2. VARIABLES
• A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or
quality that varies.
i.e qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors,
attributes etc.
• Variable are manipulable and measurable.
Type of Research Variables
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
3. 1. Independent variable
• The independent variable is the variable whose
change isn’t affected by any other variable in the
experiment.
• Either the researcher has to change the independent
variable herself ( Or) it changes on its own;
• It is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect
on the dependent variable.
• For Example: age , time.
There’s nothing you or anything else can do to
speed up or slow down time or increase or
decrease age. They’re independent of everything
else.
4. 2.Dependent variable
• The dependent variable is what is being
studied and measured in the experiment.
• It’s what changes as a result of the changes to
the independent variable by the researcher.
• For Example:
– how tall you are at different ages. The dependent
variable (height) depends on the independent
variable (age).
5. Experiment :
• You want to see which type of fertilizer helps
plants grow fastest, so you add a different
brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how
tall they grow.
• Independent Variable: Type of fertilizer given
to the plant
• Dependent Variable: Plant height
6. Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent
guess or prediction, that gives directional to
the researcher to answer the research
question.
8. 1. Simple Hypothesis
• Simple hypothesis is that one in which the
researcher examines the existing relationship
between two variables,
– one is called independent variable or cause
and other is dependent variable or effect.
• For example,
Smoking leads to Cancer.
9. 2.Complex Hypothesis
• A complex hypothesis is the one in which the
researcher examines the relationship between
two or more independent variables and two or
more dependent variables.
• For example,
Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer,
tension chest infections etc.
10. 3.Empirical Hypothesis
• Empirical means it is based on evidence.
• An empirical hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test by a researcher, using
observation and experiment.
• For example,
Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than
roses watered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and
error is leading to a series of findings.)
11. 4.Null hypothesis (H0)
• A null hypothesis is the one where the
researcher states the existence of no
relationship between the independent &
dependent variables.
• It is the hypothesis that the researcher is
trying to disprove.
• For example,
FP acceptance rate is same for educated and
uneducated women.
12. 5.Alternative Hypothesis(H1)
• An alternative hypothesis simply is the
inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis.
• It is the hypothesis that the researcher is
trying to prove.
• For example,
FP acceptance rate is different for educated
and uneducated women.
13. • Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects
relationship between the independent variable
and dependent variable .
here, Independent variable is thought to
cause or determine the presence of dependent
variable.
• For example
Early postoperative ambulation will lead to
prompt recovery.
6.Causal Hypothesis
14. 7. Associative hypothesis
• An Associative Hypothesis reflects the
relationship between variables that occurs in
natural setting without manipulation.
Here, if there is a change in any one of
the variables, changes also occurs in the other
variable.
• For example,
The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is
the risk of infection among diabetic patients.
15. THANK YOU
REFERENCES
John w for research methodology
Reseach methodology methods and techniques
Dr kapoor ,ms pooja saigal
blog.prepscholar.com
