Poster Citrm Ling301

Taxonomy of Hedges and Hedging: Discourse Analysis Everyday meaning: "If you hedge against something unpleasant or unwanted that might affect you, you do something which will protect you from it. If you hedge or hedge a problem or question you avoid answering the question or committing yourself to a particular action or decision." (Collins 1987) (a) Hedge markers: Kinda, sorta, it was the kind of thing where (b) Hedge & hedging: Discourse analysis/Speech act theory: mitigates the impact or force of utterance; functions in politeness values (c) Kinda, sorta, it was the kind of thing where(b)Most difference from A to B is in material that doesn’t carry over from first to second narrative. (d) Two types of hedges (1) Hedges make things fuzzier or less fuzzy - George Lakoff (1972) Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts Classic paper on hedges as linguistic markers whose function is to blur category boundaries linguistic markers with function to blur the category boundaries of the linguistic elements they operate on and/or reduce the speakers' commitment (e.g. rather, in a manner of speaking) (2) Hedges modify the truth-value of a whole proposition William Vande Kopple (1985) Hedges (e.g. perhaps , seem , might, to a certain extent ) modify the truth-value of the whole proposition (3) Hedged Performatives (Speech Act Theory) Robin Lakoff (G. Lakoff 1972): certain verbs and syntactic constructions convey hedged performatives ( I suppose/guess/think that Harry is coming; Won't you open the door? ). Fraser (1975) notes that modals and semi-modals affect the illocutionary force of an utterance where an act is denoted by a performative verb in performative sentences, e.g. I must advise you to remain quiet . Introduction This presentation focuses on acoustic and linguistic methods contributing to an innovative multi-sourced assessment of trauma. In this collaborative research study, these methods converge with psychological assessments. We introduce examples of acoustic and linguistic properties relevant to the discourse of emotion and trauma. Psychological research indicates that making repeated written or spoken accounts of stressful and traumatic experiences can lead to improved health and that survivors of sexual assault benefit from making repeated accounts of their sexual assault experience and from being exposed to their own recorded accounts (Foa and Rothbaum 1998). Acoustic phoneticians and other speech researchers, in assessing vocal expression of emotion, have employed diverse methods to measure a variety of acoustic parameters (Scherer et al. 2003). Linguists have identified expressions of evaluation and emotion by examining oral narratives, suppressed discourse, and accounts of sexual assault. Ehrlich (2001) analyzes linguistic features of legal discourse in sexual assault trials. Hedges, negation and pronoun shifting will figure in our presentation. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acknowledgments We thank Lenore Lautigar for research assistance and initial analysis of trasncript from one participant and successive teams of undergraduate researchers at Mary Washington College. Funding for this project was provided through Undergraduate Research Grants and Supplemental Faculty Development Grants from Mary Washington College. Conclusions Linguistic subdisciplines such as discourse analysis and speech act theory distinguish different forms and functions of language phenomena for emotion and emotional stress. Speech production: Vocal expression of emotion can be measured using acoustic properties such as fundamental frequency, rate of speech, jitter and shimmer. Measures of fundamental frequency show strong correlations with perception of stress, but due to complexity and variability of human speech interspeaker and intraspeaker, a combination rather than any one parameter is recommended to assess emotional stress for speakers. Speech perception: Vocal expression of emotion can be measured by excerpting portions of the acoustic signal, constructing stimuli for studies with college sophomores. We’re generally quite good at perceiving stress in speech. It will require additional studies to tease apart which components of the acoustic signal each listener responds to. Acoustic and Linguistic Assessment of Emotional Stress in Oral Accounts of Sexual Assault Experience DRAFT NAMES ADDRESSES References (1) Foa E, Rothbaum B. Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. The Guilford Press, New York: 1998. (2) Scherer KR, Johnstone T, Klasmeyer G. Vocal expression of emotion. In Davidson RJ, Goldsmith H, Scherer KR (Eds.). Handbook of the affective sciences (pp. 433-456): Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford: 2003. (3) Ehrlich S. Representing rape: Language and sexual consent. Routledge, London and New York: 2001. (4) Parker J. and CB Corcoran. Effects of Repeated Account-Making of Sexual Assault Experiences: An Interdisciplinary Feminist Methodology. In Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Linguists , ed. Bernard Caron Oxford: Pergamon, Paper No. 1021. 1998 For further information Please contact [email_address] . For more information on linguistics at the University of Mary Washington: www.umw.edu/cas/els/linguistics . Hedges modify a variety of speech acts (e.g. requests, apologies) (Fraser 1980) Hedges mitigate force of utterance ( kind of , sort of) . Hedges modify requests and apologies (House/Kasper (1981), Blum-Kulka/Ohlstein (1984). A hedge can be a detensifier or an intensifier: A hedge is "a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or a noun phrase in a set; it says of that membership that it is partial or true only in certain respects, or that it is more true and complete than perhaps might be expected” Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson (1987). A hedge indicates that "the match between a piece of knowledge and a category is less than perfect" (Chafe 1986). Two Types of Hedges: G. Lakoff (1972) published Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts . Focuses on logical properties of words and phrases like rather , largely , in a manner of speaking , very , in their ability "to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy" (Lakoff 1972). Also notes that hedges may "interact with felicity conditions for utterances and with rules of conversation" (Lakoff 1972, 213). Data I would really like to go and hammer those nails into his feet ANGER Emotion in Speech Corpus Data www.rdg.ac.uk/AcaDepts/ll/speechlab/emotion/example.html

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