microprocessor-and-microcontroller

1. CREATED BY :
Nurhidayah bt zamat
Fatin zafirah bt ramli
Hafizuddin bin Mohamad
Microprocessor and
Microcontroller Fundamentals
MCU 3053
Mechatronics System Design
Puan Juwita binti Mad Juhani

2. A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the
functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.
MICROPROCESSOR

3. Microprocessor System

4. MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals.

5. Microcontroller System
Can you
see the
different ??

6. Can you
see the
different ??

7. System Design

8. Microprocessor
 A Microprocessor, popularly known as “computer on a chip” in
its early days, is a general purpose central processing unit
(CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit (IC) and is a
complete digital computer (later microcontroller is considered
to be more accurate form of complete computer).
 It is a small but very powerful electronic brain that operates at
a blistering speed and is often used to carry out instructions of
a computer program in order to perform arithmetic and
logical operations, storing the data, system control, input /
output operations etc. as per the instructions.
 The key term in the definition of a microprocessor is “general
purpose”. It means that, with the help of a microprocessor,
one can build a simple system or a large and complex
machine around it with a few extra components as per the
application.
 The main task of a microprocessor is to accept data as input
from input devices then process this data according to the
instructions and provide the result of these instructions as
output through output devices. Microprocessor is an example
of sequential logic device as it has memory internally and uses
it to store instructions.

9.  There are five important components in a microprocessor. They
are Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, Registers,
Instruction Decoder and Data Bus but the first three are
considered significant components. The block diagram of a
microprocessor with these basic components is shown below.

10.  The internal structure of a microprocessor is shown
below.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MP

11.  Earlier microprocessors made use of Von Neumann
architecture where the data and instructions
(programs) are stored in the same memory. Even
though this architecture is simple, there are many
draw backs.
 One of the major drawbacks is that instruction and
data cannot be accessed at the same time as they
share a single data bus. This often degrades the
overall performance of the device.
 Later, Harvard architecture is introduced which makes
use of separate program and data memories with
separate buses so that both data and instructions can
be accessed at the same time.
 Later Modified Harvard Architecture is developed in
which the program memory is accessed as if it were
data memory.

13.  There are three basic characteristics used to differentiate
microprocessors. They are instruction set, bandwidth and clock speed.
Instruction set is related to programming of the microprocessor which
mainly consists of instructions that a microprocessor can execute.
Bandwidth indicates maximum number of bits processed in a single
instruction. Clock speed gives no. of instructions a processor can
execute per second. Usually clock speed is in MHz (Mega Hertz) or
GHz (Giga Hertz). Generally the characteristics bandwidth and clock
speed are looked together. The higher the values of both these
characteristics, the more powerful the processor is.
 Instruction set or instruction set architecture (ISA) also plays an
important role in the design and functioning of a processor.
Microprocessors are classified as either CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer) or RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).
 CISC architecture consists of full set of instructions that are complex,
larger, have more computational power and so on. A single CISC
instruction can be used to execute several low-level operations, multi-
step operations and multiple addressing modes. The execution time of
these instructions is long. Intel’s X86 is an example of CISC
architecture.
 RISC architecture was developed by realizing that instead of using full
set of instructions, only the frequently used instructions are sufficient. In
this architecture, the instructions are small and highly optimized. RISC
processors are used where execution time of the instruction should be
less and cost of development is less. The ARM devices are based on
ARM architecture which is a subset of RISC.

14. Microcontroller
 The main reason for the development of microcontroller is to
overcome the only drawback of the microprocessor.
 Even though microprocessors are powerful devices, they
require external chips like RAM, ROM, Input / Output ports and
other components in order to design a complete working
system.
 This made it economically difficult to develop computerized
consumer appliances on a large scale as the system cost is
very high.
 Microcontrollers are the devices that actually fit the profile
“Computer – on – a chip” as it consists of a main processing
unit or processor along with some other components that are
necessary to make it a complete computer.
 The components that are present on a typical microcontroller
IC are CPU, memory, input / output ports and timers. The first
microcontroller was developed in 1971 by Texas Instruments
and is called TMS 1000. It was made available for commercial
use in 1974. The block diagram of a microcontroller is shown
below.

16.  Microcontrollers are basically used in embedded systems.
Computerized or digital control of devices is made plausible
with the development of microcontrollers. The development
process of microcontroller is similar to that of a microprocessor.
 Microcontrollers can be classified based on bus width, memory
structure and instruction set. Bus width indicates the size of the
data bus. Microcontrollers can be classified as 8 – bit, 16 – bit or
32 – bit based on the bus width.
 Higher bus widths often result in better performance.
Microcontrollers can be divided into two types based on their
memory structures: Embedded Memory and External Memory.
In case of embedded memory microcontrollers, the required
data and program memory is embedded into the IC. Whereas
external memory microcontrollers do not have program
memory embedded on them and require an external chip for
the same.
 Now a day, all microcontrollers are embedded memory
microcontrollers. The classification based on instruction set is
similar to that of a microprocessor. They can be either CISC or
RISC. Majority of microcontrollers follow CISC architecture with
over 80 instructions. Microcontrollers can also be divided based
on their computer architecture into von Neumann and
Harvard.

17. MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor assimilates the
function of a central
processing unit (CPU) on to a
single integrated circuit (IC).
Microcontroller can be
considered as a small
computer which has a
processor and some other
components in order to make
it a computer.
Microprocessors are mainly
used in designing general
purpose systems from small to
large and complex systems like
super computers.
Microcontrollers are used in
automatically controlled
devices.

18. Computational capacity of
microprocessor is very high.
Hence can perform complex
tasks.
Less computational capacity
when compared to
microprocessors. Usually used
for simpler tasks.
A microprocessor based system
can perform numerous tasks.
A microcontroller based system
can perform single or very few
tasks.
Microprocessors have
integrated Math Coprocessor.
Complex mathematical
calculations which involve
floating point can be
performed with great ease.
Microcontrollers do not have
math coprocessors. They use
software to perform floating
point calculations which slows
down the device.
The main task of microprocessor
is to perform the instruction
cycle repeatedly. This includes
fetch, decode and execute.
In addition to performing the
tasks of fetch, decode and
execute, a microcontroller also
controls its environment based
on the output of the instruction
cycle.

19. In order to build or design a
system (computer), a
microprocessor has to be
connected externally to some
other components like
Memory (RAM and ROM) and
Input / Output ports.
The IC of a microcontroller has
memory (both RAM and ROM)
integrated on it along with
some other components like
I / O devices and timers.
The overall cost of a system
built using a microprocessor is
high. This is because of the
requirement of external
components.
Cost of a system built using a
microcontroller is less as all the
components are readily
available.
Generally microprocessors are
not used in real time systems
as they are severely
dependent on several other
components.
Microcontrollers are used to
handle real time tasks as they
are single programmed, self
sufficient and task oriented
devices.
Have few bit manipulation
instructions
Bit manipulation is powerful
and widely used feature in
microcontrollers. They have
numerous bit manipulation
instructions.

20. Application of
microcontroller and
microprocessor

21. Microcontrollers are intended for embedded devices, in
comparison to the micro-processors which are used in
PCs or other all-purpose devices. Microcontrollers are
employed in automatically managed inventions and
appliances like- power tools, implantable medical
devices, automobile engine control systems, , office
machines, remote controls appliances, toys and many
more embedded systems. By dipping the size and
expenditure in comparison to a design that make use
of a different micro-processor, I/O devices and
memory, micro-controllers formulate it inexpensive to
digitally control more & more appliances and
operations. Mixed signal micro-controllers are general;
putting together analog constituents required
controlling non-digital electronic structures.

22. Application of Microcontroller in Day to Day Life Devices:
Light sensing & controlling devices
Temperature sensing and controlling devices
Fire detection & safety devices
Industrial instrumentation devices
Process control devices
Application of Microcontroller in Industrial Control Devices:
Industrial instrumentation devices
Process control devices
Application of Microcontroller in Metering & Measurement
Devices:
Volt Meter
Measuring revolving objects
Current meter
Hand-held metering systems

23. Microprocessors are a mass storage device. They are
the advanced form of computers. They are also
called as microcomputers. The impact of
microprocessor in different lures of fields is significant.
The availability of low cost, low power and small
weight, computing capability makes it useful in
different applications. Now a days, a microprocessor
based systems are used in instructions, automatic
testing product, speed control of motors, traffic light
control , light control of furnaces etc. Some of the
important areas are mentioned below:

24. Application of Microprocessor in Control:
Microprocessor based controllers are available in home appliances, such
as microwave oven, washing machine etc., microprocessors are being
used in controlling various parameters like speed, pressure, temperature
etc. These are used with the help of suitable transduction.
Application of Microprocessor in Communication:
Microprocessors are being used in a wide range of communication
equipment. In telephone industry, these are used in digital telephone sets.
Telephone exchanges and modem etc. The use of microprocessor in
television, satellite communication have made teleconferencing possible.
Railway reservation and air reservation system also uses this technology.
LAN and WAN for communication of vertical information through computer
network.
Application of Microprocessor in Office Automation and Publication:
Microprocessor based micro computer with software packages has
changed the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are being
used for word processing, spread sheet operations, storage etc. The
microprocessor has revolutionize the publication technology.

25. Application of Microprocessor in Consumer:
The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment
and home applications is making them more entertaining and
full of features. The use of microprocessors is more widespread
and popular. Now the Microprocessors are used in :
1.Calculators
2.Accounting system
3.Games machine
4.Complex Industrial Controllers
5.Traffic light Control
6.Data acquisition systems
7.Multi user, multi-function environments
8.Military applications
9.Communication systems