Indo China Relationship

1. INDO CHINA
RELATIONSHIP

2. EARLY HISTORY
India and China had relatively little modern
political contact before the 1950s.
However, both countries have had extensive and close
historical cultural contact since the 2nd century
BCE,especially with the transmission ofBuddhism from
India to China.
Trade relations via the Silk Road acted as
economic contact between the two regions.

3. MIDDLE AGES
After the transmission of Buddhism from India to China from
the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks
travelled to China, such as Batuo ( 464-495 CE)—first abbot
of the Shaolin Monastery—and Bodhidharma—founder
of Chan/Zen Buddhism.
while many Chinese scholars and monks also travelled to
India, such as Xuanzang (b. 604) and I Ching (635-713),
both of whom were students at Nalanda University in Bihar.


4. Xuanzang wrote the Great Tang Records on the Western
Regions, an account of his journey to India, which later
inspired Wu Cheng'en's Ming Dynastynovel Journey to the
West, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese
literature.

5. GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW

7. GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW
 China and India are separated by the formidable geographical obstacles of
the Himalayas. China and India today share a border along the Himalayas
with Nepal and Bhutan acting as buffer states. Parts of the
disputed Kashmir region claimed by India are claimed and administered by
either Pakistan (Azad Kashmirand Gilgit and Baltistan) or by the PRC (Aksai
Chin).
 The Government of Pakistan on its maps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly
within China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined" while India holds
that Aksai Chin is illegally occupied by the PRC.
 China and India also dispute most of Arunachal Pradesh at the far eastern end
of the Himalayas. However, both countries have agreed to respect the Line of
Actual Control here; the area just north of Tawang is seen as a
potential flashpoint.

8. SINO-SIKH WAR
 In the 18th to 19th centuries, the Sikh Confederacy of the Punjab region in India was expanding
into neighbouring lands. It had annexed Ladakh into the state of Jammu in 1834.
 In 1841, they invaded Tibet with an army and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces
defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to withdraw from Tibet, and in
turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh, where they were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army.
 At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhs were embroiled in
tensions with the British that would lead up to the First Anglo-Sikh War, while the Chinese was in
the midst of the First Opium War with the British East India Company.
 The Chinese and the Sikhs signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no
transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.

9. AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Jawaharlal Nehru based his vision of "resurgent Asia" on friendship
between the two largest states of Asia; his vision of an
internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of
the Panchsheel, which he initially believed was shared by China,
came to grief when it became clear that the two countries had a
conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a
geographical and political buffer zone, and where India believed
it had inherited special privileges from the British Raj.

10. PANCHSILA AGREEMENT
In April 1954 , India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement
on Tibet that set forth the basis of their relationship
 mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty.
 Mutual non-aggression.
 Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
 Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
 Peaceful co-existence

11. 1962 WAR
1962 Border disputes resulted in a short border war between
the People's Republic of China and India in 20 October 1962.
The border clash resulted in a crushing defeat of India as the
PRC pushed the Indian forces to within forty-eight kilometres of
the Assam plains in the northeast and occupied strategic
points in Ladakh, until the PRC declared a unilateral cease-
fire on 21 November and withdrew twenty kilometers behind its
contended line of control.

12. 1960-70
 India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi's Congress party lost the 1977 elections to Morarji
Desai'sJanata Party.
 The new Desai government sought to improve long-strained relations with
India and the PRC. In 1978, the Indian Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari
Vajpayee made a landmark visit to Beijing, and both nations officially re-
established diplomatic relations in 1979.
 The PRC modified its pro-Pakistan stand on Kashmir and appeared willing to
remain silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its special advisory
relationship with Bhutan.

13. 1980-90
 In 1984, squads of soldiers began actively patrolling the Sumdorong Chu Valley
in ArunachaIndian l Pradesh (formerly NEFA), which is north of the McMahon Line as
drawn on the Simla Treaty map but south of the ridge which Indian claims is meant to
delineate the McMahon Line. The Sumdorong Chu valley "seemed to lie to the north of
the McMahon line; but is south of the highest ridge in the area, and the McMahon line
is meant to follow the highest points“
 according to the Indian claims, whilst the Chinese did not recognise the McMahon
Line as legitimate and were not prepared to accept an Indian claim line even further
north than that. The Indian team left the area before the winter.
 In the winter of 1986, the Chinese deployed their troops to the Sumdorong Chu before
the Indian team could arrive in the summer and built a Helipad at Wandung.Surprised
by the Chinese occupation, India's then Chief of Army Staff,General K.Sundarji, airlifted
a brigade to the region

14. CONTD…
A warming trend in relations was facilitated by Rajiv
Gandhi's visit to China in December 1988. The two sides
issued a joint communiqué that stressed the need to
restore friendly relations on the basis of the Panch Shila
and noted the importance of the first visit by an Indian
prime minister to China since Nehru's 1954 visit.

15. As the mid-1990s approached, slow but steady
improvement in relations with China was visible. Top-level
dialogue continued with the December 1991 visit of PRC
premier Li Peng to India and the May 1992 visit to China
of Indian president R. Venkataraman. Six rounds of talks of
the Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue
were held between December 1988 and June 1993

16. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Premier Li
Peng signed the border agreement and three
other agreements, primarily dealing with cross-
border trade, and on increased cooperation on
environmental issued (e.g. Pollution, Animal
extinction, Global Warming, etc.) and in radio
and television broadcasting during the former's
visit to Beijing in September.

17. 2000-10
With Indian President K. R. Narayanan's visit to China,
2000 marked a gradual re-engagement of Indian and
Chinese diplomacy. In a major embarrassment for
China, the 17th Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who was
proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from
Tibet to the Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim.

20. THE UNREASON DISPUTE
 On July 6, 2006, China and India re-opened Nathula, an ancient trade route which was part of
the Silk Road. Nathula is a pass through the Himalayas and it was closed 44 years prior to 2006
when the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962. The initial agreement for the re-opening of the
trade route was reached in 2003, and a final agreement was formalised on June 18, 2006.

21. THE UNREASON DISPUTE
 In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over claim of the north-
east Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. India claimed that China was
occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in Kashmir, while China
claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.
 In May 2007, China denied the application for visa from an Indian
Administrative Service officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to China, since
Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not need a visa to visit his
own country.[46] Later in December 2007, China appeared to have reversed its
policy by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal born professor in
computer science.
 In January 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited China and met with
President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao and had bilateral discussions
related to trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues.

22. In October 2009, Asian Development Bank formally acknowledging
Arunachal Pradesh as part of India, approved a loan to India for a
development project there. Earlier China had exercised pressure on the
bank to cease the loan, however India succeeded in securing the loan with
the help of the United States and Japan. China expressed displeasure
at ADB

23. SIMLA ACCORD 1913
The Simla Accord, or the Convention Between Great Britain, China,
and Tibet, [in] Simla,[1] is a treaty concerning the status
of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of
China, Tibet and the United Kingdom in Simla in 1913 and 1914.
• Until 2008 the British Government's position remained the
same as had been since the Simla Accord of 1913: that China
held suzerainty over Tibet but not sovereignty. Britain revised
this view on 29TH October 2008, when it recognised Chinese
sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a statement on its website

24. PRESENT STATUS

25. PRESENT STATUS
 Mr Xi has invited Mr Modi to visit China. The leadership of the two countries should provide strategic
direction and meet regularly, Mr Xi said after the two leaders met at the Hyderabad House.
 China has committed investments worth $20 billion in India over the next five years, Mr Modi said. "I invited
Chinese investment in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. I am glad two Chinese industrial parks will
be built in India," the Prime Minister said. "The five-year economic and trade development plan is an
important step."
 The two countries have also decided to initiate talks on civil nuclear cooperation. The announcement is
part of the Modi government's push to broaden its nuclear energy sector and comes on the heels of a
deal India struck this month to buy uranium from Australia to increase its fuel supplies.
 Among the 12 agreements India and China signed today is a Memorandum of Understanding on
"peaceful uses of outer space".
 They have also signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in Railways. The two neighbours
have agreed to first work to raise the speed on an existing rail section from Chennai to Mysore via
Bangalore.

26.  Mr Modi said China will open an additional route to Kailash Mansarovar via Nathu La. The
decision he said, would help more Indians reach Kailash Mansarovar, in particular the old, as
transportation on motorcycles would be available on the new route. "I would like to thank Xi
Jinping on behalf of all Indians for a new route to Kailash Mansarovar," Mr Modi said. "This road
will remain safe during the rainy season, too."
 Shanghai and Mumbai will be sister cities. A similar agreement was signed in Gujarat on
Wednesday for Ahmedabad and Guangzhou to be sister cities.
 Mr Xi said China would support India in becoming a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation - a regional security body whose largest members are China and Russia.
 "Respect for each other's sensitivities and concerns and peace and stability in our relations and
along our borders are essential," PM Modi said, speaking to reporters after a one-on-one
meeting with President Xi.
 President Xi, the first Chinese president to visit India in eight years, has brought along with him a
business delegation of 135 Chinese CEOs.