1. Chapter 8 Learning Goals
1. Explain the nature of intelligence.
 What is intelligence?
 What are the main individual tests of intelligence?
 What are some issues in the use and misuse of intelligence tests?
 What theories of multiple intelligences have been developed?
 Do people have one intelligence or many intelligences?
 What are some criticisms of the multiple intelligences concept?
2. Outline key controversies about differences in IQ scores.
 What evidence suggests that genetics influences IQ scores?
 What evidence suggests that the environment influences IQ scores?
 What do IQ tests tell us about intelligence among people in different cultures and
ethnic groups?
 What do IQ tests tell us about the intelligence of males and females?
3. Discuss the development of intelligence across the human life span.
 How is intelligence assessed during infancy?
 How much does intelligence change through childhood and adolescence?
 To what extent does intelligence change as adults age?
 What is wisdom and how can it be characterized?
4. Describe the characteristics of mental retardation, giftedness, and creativity.
 What is mental retardation and what are its causes?
 What makes people gifted?
 What makes people creative?
Key Terms
Bayley Scale of Infant Development Developmental quotient Intelligence quotient
Brainstorming Divergent thinking Mental age
Cognitive mechanics Emotional intelligence Mental retardation
Cognitive pragmatics Fluid intelligence Normal distribution
Convergent thinking Gifted Stereotype threat
Creativity Heritability Triarchic theory of intelligence
Crystallized intelligence Intelligence Wisdom
Culture-fair tests
Key People
Paul Baltes Daniel Goleman Peter Salovey
Nancy Bayley Elena Grigorenko K. Warner Schaie
Alfred Binet John Horn Robert Serpell
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi John Mayer Theophile Simon
James Flynn Robert McCall Robert J. Sternberg
Howard Gardner Robert Plomin Lewis Terman

2. Arnold Gesell Craig Ramey David Wechsler
Ellen Winner