surrounding the Pacific ocean. This explains the distribution of most volcanoes in the Philippines. In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo eruption was well known to be the most violent eruption in the 20th century. Philippine volcanoes are classified as active, inactive and potentially active. 22 historically active volcanoes are distributed all over the archipelago.
Camiguin has the highest risk because the land area is so small such that a volcanic erution can affect the whole province. Sulu ranked second because it has the most number of ctive and potentially active volcanoes.
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi took the top two seats because of their high potential fro tsunami owing to their location between two nearby trenches namely, Sulu trench and Cotabato trench. Moreover both provinces are also desely populated and have very high vulnerability. Similarly, most areas in Basilan and Romblon are high risk especially because they have been previously affected by tsunami.
