kingdom animalia & phylum porifera

1. Kingdom Animalia notes:
1. In your own words, define:
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
d. Invertebrate
e. Vertebrate
f. Carnivore
g. Herbivore
h. Omnivore
i. Symmetry
j. Asymmetry
k. Bilateral symmetry
l. Radial symmetry
m. Cephalization
n. notochord
2. List the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
3. Describe the different types of body cavities including explaining
coelom, coelomate, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, mesodermal,
peritoneum)

2. ANSWERS:
a. Ectoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form
the outer part of the body
b. Endoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form
the inside of the body
c. Mesoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will
form muscles, reproductive organs, kidneys, blood
vessels and bone.

3. Embryonic Development
SPERM
EGG
MORULA
BLASTULA

4. Gastrula Development
ECTODERM
MESODERM
ENDODERM

5. ANSWERS:
d. Invertebrate – animal with no backbone
e. Vertebrate – animals with notochord (at some
stage of their life)
f. Carnivore – animals that eat other animals
g. Herbivore – animals that only eat plants
h. Omnivore – animals that eat both plant and
animals
i. Symmetry – refers to the pattern of body plans in
animals and is the balanced distribution of
duplicate body parts
j. Asymmetry – lacking balanced distribution

6. k. Bilateral symmetry – right & left halves are mirror
images
l. Radial symmetry – symmetry around a central axis
m. Cephalization – concentration of nerve tissue at the
anterior end of the animal’s body (e.g. brain)
n. Notochord – flexible rod-shaped body that runs
lengthwise along the dorsal surface beneath the nerve
cord (turns into vertebrae column in most vertebrates)

7. 3 types of symmetry:
Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral
EVOLUTION 7

8. Symmetry

9. 9

10. Kingdom Animalia

11. Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics:
– Eukaryotic
– All multicellular
– All heterotrophic
– Motile (moveable)
– Most reproduce
sexually, some
asexually or both

12. Classification of Animals
• Organisms are grouped into taxa on the basis
of similar characteristics
• Evolutionary patterns are evident as animals
developed more complexity
• Characteristics for classification:
1. Tissue organization
2. Symmetry
3. Gastrulation
4. Body Cavities

13. 1. Tissue Organization
• Tissue: Group of similar cells from the same
developmental origin that work together to
carry out a specific function.
• Tissues group and function together to form
organs.
• Organs working together are called a system

14. 2. Symmetry
• Organisms may exhibit asymmetry, radial
symmetry or bilateral symmetry.
• More complex organisms tend to be
bilaterally symmetrical

15. 3. Gastrulation
• A developing zygote forms
a hollow ball of cells.
• The ball of cells folds
inward forming an opening
and inner cavity
• The opening will develop
and form either:
– Mouth (Protostome)
– Anus (Deuterostome)

17. 4. Body Cavities
• Body Cavity: Fluid filled space between the
outer covering (ectoderm) and lining of the
gut cavity (endoderm)
• Acoelomate: Organisms with no fluid filled
body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate: Fluid filled cavity partially
lined by mesoderm
• Coelomate: Cavity fully lined by mesoderm

18. Body Cavities

21. Animal Phyla we will study:
Porifera
• Sponges
• 10,000 known species
• Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demosponges
(like the bath sponge)
21

22. Cnidaria
• Sea anemone
• Coral
• Jellyfish
• Hydra
22

23. Platyhelminthes
• Planarians
• Flukes
• Tapeworms
23

24. Nematoda
• Roundworms
24

25. Annelida
• Oligochaeta: Earthworms
• Hirudinea: Leeches
• Polychaeta:
25

26. Mollusca
• Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels
• Gastropods: Snails, nudibranchs
• Chitons
• Cephalopods: Squid, Octopus
26

27. Echinodermata
• Sea urchin
• Sand dollar
• Sea star
• Sea cucumber
27

28. Arthropoda
• Spiders
• Crustaceans (crab, lobster)
• Insects
28

29. Chordata (Vertebrates)
• Animals with a backbone
29

30. Phylum Porifera
“pore bearers”
SPONGES

31. Brain Sponge

32. Cloud Sponge

34. Sponges – Simplest Animals
• Sponge embryos does not have any layers, just
cells.
• No specialized tissues or organs
• Many similarities to colonial single celled
organisms
• Classified in Kingdom Animalia because they
are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic

36. Characteristics:
• Body type: asymmetrical
• Ecological roles:
– food source
– homes/shelter
– symbiotic with bacteria
• Body organization :
– Diploblastic
– 2 germ layers: endoderm
and ectoderm.
• Body cavity: acoelomate

37. Characteristics continued:
• Digestive system:
– Filter feeders – using
ostia, collar cells, food
vacuoles & osculum

38. • Reproduction:
– Sexual: hermaphroditic
• Sponges undergo metamorphosis from free
swimming larvae to sessile adult
– Asexual: budding, branching, & fragmentation
Characteristics continued:

41. Characteristics continued:
• Circulation: diffusion
• Nervous system: none
• Respiration & excretion:
diffusion
• Habitat: aquatic –
oceans and lakes

42. Additional Characteristics:
• Sessile – cannot move
(larva is motile)
• Able to regenerate =
can regrow missing or
damaged body parts.
• Simplest and most
primitive animals
• Has spicules – glass-like
structures that give
support and structure

44. The Wonderful World of Sponges (start at 1 minute):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o&NR=1&feature=fv
You tube sponge reproduction:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o