Kurzweil’s Exponential Pace of Innovation
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Technological change is occurring at an exponential rather than linear rate according to Ray Kurzweil. Kurzweil argues that based on an analysis of history, we will see 20,000 years of progress in the 21st century at today's rate of technological change. The document discusses several "laws" that have governed exponential growth in particular technologies, such as Moore's Law for computing power and Cooper's Law for telecommunications. It also provides examples of emerging technologies like smart dust, capsule endoscopes, and biotronic devices. Convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science is fueling rapid technological progress.
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Kurzweil’s Exponential Pace of Innovation
- 2. Kurzweil’s Exponential Pace of Innovation Keystone Events The pace of technological change “advances (at least) exponentially”. –Ray Kurzweil www.tstc.edu
- 3. Ray Kurzweil An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common-sense "intuitive linear" view. “So we won't experience 100 years of progress in the 21st century -- it will be more like 20,000 years of progress (at today's rate).”
- 4. 1
- 5. http://www.arraycomm.com/pcct/coopers_law.htm Cooper’s Law Martin Cooper’s Law - the no. of conversations (voice and data) conducted over a given area, in all of the useful radio spectrum has doubled every 21/2 years for the last 105 years since Marconi, 1895.
- 6. 2
- 8. http://www.pong-story.com/odyssey.htm#P1 1972 “Ready or not, computers are coming to the people.” Stewart Brand, Rolling Stone December, 1972
- 9. Ready or not, “SUPER COMPUTERS” are coming to the people!
- 14. NOSE
- 16. Vienna University of Technology Players operate track switches and adjusting the speed of virtual trains to prevent virtual trains from colliding. Researchers Daniel Wagner, Thomas
- 17. Through mixing realities, research is expanding the potential of embedded training in the field and in battle labs to provide integrated training anytime, anywhere. Advancements are being transferred across industries from business prototypes to hospitality training. Integrated research in tracking, registration, rendering, display, and scenario delivery are expanding the possibilities of CONSTRUCTIVE simulation as well as after action review, and command and control visualizations.
- 18. First Person & Fidelity
- 21. Improved Target Acquisition System Trainer First Person & Fidelity
- 22. Time to Market
- 23. 3
- 24. 1st Gen Mainframe 2nd Gen Mini 3rd Gen PC 4th Gen Sys on Chip
- 25. http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warneke-brett/SmartDust/ Berkeley’s Golem Dust 11.7 mm3 total circumscribed volume ~4.8 mm3 total displaced volume Berkeley’s Deputy Dust 6.6 mm3 total circumscribed volume 4th Gen 11.7 mm3 6.6 mm3
- 26. My daughter’s first computer at age 1 hour.
- 28. My daughter’s first computer at age 1 hour.
- 29. http://shino8.eng.uci.edu/Pdf/Tomo_MIT_Mems.pdfintel-research.net/ berkeley/features/tiny_db.asp Berkeley Motes/berkeley.intel-research.net/paulos/research/connexus/ www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warneke-brett/SmartDust/ 6 Pack for $120 on the web from xbow.com Time to Market
- 30. Integrates sensors, batteries, a control chip, and an RF transmitter in a 35mm-long housing. Lab-in-a-Pill http://www.olympus.co.jp/en/news/2004b/nr041130capsle.cfm University of Glasgow Capsule Endoscope Examine the lining of the middle part of your gastrointestinal tract, which includes the three portions of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
- 31. MIT Tech Review, 2005 Sensors Physical Chemical Biological http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/bbl/03102801.pdf , page 16 Actuators Physical Chemical Biological PhiloMetron™
- 32. “Robots at same stage as 1978 PCs.” --Baylor University, Carbonara and Korpi Machine Actors v v
- 33. MIT Tech Review, 2005 This is a ROBOT http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/bbl/03102801.pdf , page 16
- 35. Adapted from Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institute for Global Futures NEURO NANO BIOINFO
- 36. Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institute for Global Futures NEURO NANO BIOINFO S&T Convergence
- 37. S&T Convergence refers to the synergistic combination of four major provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology (b) bioscience and genetic engineering (c) info technology and communications (d) cognitive science and neuroscience (Roco and Bainbridge, 2002)
- 38. Mechatronics The synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronics, control systems and computers. Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Departments at RPI All Contents Copyright(C) 2001 Mechatronics Lab at RPI
- 39. http://www.adidas.com/campaigns/adidas_1/content/downloads/adidas_1- wp_02_1280_1024.jpg http://www.adidasprlookbook.com/adidas1/index.asp • 1,000th of a second sensor measures gap between heel and a magnet • 20-MHz microcontroller measures changes in compression • Motor spins at 4000 rpm turns a screw loosens cable • Environmentally and operator adaptive shoe sole
- 40. Micro-robotics team and biologists at Tsukuba University Source: The Guardian Date: 2 May 2002 State University of New York (Suny) Biotronics "Go go gadget: With a remote control sensor hotwired to its central nervous system, developments like the "roborat," created at SUNY's Downstate Medical Center, herald the coming of the biotronic age.
- 41. Richard E. Smalley, Robert Curl and Harold Kroto won 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a structure of carbon atoms known as a “buckyball”. http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=04-85 Nano
- 42. http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=04-85 Pins can be added to a buckball to form an X, Y, Z coordinate system to DNA—a symmetry between fullerenes and DNA. Nano-Bio
- 43. Technical applications of biological molecules including protein-based materials, DNA-based materials, biomineralization, cellular systems and bioelectronics. http://www.nanobionics3.de/ NanoBionics
- 44. • Workforce • Education • Video Gamers & the 5th World • Closing the gap
- 45. 2008, US will graduate 198,000 Science and Engineering Students to replace 2MM Retiring Boomers (Gunderson, Texas Workforce Conference, 2005) 2015, 43% of the current workforce will retire (In Barlow, Jamrog, Human Resources Institute, University of Tampa in Navarro) 2030, 30MM Skilled Worker Shortage (Gunderson, Texas Workforce Conference, 2005)
- 46. Boomers Generation X Generation Y 46-64 65-79 80-Present U.S. Census Bureau, Demographic Trends in the 20th Century , Census 2000 Special Reports, CENSR-4, Table 5, November 2002. 1946 20501900 1964 1980 STEM Workers? Boomers, Low SES, Minority & Women. U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Interim Projections by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin,“ released November 18, 2004. “Slower Growth”
- 47. Census Bureau Projections to 2100 U.S. Race/Ethnic Composition 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 (inthousands) White Black American Indian Asian and Pacific Islander Hispanic SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of U.S Census Bureau Data, Population Projections, http://WWW.CENSUS.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T5.html In John Sargent Senior Policy Analyst U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic & Asian Populations by 2050. Non- Hispanic Whites may Drop To Half of Total Population (US Census, 2004). “More Diversity”
- 48. Faster Growth –even more diversity—now! Texas Projects 20% Population Growth 2000-2015. (Source: Regional Plan for Texas Higher Education, 2002) As of 2003 Whites No Longer The Majority In Texas (US Census Bureau, 2004) Followed by UT, OK and OR.
- 49. The number of jobs requiring technical training is growing at five times the rate of other occupations. Innovate America, U.S. Council on Competitiveness
- 50. $35K - $45K $25K$40K - $50K $45K - $65K
- 52. Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institute for Global Futures NEURO NANO BIOINFO What is the impact of S&T Convergence to workforce?
- 53. 100 million jobs are going to be created in a lot of these cross- disciplinary fields Council on Competitiveness: National Innovation Initiative Samuel Palmisano (CEO, IBM): Business Week: 10.11.2004
- 54. • Workforce • Education • Video Games • 5th World • Closing the gap
- 55. “Over the next ten years, 26 of the top 30 fastest growing jobs will require some post- secondary education or training...The demand for skilled workers is outpacing supply, resulting in attractive, high-paying jobs going unfilled.” Emily Stover De Rocco Assistant Secretary of Labor for Education and Training
- 57. “Over the next ten years, 26 of the top 30 fastest growing jobs will require some post- secondary education or training...The demand for skilled workers is outpacing supply, resulting in attractive, high-paying jobs going unfilled.” Emily Stover De Rocco Assistant Secretary of Labor for Education and Training
- 58. Tipping Point In China (3.7MM), 42% of students earn science/engineering Degrees compared to 5% in US (380K). Source: Gunderson, 2005 April 9-13, 2006 – San Antonio, Texas
- 59. National Science Board, 2004 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 220,000 240,000 China India European Union Japan Russia U.S. SKorea Taiwan # of 1st degree in Engineering / Science Source: National Science Board, “Science and Engineering Indicators – 2004”; Table 2-33. Russia, India and S Korea data from University of Texas NCR Report 2004
- 60. 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 220,000 240,000 China India European Union Japan Russia U.S. SKorea Taiwan # of 1st degree in Engineering / Science Source: National Science Board, “Science and Engineering Indicators – 2004”; Table 2-33. Russia, India and S Korea data from University of Texas NCR Report 2004 3 X Each National Science Board, 2004
- 61. • International (TIMSS) test scores show U.S. 4th graders to be 12th in the world in math; 6th in the world in science • International (TIMSS) test scores show U.S. 8th graders to be 14th in the world in math; 9th in the world in science • International (PISA) test scores show U.S. 12th graders to be 24th in the world in math; 22nd in the world in science Data from National Center for Education Statistics. In Mayo 2005, National Academies. (http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/PISA2003Highlights.asp and http://nces.ed.gov/timss/Results03.asp) National Center for Education Statistics, Mayo, 2005.
- 62. Data from National Center for Education Statistics . In Mayo 2005, National Academies. (http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/PISA2003Highlights.asp and http://nces.ed.gov/timss/Results03.asp) “The longer we stay in the educational system, the worse off we are with respect to our peers.” Source: Mayo, National Academies2005
- 63. Percentage of the population scoring at IALS literacy level 3 or higher on the document scale, 1994-95 53 56 62 66666767 7677 80 45 35 50 4547 49 58 52 4546 52 73 51 17 34 52 0 90 Sweden Netherlands Belgium Canada Switzerland (g) Switzerland (Fr) Germany Australia United Kingdom New Zealand Ireland United States Poland % 16-25 yrs of age 46-55 yrs of age Source: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance OECD Indicators 1998 U.S. Older Adults Have Stronger Skills Than Young AdultsU.S. Older Adults Have Stronger Skills Than Young Adults
- 64. Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institute for Global Futures NEURO NANO BIOINFO What is the impact of S&T Convergence to education?
- 65. Identifying New Technology Programs Future Workforce Trends Technology Trends Futurist Predictions Anticipated New Programs Scientific Research Economic Development Efforts New Programs/Courses Program Revisions Expressed Need Associate Degrees Local Needs Advanced Technology Certificates Special Topics Certificates Source: Bettersworth, TSTC, 2005
- 66. Future Workforce Trends Technology Trends Futurist Predictions Anticipated New Programs Scientific Research Economic Development Efforts New Programs/Courses Program Revisions Expressed Need Associate Degrees Local Needs Advanced Technology Certificates Special Topics Certificates t Source: Bettersworth, TSTC, 2005 Identifying New Technology Programs
- 67. Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institute for Global Futures Chemistry Engineering BiologyPhysics Educational Convergence Informatics
- 69. Transdisciplinarity • Creating new knowledge, processes and systems. • Structurally converging knowledge, processes and systems. • Integrating learning, working and problem solving. • Engaging real world needs and problems.
- 70. Source: Brazell, IC2 Institute, 2004 Yang Cai, Ingo Snel, Betty Chenga, Suman Bharathi, Clementine Klein d, Judith Klein- Seetharaman; Carnegie Mellon University, University of Frankfurt, Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. www.andrew.cmu.edu/~ycai/biogame.pdf BIOSIM 1.0
- 71. • Workforce • Education • Video Games • 5th World • Closing the gap
- 73. Self Organized Innovation Networks – Cross appropriation of game technology to other human endeavors.
- 74. Games for… Games for Health Serious Games Games for Change Learning Games
- 75. Case study: Emergency Response Training, Pjotr van Schothorst VSTEP BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 76. USC ISI and Tactical Language Training (ITSEC 2005)
- 77. NETC – 24 Blue (ITSEC 2005)
- 78. Case 4: Disaster Configurator for the Rotterdam Port Authority Case study: Emergency Response Training, Pjotr van Schothorst VSTEP BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 79. Improved Target Acquisition System Trainer First Person & Fidelity
- 80. Talon Explosive Ordnance Disposal Trainer
- 81. Forward Observer
- 82. Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle
- 83. Player is Incident Commander or subordinate crisis responder. Responds to events with choices that should mirror Department of Justice NICS doctrine. • Tactical Map set in player’s home county • ICS “hints” throughout gameplay • Coordination and communication required for success • Full-scale training is unaffordable for small jurisdictions* • Permits widespread distribution to many users* *88% of all jurisdictions are considered to be small. Incident Commander Recommendation: Emphasize human-to- human computer mediated communication, interaction and learning.
- 84. Virtual U models the attitudes and behaviors of the academic community in five major areas of higher education anagement: • Spending and income decisions such as operating budget, new hires, incoming donations, and management of the endowment; • Faculty, course, and student scheduling issues; • Admissions standards, university prestige, and student enrollment; • Student housing, classrooms, and all other facilities; and • Performance indicators. Enlight Software, the Jackson Hole Higher Education Group, and the Institute for Research on Higher Education at the University of Pennsylvania (data), with support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Spencer Foundation. www.virtual-u.org
- 85. Virtual-u.org
- 86. food-force.com Produced by the United Nations' World Food Programme, Kids join a team of emergency aid workers to save the fictitious island of Sheylan from starvation caused by drought and civil war. The team goes on six missions to help save the island. The additional missions cleverly use games to demonstrate how emergency aid teams acquire food, make food packs, deliver food and establish long-term food supplies.
- 87. Food-force.com
- 92. GlucoboyThe video game that runs on blood.
- 93. • Workforce • Education • Video Games • 5th World • Closing the gap
- 94. Creation of new knowledge, processes & systems. Game Building is Transdisciplinary
- 95. What are they learning?
- 97. Millennials Not Low Socio-Economic Status
- 98. Female, 4, 8% Male, 46, 92% Average Age Respondent 15 Avg. Age Start Playing Games 5 Avg. Hours of Play Per Week 24 % Mod’ers 34% Average Hours Mod'ing Per Wk. 5 Average Age Start Mod'ing 12 50 Game Camp Respondents to Date
- 100. Why do you modify games? 9 8 14 3 9 8 8 9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Playing Yes Playing No Learning Yes Learning No Show Yes Show No Better Yes Better No
- 101. Math Engineering TechScience What are they learning? ?
- 102. Math Engineering TechScience ART/ Design What are they learning?
- 103. Math Engineering TechScience TEAMS What are they learning?
- 104. 22 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Graduate HS Graduate CC or TC Graduate University Plans for education Computer Science 20 Video Game Design 9 Design/Art 8 Write in to survey
- 105. What is the 5th World?
- 106. The other side of the digital divide….
- 107. Player Incr. hand-eye coord reaction time spatial visualization neuro-psych. tests visual attentiveness and mental rotation http://www.wehealnewyork.org/BI%20Surgeon%20teams%20up%20with%20Hollywood.htm James “Butch” Rosser, M.D., Chief of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Director of the Advanced Medical Technology Institute (AMTI) Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan According to Rosser’s study, surgeons who currently play or previously played video games had a 37% reduction in errors and accomplish laparoscopic surgical tasks 27% quicker.
- 108. US Nano Soldier FCS 2020 defenselink.mil/news/Jul2004/n07272004_2004072705.html Game Builder – Nano Soldier
- 109. Neuro Evolved Robotic Operatives Agents cope with changing environments and situations, optimize resource management, and form adaptive tactical solutions in real time. Stanley, Bryant, Perry, Patterson, Gold, Thibault, Miikkulainen IC2 Institute: NERO Game Builder – AI for Sensors
- 110. Sys Admin
- 111. http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13599.htmlhttp://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/contractors/traffic_man/electrosonic/electrosonic1.html BACK FLIP C4 Operations Centers Air Land Sea Space Cyber
- 112. REMIXING – Constructive media remixing TEAMS – Transdisciplinary communities of practice. SWARMING – Network socialization and learning (communal). GROUP – Global Generation? 1980 Emergence of the 5th World 198219641946 Boomers Generation X Millennials 46-64 65-79 82-Present 5th World 4th World = Digital Divide
- 113. Millennials Low Socio-Economic Status Goldberg’s Crew, Houston Community College
- 114. Millennials Not Low Socio-Economic Status Ninja’s Crew, Houston Community College
- 116. This study was funded by the State Farm Companies Foundation and by Dr. George Kozmetsky (1917-2003), founder of the IC² Institute. The study was designed and analyzed, and the report was written by a team at The University of Texas at Austin: Aliza Gold, Senior Producer and Researcher at the Digital Media Collaboratory, part of the IC² Institute Emily Durden, PhD candidate in Sociology Marjorie L. Kase, M.A. in Communication Shane Alluah, PhD candidate in Educational Psychology Ana Boa-Ventura, PhD candidate in Communication The research team would like to thank the participating schools and their administrators: Elgin Middle School Goodnight Middle school Miller Junior High Fleming Middle School
- 117. Low SES: More TV and More Video Games TV Games A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 118. A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 119. A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 120. A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 121. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 High school or less Community college/technical College degree or beyond How Much Education do You Want? White African American Latino Other How much education? A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 122. 22 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Graduate HS Graduate CC or TC Graduate University Plans for education Computer Science 20 Video Game Design 9 Design/Art 8 Write in to survey
- 123. Females Males Designer/Decorator Professional athlete Doctor Video Game Designer Cosmetologist Business Owner Lawyer Engineer Teacher Lawyer Business Owner Military Service Musician/Singer Auto Mechanic Cook/Chef Computer Programmer A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 124. • Students have professional aspirations, but lack knowledge about how to reach professional goals. • Opportunities to learn about and explore careers are not available at school or accessed by the majority of students. • Students lack knowledge about the context and content of careers. A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 125. • Workforce • Education • Video Gamers & the 5th World • Closing the gap
- 126. GAME TEAMS Games have captured millennials imagination and time. Leverage the attention economy of games to develop next generation workforce. We need to pierce the veil of play and support game-based constructivist learning. Transdisciplinarity is the common denominator. Games NANO BIO INFO NEURO Game Builder = System Builder Educational Pull
- 127. Project #1: Digital Charter School for Military Aviation Workforce Attrition & Minority Aviators Sponsor: Commander Naval Air Forces
- 128. First Flight 3 of 6 Dave Kenny
- 131. Project #2: TEAMS Workforce Initiative Workforce Attrition. Emerging Technology. ID Educational Solutions. Sponsor: None. Informal Collaboration.
- 133. alice.org
- 135. squeakland.org
- 136. Population: 1.4MM Growth: 1200/day Educational Sites 3 - 5 minutes EA online games 9 minutes AOL Entertainment 10 minutes Whyville.net 59 minutes Yahoo! Games 78 minutes MEAN TIME PER USER LOGIN Discovery.com: 96 million Whyville.net: 58.4 million BigChalk: 11 million Time for Kids: 8 million New York Times Learning Net: 1.2 million Cosmogirl: 425,000 PAGE VIEWS ©numedeon,inc.2003 The average time per log in July was 3.8 hours making it second to Neopets.
- 137. Whyville.net
- 138. Project #3: spaceTEAMS TEAMS Career and Academic Exploration and Planning with Robotics Project-based Learning
- 140. ITSA Greg White, UTSA: ”K-PhD” PipelineStartyounger! TEAMS Northwest Vista College, San Antonio
- 141. Elementary spaceTEAMS San Antonio,TX Robot competition plus career and academic exploration and history of science and technology.
- 144. spaceTEAMS San Antonio,TX Middle School Like football or volleyball but academic.
- 146. Mars And beyond
Notes de l'éditeur
- Every 10 years?
- Cooper first cellular mobile phone in 1973 In simple terms, Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors that can be packed on an integrated electronic circuit doubles approximately every 2 years (ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/moorespaper.pdf ) enabling a size: price: performance ratio of smaller, cheaper and more powerful micro electronics. Law of Disruption states that “social, political, and economic systems change incrementally, but technology changes exponentially Metcalfe’s Law Value of a network increases proportionally with the square of the number of connections
- http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/ This brief introduction outlines personalities and organizations involved in the history of the transistor. For a richer picture, please follow the links throughout this web site. Bell Laboratories, one of the world's largest industrial laboratories, was the research arm of the giant telephone company American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). In 1945, Bell Labs was beginning to look for a solution to a long-standing problem. 1907 - The Problem AT&T brought its former president, Theodore Vail, out of retirement to help it fight off competition erupting from the expiration of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patents. Vail's solution: transcontinental telephone service. In 1906, the eccentric American inventor Lee De Forest developed a triode in a vacuum tube. It was a device that could amplify signals, including, it was hoped, signals on telephone lines as they were transferred across the country from one switch box to another. AT&T bought De Forest's patent and vastly improved the tube. It allowed the signal to be amplified regularly along the line, meaning that a telephone conversation could go on across any distance as long as there were amplifiers along the way. But the vacuum tubes that made that amplification possible were extremely unreliable, used too much power and produced too much heat. In the 1930s, Bell Lab's director of research, Mervin Kelly, recognized that a better device was needed for the telephone business to continue to grow. He felt that the answer might lie in a strange class of materials called semiconductors. 1945 - The Solution After the end of World War II, Kelly put together a team of scientists to develop a solid-state semiconductor switch to replace the problematic vacuum tube. The team would use some of the advances in semiconductor research during the war that had made radar possible. A young, brilliant theoretician, Bill Shockley, was selected as the team leader. (See Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen—the team and the teammates) Shockley drafted Bell Lab's Walter Brattain, an experimental physicist who could build or fix just about anything, and hired theoretical physicist John Bardeen from the University of Minnesota. Shockley filled out his team with an eclectic mix of physicists, chemists and engineers. The group was diverse, yet close knit. Walter Brown, a physicist who joined the group in 1951, recalls hearing about exuberant parties and good lunches. Betty Sparks, Shockley's secretary, recalled the group's high spirits at her wedding to Morgan Sparks. They called their lab "Hell's Bells Laboratory." In the spring of 1945, Shockley designed what he hoped would be the first semiconductor amplifier, relying on something called the "field effect." His device was a small cylinder coated thinly with silicon, mounted close to a small, metal plate. It was, as University of Illinois Electrical Engineer Nick Holonyak said, a crazy idea. Indeed, the device didn't work, and Shockley assigned Bardeen and Brattain to find out why. According to author Joel Shurkin, the two largely worked unsupervised; Shockley spent most of his time working alone at home. Ensconced in Bell Labs' Murray Hill facilities, Bardeen and Brattain began a great partnership. Bardeen, the theoretician, suggested experiments and interpreted the results, while Brattain built and ran the experiments. Technician Phil Foy recalls that as time went on with little success, tensions began to build within the lab group. In the fall of 1947, author Lillian Hoddeson says, Brattain decided to try dunking the entire apparatus into a tub of water. Surprisingly, it worked... a little bit. Brattain began to experiment with gold on germanium, eliminating the liquid layer on the theory that it was slowing down the device. It didn't work, but the team kept experimenting using that design as a starting point.
- Need source
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- The Invisible Train The Invisible Train is the first real multi-user Augmented Reality application for handheld devices (PDAs). Unlike other projects, in which wearable devices were merely used as thin-clients, while powerful (PC-based) servers performed a majority of the computations (such as graphics rendering), our software runs independently on off-the-shelf PDAs - eliminating the need for an expensive infractructure. The Invisible Train is a mobile, collaborative multi-user Augmented Reality (AR) game, in which players control virtual trains on a real wooden miniature railroad track. These virtual trains are only visible to players through their PDA's video see-through display as they don't exist in the physical world. This type of user interface is commonly called the "magic lens metaphor". Players can interact with the game environment by operating track switches and adjusting the speed of their virtual trains. The current state of the game is synchronized between all participants via wireless networking. The common goal of the game is to prevent the virtual trains from colliding. The success of the Invisible Train installation illustrates the advantages of our Studierstube software framework, a component-based system architecture that has been designed to accelerate the task of developing and deploying collaborative Augmented Reality applications on handheld devices. Why Handheld Augmented Reality? Augmented Reality (AR) can naturally complement mobile computing on wearable devices by providing an intuitive interface to a three-dimensional information space embedded within physical reality. However, prior work on mobile Augmented Reality has almost exclusively been undertaken with traditional "backpack"-systems that consist of a notebook computer, an HMD, cameras and additional supporting hardware. Although these systems work well within a constrained laboratory environment, they fail to fulfill several usability criteria to be rapidly deployed to inexperienced users, as they are expensive, cumbersome and require high level of expertise. Since the early experiments in Mobile Augmented Reality, a variety of highly portable consumer devices with versatile computing capabilities has emerged. We believe that handheld computers, mobile phones and personal digital assistants have the potential to introduce Augmented Reality to large audiences outside of a constrained laboratory environment. The relative affordability of devices that are capable of running our software framework opens up new possibilities for experimenting with massively multi-user application scenarios - thereby bringing us closer to the goal of "AR anytime, anywhere".
- Cooper first cellular mobile phone in 1973 In simple terms, Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors that can be packed on an integrated electronic circuit doubles approximately every 2 years (ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/moorespaper.pdf ) enabling a size: price: performance ratio of smaller, cheaper and more powerful micro electronics. Law of Disruption states that “social, political, and economic systems change incrementally, but technology changes exponentially Metcalfe’s Law Value of a network increases proportionally with the square of the number of connections
- The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. This device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power supply, while being inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds. The science and engineering goal of the project is to build a complete, complex system in a tiny volume using state-of-the art technologies (as opposed to futuristic technologies), which will require evolutionary and revolutionary advances in integration, miniaturization, and energy management. We forsee many applications for this technology: Weather/seismological monitoring on Mars Internal spacecraft monitoring Land/space comm. networks Chemical/biological sensors Weapons stockpile monitoring Defense-related sensor networks Inventory Control Product quality monitoring Smart office spaces Sports - sailing, balls For more information, see the main Smart Dust page at http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust and read our publications (see navigation button above). Brief description of the operation of the mote: The Smart Dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the tasks performed by the mote, but controls power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the microcontroller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, processes the data, and stores it in memory. It also occasionally turns on the optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. This communication may include new programs or messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own initiative the microcontroller will use the corner cube retroreflector or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote. Longer description of the operation of the mote: The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again. Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires, the receiver powers up and looks for an incoming packet. If it doesn't see one after a certain length of time, it is powered down again. The mote can receive several types of packets, including ones that are new program code that is stored in the program memory. This allows the user to change the behavior of the mote remotely. Packets may also include messages from the base station or other motes. When one of these is received, the microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the contents of the message. The message may tell the mote to do something in particular, or it may be a message that is just being passed from one mote to another on its way to a particular destination. In response to a message or to another timer expiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet containing sensor data or a message and transmit it using either the corner cube retroreflector or the laser diode, depending on which it has. The corner cube retroreflector transmits information just by moving a mirror and thus changing the reflection of a laser beam from the base station. This technique is substantially more energy efficient than actually generating some radiation. With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with other Smart Dust motes.
- M2M is a category of Information and Computing Technology (ICT) that combines network, computer, software, sensor and power technologies to enable remote human and machine interaction with physical, chemical and biological systems and processes. M2M has many synonyms including “pervasive computing”, “hidden computing”, “invisible computing” and “ubiquitous computing.” Reach out and touch someone or squeeze someone or…An accelerometer on the wrist-worn device allows rough detection of hand orientation, gesture measurement, and tapping. In the near future researchers will examine simple activity detection as well, such as sitting, walking, and standing. As in the bus stop example, a person wearing the device can sense simple touching. This sensation is enabled through force-sensing resistors that provide pressure detection over a high-resolution surface array on the top of the device. A person can also detect rich signals sent from a partner whirling a finger along the surface of his or her device. Researchers provided this effect by time stamping the sensed data. Motes, such as the one amongst the candy corn above, are at the heart of several Intel research projects. Not only might a wearer experience the simulated touch of a friend, she might also feel the device grow warm to her skin. Using a Peltier Junction, the device can create a subtle heating or cooling on the wearer’s skin. “The mapping between the inputs and outputs of paired devices is not literal,” says Paulos. “This is an important part of the design. In the same way people developed a language of numbers around early pagers when they sent messages we believe a similar vocabulary will emerge around physical cues.” For example, to some wearers a gentle warming on the skin might convey a message of friendship. Others might choose to send good vibes by…well by sending good vibes, literally. Intel researchers used simple flat pancake vibration motors to cause wearers to easily and privately feel vibrations though skin contact. Various vibration patterns and duty cycles provide a number of output possibilities for the device. And for those times when good vibes just aren’t enough, a wearer of the device can send the equivalent of a wireless handhold, an electronic squeeze. Through the use of Flexinol, a user can feel a little squeeze that mimics the grasp of a hand as the filament in the wrist-worn device contracts when electrically powered. Flexinol is a simple variant of Nitinol, which is often used in robotic applications and commonly referred to as “muscle wire” for its ability to exert force and return to its original shape. For all the pleasant thoughts and human analogies there may be a dark side to this device. “Imagine someone incessantly tapping, tapping, tapping. You’d probably feel really annoyed,” says Paulos. “It could be your friend trying to get in touch with you. Or perhaps you’re on the receiving end of a lovers’ quarrel.” “Yea,” says Paulos, “there is an eerie side to this device. I don’t think anyone want to know what spam feels like.”
- http://www.robotdirectory.org/pics/cakemonster/Nano-Scoop3.jpg
- America No. 1? America by the numbers by Michael Ventura 02/03/05 "ICH" - - No concept lies more firmly embedded in our national character than the notion that the USA is "No. 1," "the greatest." Our broadcast media are, in essence, continuous advertisements for the brand name "America Is No. 1." Any office seeker saying otherwise would be committing political suicide. In fact, anyone saying otherwise will be labeled "un-American." We're an "empire," ain't we? Sure we are. An empire without a manufacturing base. An empire that must borrow $2 billion a day from its competitors in order to function. Yet the delusion is ineradicable. We're No. 1. Well...this is the country you really live in: * The United States is 49th in the world in literacy (the New York Times, Dec. 12, 2004). * The United States ranked 28th out of 40 countries in mathematical literacy (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * Twenty percent of Americans think the sun orbits the earth. Seventeen percent believe the earth revolves around the sun once a day (The Week, Jan. 7, 2005). * "The International Adult Literacy Survey...found that Americans with less than nine years of education 'score worse than virtually all of the other countries'" (Jeremy Rifkin's superbly documented book The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream, p.78). * Our workers are so ignorant and lack so many basic skills that American businesses spend $30 billion a year on remedial training (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). No wonder they relocate elsewhere! * "The European Union leads the U.S. in...the number of science and engineering graduates; public research and development (R&D) expenditures; and new capital raised" (The European Dream, p.70). * "Europe surpassed the United States in the mid-1990s as the largest producer of scientific literature" (The European Dream, p.70). * Nevertheless, Congress cut funds to the National Science Foundation. The agency will issue 1,000 fewer research grants this year (NYT, Dec. 21, 2004). * Foreign applications to U.S. grad schools declined 28 percent last year. Foreign student enrollment on all levels fell for the first time in three decades, but increased greatly in Europe and China. Last year Chinese grad-school graduates in the U.S. dropped 56 percent, Indians 51 percent, South Koreans 28 percent (NYT, Dec. 21, 2004). We're not the place to be anymore. * The World Health Organization "ranked the countries of the world in terms of overall health performance, and the U.S. [was]...37th." In the fairness of health care, we're 54th. "The irony is that the United States spends more per capita for health care than any other nation in the world" (The European Dream, pp.79-80). Pay more, get lots, lots less. * "The U.S. and South Africa are the only two developed countries in the world that do not provide health care for all their citizens" (The European Dream, p.80). Excuse me, but since when is South Africa a "developed" country? Anyway, that's the company we're keeping. * Lack of health insurance coverage causes 18,000 unnecessary American deaths a year. (That's six times the number of people killed on 9/11.) (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005.) * "U.S. childhood poverty now ranks 22nd, or second to last, among the developed nations. Only Mexico scores lower" (The European Dream, p.81). Been to Mexico lately? Does it look "developed" to you? Yet it's the only "developed" country to score lower in childhood poverty. * Twelve million American families--more than 10 percent of all U.S. households--"continue to struggle, and not always successfully, to feed themselves." Families that "had members who actually went hungry at some point last year" numbered 3.9 million (NYT, Nov. 22, 2004). * The United States is 41st in the world in infant mortality. Cuba scores higher (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005). * Women are 70 percent more likely to die in childbirth in America than in Europe (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005). * The leading cause of death of pregnant women in this country is murder (CNN, Dec. 14, 2004). * "Of the 20 most developed countries in the world, the U.S. was dead last in the growth rate of total compensation to its workforce in the 1980s.... In the 1990s, the U.S. average compensation growth rate grew only slightly, at an annual rate of about 0.1 percent" (The European Dream, p.39). Yet Americans work longer hours per year than any other industrialized country, and get less vacation time. * "Sixty-one of the 140 biggest companies on the Global Fortune 500 rankings are European, while only 50 are U.S. companies" (The European Dream, p.66). "In a recent survey of the world's 50 best companies, conducted by Global Finance, all but one were European" (The European Dream, p.69). * "Fourteen of the 20 largest commercial banks in the world today are European.... In the chemical industry, the European company BASF is the world's leader, and three of the top six players are European. In engineering and construction, three of the top five companies are European.... The two others are Japanese. Not a single American engineering and construction company is included among the world's top nine competitors. In food and consumer products, Nestlé and Unilever, two European giants, rank first and second, respectively, in the world. In the food and drugstore retail trade, two European companies...are first and second, and European companies make up five of the top ten. Only four U.S. companies are on the list" (The European Dream, p.68). * The United States has lost 1.3 million jobs to China in the last decade (CNN, Jan. 12, 2005). * U.S. employers eliminated 1 million jobs in 2004 (The Week, Jan. 14, 2005). * Three million six hundred thousand Americans ran out of unemployment insurance last year; 1.8 million--one in five--unemployed workers are jobless for more than six months (NYT, Jan. 9, 2005). * Japan, China, Taiwan, and South Korea hold 40 percent of our government debt. (That's why we talk nice to them.) "By helping keep mortgage rates from rising, China has come to play an enormous and little-noticed role in sustaining the American housing boom" (NYT, Dec. 4, 2004). Read that twice. We owe our housing boom to China, because they want us to keep buying all that stuff they manufacture. * Sometime in the next 10 years Brazil will probably pass the U.S. as the world's largest agricultural producer. Brazil is now the world's largest exporter of chickens, orange juice, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Last year, Brazil passed the U.S. as the world's largest beef producer. (Hear that, you poor deluded cowboys?) As a result, while we bear record trade deficits, Brazil boasts a $30 billion trade surplus (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * As of last June, the U.S. imported more food than it exported (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * Bush: 62,027,582 votes. Kerry: 59,026,003 votes. Number of eligible voters who didn't show up: 79,279,000 (NYT, Dec. 26, 2004). That's more than a third. Way more. If more than a third of Iraqis don't show for their election, no country in the world will think that election legitimate. * One-third of all U.S. children are born out of wedlock. One-half of all U.S. children will live in a one-parent house (CNN, Dec. 10, 2004). * "Americans are now spending more money on gambling than on movies, videos, DVDs, music, and books combined" (The European Dream, p.28). * "Nearly one out of four Americans [believe] that using violence to get what they want is acceptable" (The European Dream, p.32). * Forty-three percent of Americans think torture is sometimes justified, according to a PEW Poll (Associated Press, Aug. 19, 2004). * "Nearly 900,000 children were abused or neglected in 2002, the last year for which such data are available" (USA Today, Dec. 21, 2004). * "The International Association of Chiefs of Police said that cuts by the [Bush] administration in federal aid to local police agencies have left the nation more vulnerable than ever" (USA Today, Nov. 17, 2004). No. 1? In most important categories we're not even in the Top 10 anymore. Not even close. The USA is "No. 1" in nothing but weaponry, consumer spending, debt, and delusion. Reprinted from the Austin Chronicle. www.citypages.com/databank/26/1264/article12985.asp
- ., all integrated through the design process. The key to success in mechatronics is: modeling, analysis, experimentation & hardware-implementation skills.
- Rice and U of Susses (Kroto)
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- America No. 1? America by the numbers by Michael Ventura 02/03/05 "ICH" - - No concept lies more firmly embedded in our national character than the notion that the USA is "No. 1," "the greatest." Our broadcast media are, in essence, continuous advertisements for the brand name "America Is No. 1." Any office seeker saying otherwise would be committing political suicide. In fact, anyone saying otherwise will be labeled "un-American." We're an "empire," ain't we? Sure we are. An empire without a manufacturing base. An empire that must borrow $2 billion a day from its competitors in order to function. Yet the delusion is ineradicable. We're No. 1. Well...this is the country you really live in: * The United States is 49th in the world in literacy (the New York Times, Dec. 12, 2004). * The United States ranked 28th out of 40 countries in mathematical literacy (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * Twenty percent of Americans think the sun orbits the earth. Seventeen percent believe the earth revolves around the sun once a day (The Week, Jan. 7, 2005). * "The International Adult Literacy Survey...found that Americans with less than nine years of education 'score worse than virtually all of the other countries'" (Jeremy Rifkin's superbly documented book The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream, p.78). * Our workers are so ignorant and lack so many basic skills that American businesses spend $30 billion a year on remedial training (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). No wonder they relocate elsewhere! * "The European Union leads the U.S. in...the number of science and engineering graduates; public research and development (R&D) expenditures; and new capital raised" (The European Dream, p.70). * "Europe surpassed the United States in the mid-1990s as the largest producer of scientific literature" (The European Dream, p.70). * Nevertheless, Congress cut funds to the National Science Foundation. The agency will issue 1,000 fewer research grants this year (NYT, Dec. 21, 2004). * Foreign applications to U.S. grad schools declined 28 percent last year. Foreign student enrollment on all levels fell for the first time in three decades, but increased greatly in Europe and China. Last year Chinese grad-school graduates in the U.S. dropped 56 percent, Indians 51 percent, South Koreans 28 percent (NYT, Dec. 21, 2004). We're not the place to be anymore. * The World Health Organization "ranked the countries of the world in terms of overall health performance, and the U.S. [was]...37th." In the fairness of health care, we're 54th. "The irony is that the United States spends more per capita for health care than any other nation in the world" (The European Dream, pp.79-80). Pay more, get lots, lots less. * "The U.S. and South Africa are the only two developed countries in the world that do not provide health care for all their citizens" (The European Dream, p.80). Excuse me, but since when is South Africa a "developed" country? Anyway, that's the company we're keeping. * Lack of health insurance coverage causes 18,000 unnecessary American deaths a year. (That's six times the number of people killed on 9/11.) (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005.) * "U.S. childhood poverty now ranks 22nd, or second to last, among the developed nations. Only Mexico scores lower" (The European Dream, p.81). Been to Mexico lately? Does it look "developed" to you? Yet it's the only "developed" country to score lower in childhood poverty. * Twelve million American families--more than 10 percent of all U.S. households--"continue to struggle, and not always successfully, to feed themselves." Families that "had members who actually went hungry at some point last year" numbered 3.9 million (NYT, Nov. 22, 2004). * The United States is 41st in the world in infant mortality. Cuba scores higher (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005). * Women are 70 percent more likely to die in childbirth in America than in Europe (NYT, Jan. 12, 2005). * The leading cause of death of pregnant women in this country is murder (CNN, Dec. 14, 2004). * "Of the 20 most developed countries in the world, the U.S. was dead last in the growth rate of total compensation to its workforce in the 1980s.... In the 1990s, the U.S. average compensation growth rate grew only slightly, at an annual rate of about 0.1 percent" (The European Dream, p.39). Yet Americans work longer hours per year than any other industrialized country, and get less vacation time. * "Sixty-one of the 140 biggest companies on the Global Fortune 500 rankings are European, while only 50 are U.S. companies" (The European Dream, p.66). "In a recent survey of the world's 50 best companies, conducted by Global Finance, all but one were European" (The European Dream, p.69). * "Fourteen of the 20 largest commercial banks in the world today are European.... In the chemical industry, the European company BASF is the world's leader, and three of the top six players are European. In engineering and construction, three of the top five companies are European.... The two others are Japanese. Not a single American engineering and construction company is included among the world's top nine competitors. In food and consumer products, Nestlé and Unilever, two European giants, rank first and second, respectively, in the world. In the food and drugstore retail trade, two European companies...are first and second, and European companies make up five of the top ten. Only four U.S. companies are on the list" (The European Dream, p.68). * The United States has lost 1.3 million jobs to China in the last decade (CNN, Jan. 12, 2005). * U.S. employers eliminated 1 million jobs in 2004 (The Week, Jan. 14, 2005). * Three million six hundred thousand Americans ran out of unemployment insurance last year; 1.8 million--one in five--unemployed workers are jobless for more than six months (NYT, Jan. 9, 2005). * Japan, China, Taiwan, and South Korea hold 40 percent of our government debt. (That's why we talk nice to them.) "By helping keep mortgage rates from rising, China has come to play an enormous and little-noticed role in sustaining the American housing boom" (NYT, Dec. 4, 2004). Read that twice. We owe our housing boom to China, because they want us to keep buying all that stuff they manufacture. * Sometime in the next 10 years Brazil will probably pass the U.S. as the world's largest agricultural producer. Brazil is now the world's largest exporter of chickens, orange juice, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Last year, Brazil passed the U.S. as the world's largest beef producer. (Hear that, you poor deluded cowboys?) As a result, while we bear record trade deficits, Brazil boasts a $30 billion trade surplus (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * As of last June, the U.S. imported more food than it exported (NYT, Dec. 12, 2004). * Bush: 62,027,582 votes. Kerry: 59,026,003 votes. Number of eligible voters who didn't show up: 79,279,000 (NYT, Dec. 26, 2004). That's more than a third. Way more. If more than a third of Iraqis don't show for their election, no country in the world will think that election legitimate. * One-third of all U.S. children are born out of wedlock. One-half of all U.S. children will live in a one-parent house (CNN, Dec. 10, 2004). * "Americans are now spending more money on gambling than on movies, videos, DVDs, music, and books combined" (The European Dream, p.28). * "Nearly one out of four Americans [believe] that using violence to get what they want is acceptable" (The European Dream, p.32). * Forty-three percent of Americans think torture is sometimes justified, according to a PEW Poll (Associated Press, Aug. 19, 2004). * "Nearly 900,000 children were abused or neglected in 2002, the last year for which such data are available" (USA Today, Dec. 21, 2004). * "The International Association of Chiefs of Police said that cuts by the [Bush] administration in federal aid to local police agencies have left the nation more vulnerable than ever" (USA Today, Nov. 17, 2004). No. 1? In most important categories we're not even in the Top 10 anymore. Not even close. The USA is "No. 1" in nothing but weaponry, consumer spending, debt, and delusion. Reprinted from the Austin Chronicle. www.citypages.com/databank/26/1264/article12985.asp
- EMBARGOED UNTIL: 12:01 A.M., EST, MARCH 18, 2004 (THURSDAY) Mike BergmanCB04-44Public Information Office (301) 763-3030/457-3670 (fax)Summary tables(301) 457-1037 (TDD) e-mail: [email_address] More Diversity, Slower Growth Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic andAsian Populations in 50 Years; Non-Hispanic WhitesMay Drop To Half of Total Population The nation’s Hispanic and Asian populations would triple over the next half century and non-Hispanic whites would represent about one-half of the total population by 2050, according to interim population projections released today by the U.S. Census Bureau. Overall, the country’s population would continue to grow, increasing from 282.1 million in 2000 to 419.9 million in 2050. However, after 2030 the rate of increase might be the slowest since the Great Depression of the 1930s as the size of the “baby boom” population continues to decline. Still, the nation’s projected 49 percent population increase during the next 50 years would be in sharp contrast to most European countries, whose populations are expected to decline by mid-century. (Statements on race groups in this news release are limited to the single-race white, black, and Asian populations and do not cover other single-race groups or the population of two or more races.) The federal government treats Hispanic origin and race as distinct concepts. (See U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data.) From 2000 to 2050, the non-Hispanic, white population would increase from 195.7 million to 210.3 million, an increase of 14.6 million or 7 percent. This group is projected to actually lose population in the 2040s and would comprise just 50.1 percent of the total population in 2050, compared with 69.4 percent in 2000. (See Table 1 [Excel].) Nearly 67 million people of Hispanic origin (who may be of any race) would be added to the nation’s population between 2000 and 2050. Their numbers are projected to grow from 35.6 million to 102.6 million, an increase of 188 percent. Their share of the nation’s population would nearly double, from 12.6 percent to 24.4 percent. The Asian population is projected to grow 213 percent, from 10.7 million to 33.4 million. Their share of the nation’s population would double, from 3.8 percent to 8 percent. The black population is projected to rise from 35.8 million to 61.4 million in 2050, an increase of about 26 million or 71 percent. That would raise their share of the country’s population from 12.7 percent to 14.6 percent. The country’s population also is expected to become older. Childbearing rates are expected to remain low while baby-boomers — people born between 1946 and 1964 — begin to turn 65 in 2011. By 2030, about 1-in-5 people would be 65 or over. The female population is projected to continue to outnumber the male population, going from a numerical difference of 5.3 million in 2000 (143.7 million females and 138.4 million males) to 6.9 million (213.4 million females and 206.5 million males) by mid-century. (See Table 2 [Excel].) The projections for the resident population of the United States are by age, sex, race (including the categories white, black, Asian and “all other races”) and Hispanic origin. They are based on Census 2000 results and assumptions about future childbearing, mortality and international migration.
- Computer Forensics Salaries $45,000 - $65,000 MEMS Salaries $35,000 - $45,000 Hybrd $25,000 ADM $40,000 - $50,000
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- The U.S. output of new engineers raise concerns over America’s ability to compete over the long run. The U.S. is producing less than a third of the number of engineers as China and less than half the number as Europe. Electrical and electronic engineers represent a third to a half of all engineers hired by the semiconductor industry. In 1993, U.S. universities granted 17,588 BS EE degrees; but only 13,031 in 2002. (Engineering Workforce Commission) The NSF reports that in 39% of engineering masters degrees (in 2000) and 61% of PhD engineering degrees (in 2001) went to foreign students. The NSF also reports that of the 11,500 foreign engineering doctoral recipients from U.S. universities, only 55% had firm plans to stay – i.e. a post doctoral research appointment or firm employment in the U.S. (1998-2001). Electrical engineering is the semiconductor industry’s largest engineer employment category. The Engineering Workforce Commission report that in 2001, 9.7% of Bachelors, 51.5% of Masters, and 59.7% of PhD EE graduates were foreign students. In 1999, Asia alone accounted for more than 49 percent of all science and engineering degrees granted worldwide, Europe 32 percent, and North America 10 percent. In that same year, China produced 195,354 engineers, the United States only 60,914. Fewer U.S. citizens are in a position to pursue engineering degrees due to U.S. K-12 students’ science and math literacy scores being below those in other countries. The Trends in International Math and Science Study Survey (TIMSS) is a comprehensive study comparing science and math achievement for 4th, 8th and 12th grade students in 34 nations. In 1999 TIMSS found that 8th grad students in Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Canada, Australia, Hungary and Finland scored significantly above their U.S. counterparts in both math and science.
- The U.S. output of new engineers raise concerns over America’s ability to compete over the long run. The U.S. is producing less than a third of the number of engineers as China and less than half the number as Europe. Electrical and electronic engineers represent a third to a half of all engineers hired by the semiconductor industry. In 1993, U.S. universities granted 17,588 BS EE degrees; but only 13,031 in 2002. (Engineering Workforce Commission) The NSF reports that in 39% of engineering masters degrees (in 2000) and 61% of PhD engineering degrees (in 2001) went to foreign students. The NSF also reports that of the 11,500 foreign engineering doctoral recipients from U.S. universities, only 55% had firm plans to stay – i.e. a post doctoral research appointment or firm employment in the U.S. (1998-2001). Electrical engineering is the semiconductor industry’s largest engineer employment category. The Engineering Workforce Commission report that in 2001, 9.7% of Bachelors, 51.5% of Masters, and 59.7% of PhD EE graduates were foreign students. In 1999, Asia alone accounted for more than 49 percent of all science and engineering degrees granted worldwide, Europe 32 percent, and North America 10 percent. In that same year, China produced 195,354 engineers, the United States only 60,914. Fewer U.S. citizens are in a position to pursue engineering degrees due to U.S. K-12 students’ science and math literacy scores being below those in other countries. The Trends in International Math and Science Study Survey (TIMSS) is a comprehensive study comparing science and math achievement for 4th, 8th and 12th grade students in 34 nations. In 1999 TIMSS found that 8th grad students in Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Canada, Australia, Hungary and Finland scored significantly above their U.S. counterparts in both math and science.
- Ender's Game for Science and Engineering: Games for Real, For Now, or We Lose the Brain War Merrilea J. MayoDirector, GUIRR (Govt-Univ-Ind Research Roundtable)The National Academies
- Ender's Game for Science and Engineering: Games for Real, For Now, or We Lose the Brain War Merrilea J. MayoDirector, GUIRR (Govt-Univ-Ind Research Roundtable)The National Academies
- Provide small communities Novel way to use learning games Special – business relationship between Breakaway and DOJ Distribute to 30,000 agencies in Feb National Incident Command Sys NICS Training
- Free video game teaches kids about world hungerBY JINNY GUDMUNDSEN GANNETT NEWS SERVICE Live 8, the global concerts earlier this month to fight poverty in Africa, greatly increased awareness of world hunger. But most kids don't understand how international aid organizations work to help starving people. That's where a video game can help. "Food Force" gives kids between the ages of 8 and 13 a better understanding of how relief organizations operate. Produced by the United Nations' World Food Programme, "Food Force" is a free Internet download at www.food-force.com. Kids join a team of emergency aid workers to save the fictitious island of Sheylan from starvation caused by drought and civil war. The team goes on six missions to help save the island. Each mission starts with a briefing by one of the emergency aid characters. Kids then play a hands-on game to score enough points to complete the mission. For example, in the first mission, kids pilot a helicopter by using the computer mouse. Time is limited, and youngsters earn points by locating refugees. After piloting, the Food Force character returns to evaluate the kids' performance and uses an accompanying video that shows the program in action to make the whole process seem realistic. The additional missions cleverly use games to demonstrate how emergency aid teams acquire food, make food packs, deliver food and establish long-term food supplies. When kids complete all six missions, they can upload their cumulative score to an international database found on the Food Force Web site. The Web site also provides information about how kids can help fight hunger, and it allows them to explore more about the World Food Programme. Teachers also will find lesson plans that incorporate the game. The program effectively reaches 'tweens and teens with 3-D graphics and characters that resemble those in popular commercial titles, helping bring closer to home the problems of world hunger, which are most often thousands of miles away. The game is best for ages 8 to 13. It scores a perfect five stars. For more information, see www.food-force.com, United Nations' World Food Programme, offering free downloadable program for Windows and Macintosh.
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- “Although we often hear about the reasons kids should not play video games, there is, indeed, a positive correlation between video gaming and increased hand-eye coordination, reaction time, spatial visualization, neuro-psychological tests, visual attentiveness and mental rotation,” says Dr. Rosser. “Those are all skills that are required to be a successful surgeon.”A study conducted at Beth Israel Medical Center by Dr. Rosser, found a significant correlation between video game experience and proficiency at laparoscopic surgery. According to the study, surgeons who currently play or previously played video games had a 37 percent reduction in errors and accomplish laparoscopic surgical tasks 27 percent quicker. “The studies confirm what some physicians have long suspected – video games can be natural teachers,” says Dr. Mogel. “However, this probably has been unintended by the game designers.”
- The careers are ordered by priority. Design-related fields are at the top fo the chart for both females and males. Males in middle school are described in the literature as being more likely to have interests that could be labeled “fantasy careers’ or “glamour careers.”
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- <number> The most important thing to understand about Whyville really, is that it’s a place full of kids. It’s a virtual city that belongs to the kids who come from all over the world to have fun. The kids consider this their own town, and they call themselves Whyvillians. To become a Whyvillian, you create a Whyville persona. In this screen, and every other screen you’ve already seen, for example, each face is a Whyville citizen. To become a Whyville citizen, you create a persona, the most important aspect of which is your face. You can see here that the faces are varied and very creative. Here’s an amoeba. Here’s someone driving a car. Here is someone wearing a style known as ‘Goth’. The ungliest citizens you see around are in fact us, the city workers.
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