Waves can transfer energy from one place to another without actual motion of an object or particle. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves where particle motion is perpendicular to propagation, and longitudinal waves where particle motion is parallel. Key wave properties include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and speed. Electromagnetic waves include visible light and other radiations that travel at the speed of light. Reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization are important wave behaviors. Lenses and mirrors can form real or virtual images by reflecting or refracting light according to the laws of reflection and refraction.

1. Nature of Waves

4. continuation: Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position

6. continuation: Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position

12. continuation: λ λ A A crest trough

13. continuation: m/s v speed Meter (m) A amplitude /s, s -1 Hertz (Hz) f frequency Second (s) T Period Meter (m) λ Wavelength relation unit Symbol Quantity

24. Speed in a vacuum Where: c= speed of the electromagnetic waves (m/s) E=electric field (V/m) β = magnetic field (Weber/m 2 ) ε o = permitivity constant μ o = permeability constant

29. Visible Light

33. continuation: θ i θ r θ i = 0 θ r = 0 Mirror A The light is parallel to The plane of mirror. No Reflection. Mirror B Light is reflected at an angle. θ i = θ r A B Mirror C Incident and reflected Light are both perpendicular To the plane of mirror. θ i - θ r =0 C

35. continuation: AIR WATER Incident ray Refracted ray θ i θ r

49. V Mirror C F For Concave Mirror Principal axis R f Object

50. V Mirror C F For Convex Mirror Principal axis f Object

52. V Mirror C For Concave Mirror Principal axis p f Object q F Image

54. RDM V Mirror C Principal axis Y F Image 1 st Ray 2 nd Ray 3 rd Ray Object Concave Mirror

62. Converging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis

65. Real Image F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q Optic axis

66. Virtual Image F 1 Object F 2 f f Image p q Optic axis

67. Diverging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis

69. Image formation by Thin Lenses F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q The image formed by a diverging lens is always virtual. Optic axis

70. Lens Equation Thin Lens equation: Lateral magnification: