Pierluigis Influences

Pierluigis Influences
The Golden Age was a time where music flourished and transitioned into something new. Giovanni
Pierluigi da Palestrina was quite an Italian musician who embodied all the ideas of this "Golden
Age." He evolved and transitioned through many places in his musical career. He is considered by
many to be one of the finest most renowned Renaissance composers ever. Pierluigi, in the assumed
year of 1525, could be sooner or a litter later, was born in a town called Palestrina which was near
Rome. This is where the "da Palestrina" in his name as a musical composer would come from.
Pierluigi started his learning in Rome where he ended up starting and finishing his musical
education. He went from a simple choir boy to an outstanding composer. His patron ... Show more
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Out of over 100 masses he had a really famous one that is still played in Catholic churches to this
day called Missa Papae Marcelli and was written for a pope. This piece contains seven sections and
was written for six voices and is polyphonic which a well–liked style was at this time. Around the
time of its release there was a big debate over if polyphone should be banned and the push towards
monophony was considered. Many people believe he wrote Missa Papae Marcelli to change the
minds of the council who wanted music changed. It just so happens the council did change their
minds, however, historians believe that the piece was NOT written for that purpose so many people
consider it a myth. Another famous piece of his would be a motet he wrote called: Sicut Cervus.
Sicut cervus is well known and thought to be one of the main motets that captures the true idea of
Renaissance counterpoint. This motet about love has a good polyphonic flow and a good melody
and is very pretty which amplifies its lyrics of love. He is famous for many of his religious masses,
secular madrigals and his counterpoint music, many people and religious leaders enjoyed his styling
and
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Satire, Stain Glass And The Hagia Sophia
Throughout the course of the class, we have examined multiple forms of art across the span of
multiple centuries. Three pieces I believe have influence the way western culture has evolved today
is satire, stain glass and the Hagia Sophia. These pieces have changed the way society has and is
changing. Though I did not find the Forum of Trajan, the Magnus Liber Organi, and the Sistine
Chapel as important as the aforementioned, they have expanded my appreciation and understanding
of western art.
The first piece of art I consider important is not a piece within itself. I would say the art of satire is
very important to western culture. The goal of satire was to criticize society in a humorous way that
encourages the improvement of said society. The satirists had hopes that this would correct social
evils by laughing at them. For example in Johnathan Swift's, Gulliver's Travels, uses different
encounters to emphasize political corruption and mock the vices of the humans in his novel. This
piece has one example of the most common vices found in humans; bickering, gluttony and avarice.
Swift wanted to show that humans were at fault for their cruelty and failures because they were
given reason. This style is unique because many of the pieces were absurd in the suggestions. The
pieces would suggest things such as eating children (A Modest Proposal), mock social climbers and
degenerate nobles (Marriage a la Mode). Satire is significant to our cultural history because it was a

Article Critique Of Joshua Palkki
Article Critique of Joshua Palkki (2015) American music teachers need to understand and meet the
needs of their Latino/a students, and Palkki (2015) researches approaches that would aid music
educators, specifically high school choir directors, in reaching and serving this population in his
article "If it fits into their Culture, then they will have a Connection: experiences of two Latina
students in a select high school choir." Palkki (2015) presents a qualitative case study regarding two
Latina students in which Palkki (2015) seeks to learn about their choral experiences and thereby
discover avenues to improve choral teaching methods. A literature review is presented and after this
the case study of these two students was explained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following this strong introduction, Palkki moves the audience into his literature review.
Literature Review The literature review in this article was organized concisely and included research
looking at different aspects in this gap of understanding and education among choral teachers and
Latino/a students. Palkki (2015) begins his literature review with a story from Lum and Campbell
(2009) and their study of a Latina student. Palkki (2015) uses his literature to convey the importance
that choral teachers do need to examine avenues for better serving their Latino/a population. After
further establishing this point, the article moves on to show further research that music education is
not currently serving this group of students; furthermore, efforts regarding "multicultural music
education" are not effectively reaching students as teachers need to take a step further (Pallki 2015).
Thus, Palkki (2015) comes to his final point in the literature review of "culturally relevant music
education" (Palkki, 2015, p. 4). Within this section, Palkki 2015 shows the importance of being
culturally relevant and transitions into explaining his case study. This literature review was
thorough, well organized, and further established Palkki's point of researching music education and
the Latino/a population.
Case Study The case study of this article did an excellent job of helping the audience appreciate the
challenges facing Latino/a

The Renaissance : An Era Of Rebirth And Reformation
The Renaissance was an era of rebirth and reformation, which brought about awareness of various
cultures. It was a period of intellectual improvement because there was a new enthusiasm for
learning. Also, there was an increasing focus in humanism, which emphasized the importance of
individualization. Numerous improvements in literature, art, music, and philosophy led to
developments that still influence today's way of living. The exploration of the new world allowed
the natural beauty of the world to be exposed and allowed for the discovery of foreign lands. Music
played a huge role during the Renaissance Era. It was an essential part of the religious, political, and
economic lifestyles in Europe. Several composers brought about original ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to sacred music, there was secular music. Secular music of the Renaissance was the
music everyone listened to outside of church. These songs were often written in the form of a
chanson or a madrigal. Secular chansons were poems set to music written in the style of a
monophonic or polyphonic harmony. The poetry was typically courtly, and the music included the
use of instruments. Madrigals were also poems in the form of music, but they were normally short,
lyrical love poems. Either soloists or ensembles would play dance music to accompany the love
poems and would typically perform in the court. Madrigals became popular among the aristocrats,
and they included humor, satire, politics, and current events.
As the years passed, secular music began to influence the sacred music of the Roman Catholic
Church. The Council of Trent, who oversaw the Church, thought sacred music had been corrupted
by the complex polyphony of secular music. They believed the cantus firmus of the secular music
was causing the length of mass to be increased by a significant amount. The Council of Trent
wanted the music to return to its simplified state. Sacred music was created for the liturgical
celebration of divine worship, and the council strongly believe secular music was disrupting this
sense of holiness.
One of the most influential composers and musicians of the Renaissance Era was Guillaume Dufay.
He was known for both his sacred and secular music.

Music History : Response Paper
Music History 1 Response Paper 2 Mallory Pearson Music History 1 Kristine Poulsen During the
renaissance, Europe went through many changes politically, socially, and psychologically. Most of
this change was due to the reformation of the church, and the humanist movement. The humanist
movement focuses on revisiting Greek ideas, and the church supported these thinkers, artists, and
musicians (Oxford). The church slowly became morphed with politics, to the point where the church
was also the law. Different churches wanted to attract new patrons, so they tried to impress others
through the use of art and music, and no longer just their words. The hundred year 's war brought
about many conflicts between nations, which cause the exchange of land through politics and
diplomacy. This caused a spread of different works of tradition, religion, music, and art. The short
reign of King Henry VIII 's son, King Edward VI is a great example of this, when he brought
Protestantism to England, and the country has been switching between Catholicism and
Protestantism ever sense. Many other monarchs established their own churches, which had their
own different beliefs, art, and music. During this time was also the discovery of the new world, and
the push to colonize. Martin Luther was a very big political and psychological reformer during the
renaissance. He was one of the first to point out the flaws of the Catholic Church (Grout). He was
also the first to create a

The Life Of Josquin Des Prez 's Early Life Remains A Mystery
HISTORICAL BACKGROUD Though much of Josquin des Prez's early life remains a mystery, it is
believed that he was either born in Hainaut (Belgium) or in France. For quite a while des Prez's was
believed to have been born in 1440 but recent studies have found that he was actually born some
years later, closer to the year 1450. After his father died around 1466, des Prez aunt and uncle, Gille
Lebloitte dit des Prez and Jacque Banestonne, renamed him their heir and in their will his name is
written Josquin Lebloitte. MUSICAL STYLE Josquin was deemed as the center of the Franco–
Flemish school, which is a style of polyphonic music that from the Burgundy States around the 15th
century. Josquin composed a wide variety of music. He did both sacred and secular and utilized all
of the vocal forms that existed in his time such as masses, motets, chansons and frottole. Masses are
"a musical setting for the texts used in the Christian Church at the celebration of the Mass, or
sacrament of Communion. Most Masses have been written for use in the Roman Catholic Church."
A motet is a composition based on biblical or prose text polyphonically styled. Chansons are
different types of songs that contain French lyrics. And frottole or frottola is "a secular part–song of
Italy of the 15th and 16th centuries that is largely homophonic and has the music repeated with each
verse" His work was very highly regarded in his time so much so that it was said to have even been

Sicut Cervus Essay
Analysis 5
Sicut Cervus
Intro:
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer of spiritual music and the
best
known 16th
century representative of the Roman School of musical composition. He has had a
marvelous influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the
culmination of Renaissance polyphony. Palestrina's masses show how his compositional style
developed over time. One of the symbols of Palestrina's music is that dissonances are typically
credited to the "weak" beats in a measure.This produced a smoother and more consonant type of
polyphony which we now consider late Renaissance music, given Palestrina's position as Europe's
leading composer. In this piece, Sicut Cervus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The translation of the piece is " As a deer longs for springs of water, so my soul longs for you, O
God".
The Strategic Plan
Palestrina had a simple but complex way when it came to his strategic plan in this piece. The piece
is textdriven as is written as a simile. Palestrina used Aesthetic appeal, emotional power, and
intellectual depth to make this piece a true masterpiece. Part of Palestrina is strategic plan was to
write the piece as a simile. He used the translation from Psalm 42, " As a deer longs for springs of
water, so my soul longs for you". First off, this line is represented throughout the motet, like a
simile. The deer longing for springs of water is a simile as to how the soul longs for God. Each part
is put into three sections, because Palestrina is comparing " As a deer longs for springs of water" and
" my soul longs for you". Palestrina also uses "so" or "ita" to put the simile together, he uses this to
show what is being compared and to help show that the deer longs for water is the same as the soul
longs for God. Palestrina also shows text
painting when has the notes flowing just like the flowing of
water when it says water. The springs of water is a comparison to God. Also, he when it states in the
piece ," my soul longs" the notes go down because the soul is connected to Earth. This is also a
connection to how the notes go higher when it reaches God because God is up in heaven. As a
result, the strategic plan was to make the piece a simile and

Essay about Music: The Change from Spiritual to Secular
The time between 1485 and 1660 marked a period of new beginnings for the people living in
England; this time is known as the Renaissance. In England, the people were challenging their past
beliefs; where before the Renaissance, England thrived basing their lives, government, and music
off of God and his principles alone. During these one–hundred and seventy–five years, the English
people started questioning their original principles about religion and established a yearning for
information and proof based off of science instead of God. This desire caused many changes to form
in England. The Renaissance period quickly became known as the rebirth of knowledge named by
the change from God's knowledge to the knowledge of man. The Renaissance ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The masses in the religious services had to be sung a cappella in this specific order or it was
considered a disgrace and ruined the sacred pieces. The high priests of the Catholic churches were
very strict on how the sacred music was sung and preserved. With the change at hand in spiritual
music, the Catholic high priests had to do something to correct the problems. The high priests felt
that the secular feel and style of music that was becoming evident in spiritual music was tainting the
sacred message in these pieces. The Council of Trent was called into affect to address this
reoccurring issue. The Council of Trent lasted for eighteen years all of which used to decide the
correct and just way to solve this musical predicament. The Council deliberated on this topic and
came to agreement that the reason for the issue was the "irrelevant attitude of the church musicians"
(Augusta County Public Schools). During the Council of Trent, certain instruments were banned
from spiritual music, encouraging and a cappella style once again. These instruments were forbidden
because of the secular influence that was invading the purity of the sacred music of the bible. There
was many uprising that came from The Council of Trent and the decisions made. Many

Essay on Motet Development
The motet was one of the most important forms of polyphonic music from 1250 to 1750. The Italian
mottetto was originally a profane polyphonic species of music, the air, or melody, being in the Tenor
clef, taking the then acknowledged place of the canto fermo or plainchant, theme. It originated in the
13th century resulting from the practice of Pérotin and his contemporaries in Paris. The term
"motet" can be translated as "the word of movement". Sometimes two upper voices had different
words. In the beginning, Latin texts involving topics of the Virgin Mary were used. Later, French
secular pieces became common due to the fact that the motet terminated its connection with church
and liturgy. Between the years 1390 and 1435, Dunstable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Artists used a variety of newer principles and techniques, utilizing mostly Marian texts and
combining vocal and instrumental pairs of voices. For three–part song motets, Guillaume Dufay
utilized a treble–dominated texture derived from the chanson which is a lyrical composition of
French words. More specifically, it is a French polyphonic song of the late Middle Ages and
Renaissance. Johannes Brasart, a Walloon like Dufay, whose name appears among the pontifical
singers in 1431, composed motets, including a four–part "Fortis cum quevis actio" and a critically
acclaimed "Ave Maria". The next generation of composers included Johannes Ockeghem and
Antoine Busnois. Okeghem was a priest, and was principal chaplain to Charles VII of France and, to
Louis XI, canon and treasurer of St. Martins at Toursbeing. His motet, "Alma Redemptoris",
displays much contrapuntal ingenuity, and he also wrote a motet for thirty–six voices, probably
performed by six choirs of six voices each. Binchois, a native of Flanders left some three–part
motets. They include "Beata Dei Genitrix", but the treatment of his works today is strictly
referential, and some say that his works cannot at all be compared to the works of Dunstable Power
or Dufay. He died in 1460. Like Dufay, he was a priest and canon of Mons. The motet built on a
tenor cantus firmus became important to

Notes Mus 110
The liturgy refers to the set order of services and structure of each service True The text Alleluia, O
virgamediatrix is from which portion of the Mass? The Proper The texts of the Mass service that are
specific to a particular feast day are called the Ordinary. False Gregorian chant features regularly
phrased melodic lines supported by instrumental accompaniment. F Early notation used neumes,
little ascending and descending signs written above the words that suggested the shape of the
melodic line. True The text of the Kyrie has a Greek text The Kyrie is not a part of the Mass. false
Music performed with exchanges between a soloist and chorus is called responsorial singing The
two main services for the Roman Catholic Church ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vocal range in the work Puisqu'enoubli is low, best suited for men's voices. True
Machaut'sPuisqu'enoubli is best classified as secular music Which era does
Puisqu'enoubliexemplifyArs Nova The lower two voices in Sumer is icumen in sing short repeated
ideas known as an ostinato The constant imitation from beginning to end in between the voices of
Sumer is icumen in is characteristic of its genre, which is a round Instrumental music in the Middle
Ages was generally improvised rather than played from notation. True Which composer lived and
worked during the Ars nova. Guillaume de Machaut The recorder, lute, and hammered dulcimer all
were categorized into which group in the Middle Ages? Pas Puisqu'enoubli is in a triple meter with
gently syncopated rhythms. True Poet–musicians in Germany in the Middle Ages were known as
Minnesinger Which of the following was NOT an activity associated with secular music in medieval
society? Devotional services In which poetic form is Machaut's chanson Puisqu'enoubli set?
Rondeau What event inspired Raimbaut to write his famous epic. The Crusades To which category
of medieval instruments do the sackbut, crumhorn, cornetto, tabor, and nakers

Renaissance Era Research Paper
Music Appreciation Final Research paper
Famous Composers in the Renaissance Period
Elora Lissandrello
South Piedmont Community College
The Renaissance Period started in 1430 and ended in about 1600. It immediately followed the
middle Ages. The Renaissance Period represents the rebirth from the fourteenth through the middle
of the seventeenth centuries, this type of music was mainly in Italy. The Renaissance Period can be
described as many different things, individualism, exploration and the rebirth of human creativity.
This period started the movement for uniqueness and creativeness and difference. The composers of
this time could be creative and write however they wanted and all the pieces of this period sounded
different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He wrote pieces for the church, vocal music, consort music, and keyboard music. Although he was a
Catholic, his loyalty cost him considerable trouble in times of persecution in England. He served as
a member of the Chapel Royal, providing music for the liturgy of the Church of England and for his
fellow Catholics. Byrd's church compositions was separated into two separate categories, one for the
Catholic liturgy and one was designed for the officially recognized Church of England. The first
category includes a Mass for three, four or five voices. He also had many works for the church for
the different seasons. For the Church of England he wrote a Great Service and three other service
settings, using Anglican liturgy. There are also a number of anthems, psalm settings and consort
songs with sacred texts. He also wrote a number of consort songs, which used quite a few different
instruments. Byrd provided music for various groups of instruments, usually to be performed in
homogeneous ensembles and generally on viols. Byrd was mostly well–known as a keyboard player.
He wrote most of his music for the virginals and song variations. The Earl of Salisbury Pavan and
Galliard is a familiar recital

High School Concert Choir Report
The Mount Eden High School Concert Choir that performed at the First Presbyterian Church were
truly astonishing. This concert took place on May 4th at 7:30 PM.The director of this choir is Ken
Rawdon, and he has been teaching the choirs at Mount Eden High School for a long time. This choir
is a high school choir, and they are one of the best choirs in the state. They even have gotten 1st
place at Golden State numerous times! This concert was a very enjoyable concert, and it was filled
with a variety of music; all the pieces were very interesting and well–sung. The choices of songs
that were sung throughout the concert were mostly religious, and all of them had some cool sounds
that the singers made by themselves. When the women's' parts came in, the notes had a tendency to
be really high, which put more power into the song that they were singing. Many of the songs were
in a variety of languages, and they were also very difficult to sing, musically. The appearance of the
Mount Eden High School Concert Choir was very professional. They had good posture, so ... Show
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The song was very meaningful and very mesmerizing. My least favorite song was "Leonardo
Dreams of His Flying Machine" because the diction in that song was not good, it sounded as if the
song went too fast, and the solo percussionists weren't loud enough to make a significant difference
to the song. If the percussion was heard more clearly, the song would have been more meaningful. It
also would have sounded better, with the fast words and all. Overall, the concert was really good
and had lovely songs. This was a concert that had really good vowels, and all of their songs sounded
good for the most part. With all of their musical talents, it is not a shock that Mount Eden High
School Concert Choir was first place in the

A Report on Lifeline for Children’s Choir Directors Essay
Mrs. Bartle employs a little bit of four of each of the methods shared in (the vocal pedagogy) class.
She uses a lot of the Westminister method but borrows from the others. The others she borrows from
are Christiansen, Fred Warning and Wilson/Klein. Much of what she writes, is from her own life's
career experiences as a choral director. The first subject she deals with is the director's attitude. A
director should have a positive attitude. (p. 3, Bartle)
In chapter two she discusses the development of a child's voice in a mechanistic way. She wants the
'flutety' sound of a child's voice developed, between the ages 6–8. (ps. 7–9) This reminds me of the
Westminister method. She tells how to help a child that has problems sing on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Any conductor should study rubato, by listening to some great artists in the past of keyboard, solo
voice and chorale conducting. (p. 29) She gives exercises on how to achieve good balance and blend
in a choir. (p. 20) How to conduct children's choirs is discussed in the following pages of this book.
She describes each 'step' and how to do them carefully: how to introduce music to the choir, what
the choir director should read, how to study a score and practice conducting it, if a conductor should
mouth or use a baton while conducting. To produce artistically played music, she believes that strict
technique must be combined with musical ability. (ps. 31–3)
She tells how to recruit for a school primary choir, grades 1– 3. In September she has the 2nd and
3rd graders sing familiar songs alone or with a friend. She then hands out letters to all the third
graders, and half of the second graders. First graders are not in the music classroom until after
Christmas. She wants about 55 voices in this choir. She then sends a letter home to the parents
containing information on the time and place for rehearsals and programs, requested information on
the child, concerts, uniforms, and the rules. (p. 35) A seating plan and the way the chairs are set up
are two of the physical factors that help make a good choir rehearsal. She advises to have a seating
plan that organizes the children by height, voice and conduct; putting the ones that 'apt' to
misbehave with those that

Renaissance Music : Heinrich Isaac
In the 1400s, was one of the most important piece was the Old Hall Manuscript because it is the
largest collection of English polyphony, containing mostly Mass movements and motets (varied
vocal compositions). The most extraordinary contrapuntal achievement of the 1400s was the Missa
Prolationum, by Johannes Ockeghem (Simms et al.). The most important Franco–Flemish composer
is Heinrich Isaac because of his vast knowledge in his secular and sacred music, such as Choralis
Constantinus and Innsbruck ich muss dich lassen ("Heinrich Isaac...:"). Tablature also developed
during this time, which directed a performers' fingers to a specific spot on an instrument, as well as
intabulation, which was a piece of music notated in tablature and specifically for certain solo
instruments such as lutes (a pear–shaped instrument with six sets of strings called courses) and
keyboards. By the 1500s, the number of organs in churches was two and the most popular
instrument was the lute. Consorts (groups of instruments from same family that played together) and
broken consorts (instruments of different families that played together) were used in performances.
The prelude also made its' debut, which was a preliminary piece that comes immediately before and
introduces the main musical event. The 1500s was the middle of the Renaissance era. The most
popular genres of vocal music were: chanson (songs), madrigals (secular, vocal compositions),
Masses, and motets. In the late 1500s, Queen Elizabeth

The Evolution of the Motet Essay
The Evolution of the Motet
The Evolution of the Motet
Throughout the history of music, there have been few styles that not only have opened doors to
masterwork compositions in their own genres, but have also led the way to other musical techniques
over the musical eras and one of these magical music styles is the motet. The motet can easily be
confused with other musical structures but what separates the motet from other types of group–
performance based styles of music is "a piece of music in several parts with words."1 This is the
closest definition of motet as can be said without overgeneralization and will operate from the
beginning of the 13th century well into the late 16th century and beyond. Some scholars ... Show
"Medieval motets tended to be isorhythmic; that is, they employed repeated rhythmic patterns in all
voices–not only the cantus firmus–which did not necessarily coincide with repeating melodic
patterns."2 This new isorhythmic principle, brought on mostly by the composer Machaut, was used
not only in the tenor voice but also rather with much more freedom in the upper voice parts. The
application of discant over a cantus firmus marked the beginnings of this new revolutionary style,
the motet, in Western music. The key motet composers in the medieval period were few in number;
Phillip de Vitry and Machaut were one of the earliest composers to institute the isorhythmic
technique, which set the style for other medieval composers like Willelmus de Winchecumbe.
Guillaume de Machaut was a more famous named late–medieval composer to institute the discant
which caught on in other music styles and only helped to evolve the motet into its later stylings.
These composers helped carry the motet to the new Flemish motet style.
The Flemish style of motets marked the peak of the motet, in my opinion. The Flemish motet was
more polished and refined while in contrast, the medieval motet was a diamond in the rough.

Influences On Musical Notation In The Middle Ages
A brief essay on two influences on musical notation in the middle ages
Modern musical notation as we know it can be directly credited to the Catholic Church. The
Catholic church being a primary influence in Western history, the church had many resources and
was source of education. While there are a variety of rudimentary music notations pre 9th century
the foundation of music notation as we know it is due to an Italian Benedictine monk, Guido de'
Azzero, who invented solfege, a vocal scale we know as do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do but was
introduced as ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. This scale was a huge breakthrough for vocalists that were
struggling to learn new chants in the late 900's but has had a lasting effect as this is the same scale
vocalists use today. Along with this he introduced the four line staff, a fifth would be added as music
became more complex. Now vocalists could read the pitch, and learning new pieces of chant
became a much easier task. But how long should those notes be held? We have the pitch and scale,
but when does the vocalist move on to the next note without guessing or being prompted? ... Show
This treatise had a wide influence on composers for it clarity and logic, specifically in regards to
note duration which is that a notes shape could indicate its length. Franco of Cologne introduced the
longa, brevis, and the semibrevis, the semibreve becoming the modern whole note. With this
composers could write music with rhythmic variety. Thus we are introduced to the foundation of
mensural notation, that would become the modern bar notation. Although there are no known
surviving pieces of music by Franco of Cologne, a form of motet was named after him, the
Franconian Motet, an example of this is Amours mi font/En mai/Flos filius

A Brief Look at William Byrd
While researching the style period the Renaissance, I came about the composer William Byrd. He
played a large role in the paper I instructed and thus caught my attention. I chose William Bryd as
the subject for this paper merely because according to "The Top 8 Renaissance Composer" Article
by Aaron Green, he was considered by many to be a "genius" on the keyboard and perhaps the
greatest English composer of all time. Other aspect about William Bryd I found interesting was his
interact with Queen Elizabeth I and Thomas Tallis, and this major works like "Latin motets or
Cantiones Sacrae" along with many more.
William Byrd's early life is unknown; He is believed to have been born in London sometime
between 1539 and 1545. The exact date is unclear. He was one of seven children. He had four
sisters, Alice, Barbara, Mary, and Martha and two brothers, Simon and John. His parents were
Thomas and Margery Byrd. There is no written record of William Byrd's education, however he was
a well–educated man, able to read and write very well in this time. William married in 1568 to a
Juliana. They then had seven children and a lifelong happy marriage. He eventually after a strong
career as a composer or chorister died on July 4th 1623 in a small village of Essex and was buried in
an unmarked grave. William was a top composer in the Renaissance era and composed a large
number of astounding musical pieces. Many believe that William Byrd outdid any other composers
of his era and called him "a

Machaut Motet Analysis
Did you know that Guillaume de Machaut was both a French poet and Musician? While not
commonly known, his poetry is known for its puns, vivid imagery and encryptions. In the realm of
music, Machaut influenced the forms fixes of the virelai, rondeau, ballade and inspired poets and
composers of this time to write for this genre. Machaut is also known for the first polyphonic setting
of the Mass Ordinary as a coherent cycle. (Evans 2013) A major catalyst of the time, Machaut's
"Messe de Nostre Dame" features fourteenth–century polyphonic music, which influenced later
composers of the time. Guillaume de Machaut (~1300–1377) was born in Northern France. He was
a leading composer of the French Ars Nova movement, and also expanded upon the concept of
motets. He also made the first solo polyphonic cycle of the Mass Ordinary (Evans 2013) Machaut is
primarily known for his work of Messe de Nostre Dame, the first polyphonic setting of the Mass
Ordinary as a coherent cycle. In Messe de Nostre Dame, Machaut is attributed to a single, named
composer for his composition of a single cycle mass, whereas other fourteenth century cycles are
anonymous, or are thought to have been assembled from the repertoires of several composers, or
both. Machaut presented this mass as a canon of Reims Cathedral primarily as a votive mass in
honour of the Virgin Mary. All of the movements are based on a plainchant version of the
appropriate element of the Ordinary. An example

Dufay's Motets
It has often been said that the study of the history of music is the study of the music itself. To fully
understand why a composer wrote in the style that they did or used a certain instrument a person
must first understand the period itself and the challenges that were presented. A plethora of factors
determines whether a composer will be successful such as training, location, influence, wealth etc.
Composers develop on occurring musical concepts while conveying their own perceptions to
progress the productivity and ambition of the music. Most composers of the Renaissance wrote
sacred music like masses and motets, which are unaccompanied choral works which are grounded in
the sacred Latin text. Others, also wrote secular music, like chansons ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was of Flemish descent, which is in the area known as the Netherlands. This is where Dufay
traveled and composed, and the similarities are apparent. The resemblances are remarkable; like
Dufay, Josquin went to Italy and was a member of the papal choir, and composed sacred masses and
motets, and composed secular works in French and Italian. Additionally, like Dufay, Josquin
composed for four voices. On the other hand, he took a unique approach. Josquin's novelties
involved making the music effectually convey the text by accentuating the correct emphasis of the
words. This permitted the music to enrich the text, rather than just make it sound lovelier. Josquin
also altered textures within a song: not all the singers sang at the same time all the time. Instead,
there would be sometimes when there were two singers, while other times, three or even four singers
would be singing. Specifically, he modernized the motet with a similar method called imitative
polyphony, where the text is reverberated between high–pitched and low–pitched voices. Josquin
was considered an expert of church music by many, including Martin Luther, who proclaimed him
as 'the master of the notes.' Josquin was known for his dazzling use of imitative counterpoint and
passionate sacred choral music. The musical journey that Dufay and Josquin took was very similar
and very

Printing Press Impact
The printing press is often overlooked when it comes to the impact it had on music and music
notation. The first impact the printing press made on music was making reproduction of music more
widely available. This made it easy for the average person to read, sing, and play music. The
printing press made it possible for composers to distribute their music. This led to the ability to
purchase music from varied artist. Finally, the printing press allowed for music to be at social
events. With the printing press people could gather with family and friends in informal situations
and enjoy each other company. Music became more social and enjoyable, even leading to some
people to preform as an entertainer to make money.
There were two types of music ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Opera is described as the relationship between words and music. Opera is dramatic staged
secular vocal work with orchestral accompaniment .Consisting of alternating recitatives, arias, and
chorus numbers. Soloists, solo ensembles, choruses, dancing, dramatic action, costumes, staging are
all components of opera. It was important because it added interest in dramas and music and it
created interest is homophonic texture. Cantata was another important Baroque style. Cantata
extended solo or choral work. It was created for Lutheran worship service. Cantatas include
harmonized chorales, polyphonic choruses, arias, recitatives, solo ensembles, and instrumental
accompaniment. Oratorio is dramatic work for chorus, solo voices, and orchestra. It is similar to
cantata except it is longer and to a larger scale. Most were based on biblical texts to teach and
entertain. Chamber music works for solo instruments performing together in small ensembles. Trio
Sonatas were important chamber music pieces during the Baroque Period. Church sonatas would be
performed in church. Chamber sonatas were meant for concert performance. Finally, orchestra
varied in size and instrumentation. This style was favored by royalty and wealthy families. Most
court orchestra were made up only bowed stringed instruments although woodwinds and others
were gradually

The Staggering Number of Styles and Genres of Lutheran...
CHAPTER 1
ERHARD BODENSCHATZ AND THE FLORILEGIUM POTENSE
Lutheran church music in its first two and a half centuries can be characterized by the incorporation
of a staggering variety of styles and musical genres. Plainchant, imitative polyphony, and chorale
hymnody existed alongside one another, and composers such as Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672) and
Johann Hermann Schein (1586–1630) were among the first to synthesize elements of Monteverdi's
seconda pratica with a fully German practice. Fruits of this multi–style crosspollination, whether a
continuo based melodic–harmonic framework, polychoral textures, use of the solo voice or obligato
instruments, all paved the way for the apex of this tradition, the concerted vocal works of J.S. Bach.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Far from being an element that should be purged from the new forms of worship being developed at
this time, Luther allowed for coexistence of both Latin and German. Latin was the language of
scholarly writing and diplomacy, and to remove it entirely he believed would be detrimental to the
education of youth at the time. In the preface to his Deutsche Messe und Ordnung (German Mass
and Order of Divine Service) of 1526, Luther wrote:
For by no means would I have the Latin language completely removed from the divine service, as
my chief concern is with the youth. If I could bring to pass that Greek and Hebrew were as familiar
to us as the Latin, and offered as much good music and song, we would hold mass, sing and read on
successive Sundays in all four languages: German, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew."
Luther also acknowledged that building up a repertory of high quality German–texted music which
could replace the inheritance of Latin hymnody would take considerable time. Referring to the
Roman Liturgy in the Diet of Ausburg of 1530, Luther wrote:
"The best feature of these services is the fact that the fine seasonal Latin hymns have remained,
although,

Josquin Desprez Research Paper
Jessica Hafner
Professor Keates
Music 101
February 11, 2016
Josquin Desprez Josquin Desprez is one of the best known composers during the Renaissance
period. Not much is known about his early life, and it is speculated that his birthdate was during the
year 1450, likely in Picardie which is a region north of Paris. He died August 27, 1521. Although
there are many theories about his education, training, and career, it seems that he really started his
rise to fame in the 1470's when he became a singer for the courts of René I of Anjou and later began
to work for the ruling family of Milan, the Sforza's. In 1499 he became a choirmaster to Duke
Ercole I of Ferrara, which is where he wrote the largely popular Miserere. He spent the later part of
his life in France, which is where he served as a provost in the church of Condé. Josquin is viewed
as one of the most important and influential composers of his time. His music was expressive and
combined his musical innovations with traditional techniques that would later become the standard
forms that many others would follow. Josquin wrote sacred and secular music and composed many
motets, masses, and chansons. In his motets especially, Josquin liked to polyphony and textures to
highlight the emotion of the text that was in the motet. He used ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the life of Josquin is a mystery, and many believe that some of his compositions were
actually imitated by people that would claim the pieces to be Josquin's so they would sell at a higher

Sacre Sacred Music's Influence On The Roman Catholic Church
The Renaissance was an era of rebirth, which brought awareness to other cultures. It was a period of
intellectual improvement as there was a new enthusiasm for learning. There was an increasing focus
in humanism, which emphasized the importance of individualization. Numerous improvements in
literature, art, music, and philosophy led to developments for the modern way of living. The
exploration of the new world allowed new continents to be discovered and the natural beauty of the
world to be exposed. Music played a huge role in the Renaissance. It was an essential part of the
religious, political, and economic lifestyles in Europe. Several composers brought about original
styles of music creating new genres. There was a vast development in musical instruments, which
was used to accompany vocals in motets, chansons, and dance music. The music of the Renaissance
greatly affected the Roman Catholic Church. During this era, the church seemed to have lost power
because of the new humanistic ideas; however, they saw this as an opportunity to use secular music
to change sacred music. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The harmonies had a sweet sound to them due to the use of chords. The main sacred music forms
included mass and motets. The first cyclic mass took place during the Renaissance. The ordinary
section of the mass consisted of the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei. These prayers in
the form of songs were sung at each mass. The other kind of sacred music was the motet. It was a
popular type polyphonic music where three or four voices sang in the form of cantus firmus. The
composers usually set the music to a single line of Latin

Analyzing Randall Thompson´s The Road Not Taken
On Thursday, 9 October 2015 at 7:00 p.m. in the Alys Robinson Stephens Performing Arts Center
UAB choirs performed eleven pieces; these included Exultate justi, Frostiana, Wedding Cantata,
Zion's Walls, Cantate Domino, Bogoroditse Devo, Ehre sei Gotte in der Höhe, Mid–Winter Songs,
Belleilakka, and This Little Light of Mine.
Exultate justi by Lodovico Viadana was an allegro sacred motet with. Its polyphony made it
interesting to listen to. It had a pure tone that I found nice.
Frostiana by Randall Thompson is a seven movement chorale piece; however only three movement
were performed: I. The Road Not Taken, II. The Pasture, and V. A Girl's Garden. The Road Not
Taken had a melancholy tone and a slow tempo; this made me feel pensive as I listened to it. The at
the end of this piece fermata that the conductor elongated felt most appropriate. The Pasture
contrasted nicely with Road Not Taken; it was bright and hopeful. A Girls Garden had a fast tempo;
it told a story and was melisma with a spoken feel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I found this piece very interesting; it tells a clear story, and has a dissonant accompanist which
makes it sound stylistically similar to the music of musical theatre.
The next piece, Zion's Walls by Aaron Copland, was a mid–tempo spiritual that seemed to continue
the story from Wedding Cantata. I appreciated the lively piano accompaniment. The theme was
compelling and I liked the short round in the

What Is Janequin's Unique Performance?
The music of love, war, and passing is composed of three contrasting episodes of life that Brooklyn
college conservatory singers using their unique performance to express the musical ideas. Its major
instrumentation is men and women's voice. The singing group composed of Soprano, Alto, Tenor
and Bass.
In the beginning of the concert, they begin to sing La Guerre, which describe the battle of Marignan
coming from a conflict between the French and Swiss. This piece is written by Janequin who
express his pleasant and celebrate the victory of France in 1515. Janequin uses programmatic
chansons and onomatopoetic effect in this music. It is an extraordinary and wonderful piece without
using accompaniment only men and women's vocal voice. The conservatory singers sing this part in
an abridged version by standing the shape of soldiers. They imitate cries of the wounded to express
the battle. In addition, the repetition and imitation, echoes and other musical device help audience
easily understand the situation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Isaac, a piece from Renaissance era. It is a secular song in minor melody, and its instrumentation is
men and women's choir. The texture is polyphonic. This piece is sung in a sweet cadences and
plentiful thirds and sixths. It express a story of lost love and well–being in German. It tells the woes
of being apart from a lover and hopeless. The man wants some peace on earth but it's gone. His
heart is broken because he loses his happiness.
After this piece, they begin to sing from jesu, meine freude by J.S. BACH. It is Bach's six original
motets, was written in 1723 for the funeral of Johanna Maria Käsin, the wife of Leipzig's
postmaster. The singers present two movements in their sound in chorale melody. They sing this
motet in the opening chorale and dynamic second movement. The harmony of this piece is they use
of furious imitation. They try to characterize the text into their music. It sounds interesting and

Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Many different things are influential in many different ways. Whether it be how the sinking of the
Titanic caused many changes in the regulations of ships, or how Newton's law of universal
gravitation helped to inspire Einstein's theory of general relativity. As well as catastrophic events
and scientific laws, works in the field of music have also been influential. For example, Jacques
Offenbach's Infernal Galop was used as the music for the Can–can, a popular dance. A theme from
the Infernal Galop was also used in a movement of Camille Saint–Saëns' The Carnival of the
Animals. Other influential composers include Beethoven, Mozart, J.S. Bach, and Tchaikovsky.
Aside from being composers, these people have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first madrigals evolved from the frottola, another form of vocal music (Strainchamps). The
major difference between the two is that the four parts of the piece are prioritized differently
(Strainchamps). In a frottola, the top and bottom voices of the piece are more significant that the two
in the middle, but in the madrigal, all parts were given equal importance (Strainchamps). As time
progressed, so did the style of the madrigal. For example, five parts became increasingly more
prevalent in madrigals about halfway through its lifespan, and the amount of expression that was put
into the pieces also grew (Strainchamps). Some of the most well known composers of madrigals are
the contemporaries Carlo Gesualdo and Claudio Monteverdi (Strainchamps). In addition to his
madrigals, Monteverdi is notable for writing operas. His most acclaimed operas include L'Orfeo,
L'incoronazione di Poppea, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria. These are also some of the oldest operas
that are performed today ("Claudio Monteverdi"). L'Orfeo may have brought about the creation of
the Infernal Galop, from the opera Orpheus in the Underworld, as the opera that Orpheus in the
Underworld is based off of, Orfeo ed Euridice, was based on the same myth that L'Orfeo was
written around. Monteverdi is also accredited with bringing about the musical style of the Baroque
period ("Origins and Elements of the Baroque Style"). Another important

The Renaissance : The Contribution And Legacy Of The...
The Black Death swept through Europe and killed 1/3 of the population. Life seemed bleak for
millions of survivors. Music and art took a back seat, but that all changed with the Renaissance. The
Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 16th century, regarded as the
cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It was a time period of rebirth that
offered people a chance to live again. Music and art once more became center stage. Artist became
architects. Musicians became composers. Some of the best composers of this time period include
Guillaume Dufay, Heinrich Isaac, and Jacob Obrecht. However, the composer that often defines the
Renaissance is Josquin des Prez. Josquin de Prez, sometimes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1450 is acknowledged by most historians as Josquin's birth year, because the first definite record of
his employment is dated April 19, 1477, and it shows that he was a singer at the chapel of René,
Duke of Anjou, in Aix–en–Provence (Kuerti, 2001). 1450 makes the most sense because it follows
chronologically the rest of his career.
His birth place is also an area with no consensus. Scholars first claimed Josquin's birthplace to be
Conde, because of the documented inheritance he received by his uncle and aunt in Conde, which
are his only named and known relatives (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Josquin considered
himself a foreigner and proclaimed it right before his death, which makes it improbable that he was
born in Conde (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Other scholars argue that he was born
somewhere in Hainaut, a province of present day Belgium in the Walloon region (Hughes and
Abraham, 1960). In his motet, Illibata Dei Virgo Nutrix, Josquin hints that he was born near a river
by the village of Beaurevoir near Northern France, close to the Belgium border (Sadie, Stanley, and
John Tyrrell, 2001). Although there are different opinions about the exact place and time of his birth,
it is clear that Josquin was born during the period of the Duchy of Burgundy or the reign of Philip
the Good near a border (Reese, 1954). While historians are torn on this issue,

The Forty Part Motet Analysis
The Forty Part Motet is a sound installation created by Janet Cardiff, who is one of the most famous
Canadian artists. Her works include a variety of media such as film, video photography. While
working with George Miller in 2001, she represented her homeland Canada at the Venice, Biennale.
Her sound installation is considered to be one of the best works of her generation and one of the
most important works of Canadian contemporary art (sound art), while being a leading example of
contemporary art and regularly hosting collections at cultural Centre's such as the Museum of
Modern Art in New York and the National Gallery of Art of Canada in Ottawa. This sound piece is
also being borrowed by many other exhibitors around the world, and audiences

Formes Fixes Essay
Formes Fixes of the Fourteenth Century When looking at music from the fourteenth century, it is
vital to look deeply into the music of France. Many of the most important composers, genres,
principles, etc. from this time are established, popularized and built upon. By the fourteenth century,
Ars Nova is well established as a treatise and as a style of music, and many different genres of
music are categorized as Ars Nova music. The motet is built upon even more, and secular polyphony
is very popular. One of the most popular and frequently used types of secular polyphony was the
formes fixes, French poetic forms translated into musical forms. There are three different types of
formes fixes: the rondeau, the ballade, and the virelai, with each type being different to one another.
Many composers of the fourteenth century used formes fixes, with Philippe de Vitry being the first
to use them, and the most significant composer to use them was Guillaume de Machaut. I will be
looking into what makes each type of formes fixes different from one another, as well as seeing how
composers such as Machaut created them and used them in his repertory and how each type has
evolved through the fourteenth and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One big difference between the rondeau and the virelai is that with the refrain, the rondeau uses the
entire melody, whereas the virelai refrain only uses part of it. Because of the rondeau using the
refrain in this manner, it was placed into other songs, motets, romances and many other various
literary pieces. Some thirteenth century motets use an entire rondeau as one of the voice parts or as
the fundamental tenor, which occasionally makes possible the reconstruction of a piece found
elsewhere without music. Others, known as motets entés ('grafted' motets), use simply a rondeau
refrain in one voice, but with considerable new textual and musical

Music Analysis: Profane Music
During this praxis I had to really connect with my partner to come up with this melody. It was
difficult at first to connect our emotions but we were able to accomplish it. I learned through this
exercise that the songs that I compose should connect emotionally with the listeners. It's about
bringing the emotional piece in the song and connecting it with your audience. Adding diverse
voices to the melody makes the melody more profound overall.
According to the terminology of music the conductus purpose was to introduce scripture reading.
They were song as the reader was "conducted" to the lectern. Over the next hundred years more
complex "conducti" in two or three parts became popular, eventually opening the era to the motet.
The motet was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, John Salisbury stated that too many notes were difficult to understand and that the
ornate character was unappealing to the average person. His concern was with the obscuring of the
words. Even reaction to the new motet were developed that came in the form of a Papal Bull by
Pope John XX 11 in 1323, offering up some very specific complaints. He criticized that this form
"depraved with descants and sometimes pad out the music with upper parts made out of profane
songs." He forbids these methods because the aim of worship was lost. However, Guillame de
Machaut was able to set the first of the ordinary of the mass into four voices from his own original
material. Meanwhile, John Wycliff had issues and challenged the Catholic Church. He believed that
everyone had the right to hear and interpret the bible in their own understanding. In result he held
the doctrine of Papal authority as doubtable. Wycliff criticized the music of the church and therefore
challenged its meaning. The complexity of the polyphony brought different changes in music. Like
Josquin des Prez the master of double imitation and Martin Luther. Luther took popular meaning of
things during that period and put words into it. After the Greek two hundred years later Luther felt
that music had the power for good and for ill. He emphasized on congregational

Early Medieval Music : The Medieval Era Of Music
After the fall of the Roman Empire, in 450 the Medieval Era of music began. Early medieval music
was influenced by the Roman Catholic Church with most compositions being sacred and not secular.
Gregorian Chant was a melody set to sacred texts and is sung without accompaniments. There was
also no meter, monotone texture, narrow pitch range and varied melody movements. Hildegard of
Bingen was a female composer who wrote many Gregorian Chants, one being Kyrie the first part of
the Mass. As far as secular music, the troubadours and trouveres were responsible for creating songs
mostly about love. The Medieval Era was responsible for developing polyphony in music.
After a thousand years the Renaissance Era began with advancements in music as well as the real
world with explorers like Columbus traveling the globe making new discoveries. This era saw new
instruments such as the organ, lute, and recorder come into fruition. The mass remained to be an
important sacred music in addition to the motet. Motets were any sacred music other than the mass.
Josquin Des Prez composed both masses and motets. The madrigal was a secular vocal music
created during this time that used polyphony and word painting which is essentially used to enhance
meaning and emotion of a text. The Renaissance Era was responsible for developing polyphonic
imitation with homophonic voices.
The Baroque Era began in 1600 with the creation instrumental music and the Baroque Orchestra, a
group of instrumentalist playing

Josquin Des Prez Analysis
Josquin des Prez was a well–known French composer during the Renaissance period. He is believed
to have be born in the County of Hainaut, Belgium between 1450–1455. However, some scholars
believe he was born across the border in France but either way he was a legal Frenchman at his
death. There is very little information about his family other than his aunt and uncle claimed him as
their heir before their death. He began his musical career as a choirboy at the Church at Saint–
Quentin. He greatly admired Ockeghem and even wrote a lament for his death in 1497. In the early
1470s, Josquin began his singing career at Cambrai and later moved to the chapel of Rene. After his
years at Rene, he moved to Milan, Italy and became the employee of the Sforza ... Show more
Josquin's career was defined by the invention of the printer which allowed his masses and other
compositions to be printed and shared more easily among the country. In many of his pieces, he
illustrates his gift of the pervasive imitation technique: a polyphonic piece with the repetition of a
melody at different pitch levels than the original. Many scholars contribute his textural influences on
the beginning of word–painting technique (music that reflects the emotion or meaning of the song).
He wrote all different types of music throughout his lifetime such as: masses, motets, instrumental
pieces, chansons, and even motet–chanson (a new form during the time). He had many techniques
for his masses such as paraphrase and canonic masses. Many of his motets, he wrote for five or six
voices instead of the standard four voices and often used imitation. The most famous of his pieces
are Ave Maria... Virgo serena and Missa Pange lingua. Overall, Josquin des Prez was one of the
most well–known and influential composer during the Renaissance period and many scholars credit
him to be the first to master polyphonic music. He contributed tons to the Franco–Flemish school
and helped lead the way for greater harmonic development. He is truly a well–rounded composer
who helped push the Renaissance musical period to the next level and created many beautiful, well–
known sacred and secular

Music: A Middle Ages
There were several genres of the A Middle Ages as well as the Renaissance. During the Renaissance
period, the vast majority of the musical moved from the church to the courts. Composers were more
open to experimentation, and had more imaginative opportunity and basically were no longer afraid
of the churches response. In this time frame the church had less control over musical movement and
this allowed the composers to go in their own direction with minimum consequences. In this time
frame the Kings, Princes and other prominent members of the courts had a greater amount of an
impact over the music, yet the church still attempted to keep the music pure and basically the same.
Thus more composers utilized musical instruments in their compositions. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Renaissance is otherwise called rebirth this time changed the tone of music "it is the name given to a
complex current of thought that worked deep changes on Europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth
century." (Kerman, 60) There was a shift towards a more secular society during the European
Renaissance and this is where you can see the dramatic changes to the musical style. The
Renaissance marks the door opening for the European society to change form the predominantly
religious mood to a more secular or common society and with this shift the church was pretty much
on hush hush the composers of this time had taken over. This awakening was called humanism.
Humanism was more of the use of reason or and observation. The humanists emphasized the
importance of human qualities rather than religious convictions therefore music played a vital role in
this change as well and it evolved right along with the times. In the Renaissance, one of the most
popular sacred genres that were written in Latin text was the Motet. One of the composers of the
Motet was Guillaume de Machaut, His motets stand out for their changing rhythms, longer lengths
and integration of sacred and secular texts. Another composer was Thomas Weelkes one example of
his music was Madrigal, "As Vesta Was from Latinos Hill Descending." When it came to the Motet,
the Motet had to a greater extent an assortment of words which permitted the composer to have
more of a religious message in the music, and as you read alongside the music you can see that a
portion of the words are right out of the book of Bible its self. Motets touched on certain issues such
as politics, love and the loss of love, valor chivalry, desire and fellowship all at the same time. "The
Mass took a more relaxed attitude toward medieval authority." (Kerman, 63) and is also a form of
scared music. One example of a Mass is "Ave Maris Stella" by Guillaume Duffy this more of

The Importance Of Referent Power In Music
The power to influence people to do something depends on the knowledge I have concerning the
thing and this type of power is called expert power (Hughes, Ginnett, &Curphy, 2015). For example,
as the choir director of my church back in Ghana, I have a lot of influence on the choir members as
individuals and the choir as a whole because of my knowledge and experience in music. The
knowledge and experience I have in music wields me more power even over anyone I meet for the
first time doing music. As a result, I influence the songs we sing at church, the commitment level of
the members and decision–making processes towards the choir's development.
Referent power is the power that people have over followers because of the relationship between
them (Hughes, et al, 2015). I have a low level in referent power at the beginning of my relationship
with people around me and even at work because of my personality. I am an introvert and it takes a
long time for me to get attached to people around me. For example, when I was working with one of
the universities back in Ghana as the administrative assistant to the liaison officer of the university,
it took about three months for me to get closer to the secretary.
Based on the theory of referent power, the secretary has traits of a referent power. This is because of
the strong relationship that developed between us after I got acquainted to her. Through that, she
influenced my attitude towards handling student complaints about

Beautiful Music of the Middle Ages
Beautiful music is the art of the prophets that can calm the agitations of the soul, it is one of the
most magnificent and delightful presents God has given us –Martin Luther. Music was a part of life
then and it is a part of life today. Without music, life itself would be a mistake. Seeing the changes
over the years is a great way to follow the patterns and differences this way of communicating has
shown us. Some of the more popular music was the Gregorian Chant, Organum, Motet and
Madrigal.
In the early Middle Ages around 590 ACE the Gregorian Chant was popularized by Pope Gregory
the Fourth. The Gregorian Chant was a form of monophonic tune of the Roman Catholic Church
(Music Through the Ages). Monophonic is a musical style employing a single melodic line without
accompaniment. This style was oral by tradition and only served as a memory aid for a singer who
already knew the melody (http://en.wikipedia.org). Memorizing is a difficult task, it is even harder
to memorize music that was taught to them orally. Gregorian melodies are traditionally written using
neumes, an early form of musical notation (http://www.britannica.com). These neumes later formed
the modern four and five line staff development. Being a monophonic tune the Gregorian Chant was
losing interest and a new style was born.
In the Musica Enchiriadis "musical handbook", Organum consisted of two melodic lines moving
simultaneously note against note. Organum changed the way of music for the medieval people;

The Renaissance : The Father Of The Renaissance
For centuries, the English have had powerful influences over many parts of the world, and the
aspects defining cultures. Today, even our own country continues to be influenced by that of the
English. It should come of no surprise that something the English have also held major influence
over is music, specifically in the fifteenth century with composers such as John Dunstable, William
Du Fay, and Gilles Binchois. While all three of these men were great contributors to this newfound
style, it was Dunstable who is seen as the father of this trend.
John Dunstable lived among some of the best composers at the beginning of the Renaissance.
Although nobody truly knows when and where he was born, they do know that some of his earliest
works date ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this utilization, his works often resulted in having very few dissonances and a 6/3
sonority. Of course, thirds and sixths were being used before Dunstable, but it was his works that
managed to make this a staple in music, gain the popularity the new trend would need to pick up
speed, and become more frequently implemented.
According to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Sadie 1980 720–724), Dunstable
primarily wrote his music in three parts, save his isorhythmic motets. This newfound style, like most
styles of music then and now, did manage to find its way across the continent to countries such as
Burgundy and France, and eventually influenced the product of other composers.
Among these influenced artists was Guillaume Du Fay, who Le Franc claimed that he and Gilles
Binchois basically followed in the musical footprints of Dunstable. In Le Franc's Poem, Le
champion des dames, he speaks of Du Fay and Binchois as such:
"They took on the guise of the English and Follow Dunstable and thereby a marvelous pleasingness
makes their music joyous and remarkable."
Du Fay, also a travelling composer, was exposed to many different ideologies from the places he
visited which would explain how he came to utilize some of the same methods

Describe The Relationship Between Clausula And The Early...
The most important feature of medieval music is that a lot of musical theories and techniques which
people use these days were settled in this period. Composers need a musical notation to express their
musical ideas as composers need language and letters to communicate with other people.
Body: (1300)
In the late thirteenth century, a genre 'Motet' became popular as organum and conductus were
gradually disappeared and 'fell out of fashion'. This genre is similar to the way that a textual trope
and sequence are originated from Gregorian Chants. The Motet was created on the basis of the
discant clausula. In Notre Dame School in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, because Leonin's
clausula was able to be substituted for Perotin's new clausula, the clausula began to be treated as an
independent composition in those days. Therefore, "the clausula began to take on a life of its own, a
life that was responsible for the creation of the motet." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is that the works as in clausula or motets with the same context can be written and
composed by musicians and performers might modify those compositions over time while they
sang. The second idea is that the musicians had added texts to melismetic music. It was a little
development that could identify what motet is. That is, composers could include more vocal parts
such as duplum and triplum. Motet is evolved from "a textual trope of a clausula to a newly
composed piece valued for its complex patterns and multiple layers of meaning." Philippe de Vitry
and Guillaume de Machaut in the following century were also the leading composers of medieval

Victoria's Influence On Tom Luis Luis De Victoria
The 16th century was a time of the Spanish Inquisition, which reigned for almost 400 years, forcing
those who weren't Catholic to convert to Catholicism (Koeller). Catholicism was a major influence
in all aspects of Spanish life at that time, ranging from music to art and daily living. Being a 16th
century composer, Tomás Luis De Victoria was greatly influenced by the Catholic Church. Most, if
not all of his music consisted of sacred pieces (Ferris). He was a Spanish polyphonic composer
whose specialty was in motets. Not only was he one of the greatest composers and musicians of his
time, he was also a scholar, a mystic, and a priest.
Victoria was born in 1548 in Sanchidrián, Spain, a province of Avila, Castile to father, Francisco
Luis de Victoria and mother, Francisca Suárez de la Concha. Victoria was seventh of eleven children
who were born into a family already leading vast and successful careers. Three of his male cousins
(on his mother's side) achieved success by being a naval commander, a pioneer in Mexico, and a
merchant in Florence. The merchant married Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici's sister–in–law and
was ennobled. The uncle on Victoria's father's side, who he was named after, was a lawyer who
pleaded cases before the royal chancery at Valladolid (a city in north–central Spain) and was later a
priest. His other uncle on his father's side was also a priest (Stevenson).
Victoria's father died on August 29th, 1557. Afterwards, an uncle of Victoria's, Juan Luis who

How Did Church Music Develop
Between the ninth–century and the fifteenth–century, Church music significantly developed.
Presumably, during seven centuries, music had undergone several developments, not only in Church
music, but in secular music as well. However, many of these developments were adopted only to be
forgotten decades or a century or two later, which indicates that such developments were not too
significant to the overall development of music. Some developments, nevertheless, are significant
and have lived on to influence modern western music. Such developments are relevant to assessing
the growth of Church music in the Middle Ages. The primary developments are in the study of
harmony in conjunction with rhythm, notation, and the use of musical instruments. ... Show more
Church music in the ninth–century, namely, the Gregorian Chant, was, as Matthews, Platt and Noble
note, monophonic7 and lacked instrumental accompaniment.8 Similarly, Greek music was
monophonic, even though the melody was ornamented by instruments.9 This, however, did not last
long in isolation during the ninth–century, since a basic form of polyphonic10 music developed.11
This polyphonic music that developed was called Organum in which a principal voice or main
melody is duplicated at a fifth or fourth below by a harmonic voice called the organal voice.12
Moreover, the rise of polyphony continued to develop in the twelfth–century and onward into more
complex forms, but retained the basic principal.13 Furthermore, developing in the thirteenth–
century as an addition to organum, polyphonic conductus was homo–rhythmic but contained up to
four voices with the tenor often being newly composed rather than adapted from a chant.14
Although these developments did not see influence from Greek music, they are, nevertheless, a
continuation on Greek forms of complex modal melodies that the Gregorian Chants had been
influenced by. Thus, polyphonic music was built on the Gregorian Chant, but made possible the
beginnings of harmonious music that, consequently, influenced all of Western

Pierluigis Influences

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