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Ecology Notes
- 1. ECOLOGY
- 2. What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.
- 3. Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. • Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.
- 4. Organism Organism • An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator.
- 5. Organism Organism Population Population • A population is a group of the same species that lives in one area.
- 6. Organism Organism Population Population Community Community • A community is a group of different species that live together in one area.
- 7. Organism Organism Population Population Community Community Ecosystem Ecosystem • An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area.
- 8. Organism Organism Population Population Community Community Ecosystem Ecosystem Biome • A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.
- 10. • A biosphere is the global ecosystem – The sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and biomes
- 11. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- 12. What factors both living and non living will affect my life? 3 minutes To THINK
- 13. Factors affecting mouse • Predators • Food • Shelter • Temperature • Weather • Competitors • Pathogens • Parasites • Clean Water
- 14. Would the same factors affect this flower?
- 15. Factors Affecting Plant • Predators • Food • Shelter • Temperature • Weather • Competitors • Pollinators • Soil • Nutrients • Wind • Aspect • Daylight
- 16. Keywords for today • Biotic • Abiotic
- 17. At the end of today’s lesson you will be able to • Define biotic and abiotic • Give examples of each type of factor
- 18. Classify the factors in the picture as either biotic factors or abiotic factors
- 19. List the Biotic and Abiotic Factors in the Image
- 20. Decide whether the following items are Abiotic, Biotic, or can be argued to be both, place in the Venn diagram. Abiotic Biotic
- 21. Biotic or Abiotic or Both? Fish Chair Water Train Atom Plastic Insects Wood Sea Shell Dirt Dog Worm Burger Wheat T.V. Broccoli Pine Tree Energy Flower Dead animal Wooden Table Cotton Shirt Sunlight Ice Hydrogen Strawberries Wind
- 22. Abiotic Factors • Factors that relate to the weather • Factors that relate to the soil
- 23. What climatic factors could we measure? • Light Intensity • Humidity • Wind speed • Temperature • Aspect • Slope
- 24. What soil factors could we measure? • Soil pH • Amount of water in soil • Soil Temperature • Soil Air • Soil Texture
- 25. List the Biotic and Abiotic Factors in the Image
- 26. The Deer Population A field study was conducted to observe a deer population in a given region over time. The deer were counted at different intervals over a period of 40 years. During this period of time both ranching and hunting increased in the study region. A summary of the data is presented in the table.
- 27. Questions on Deer Population • During which 10 year period did the greatest increase in the deer population occur? • State one possible action that could have been used to help maintain a more stable population of deer in the area. • Identify an abiotic limiting factor for the deer populations. • Identify a biotic limiting factor for the deer populations. • List two problems an overpopulation of deer can cause in the environment.
- 28. Abiotic Factors
- 29. Biotic Factors
- 30. Decide if Factor is Biotic or Abiotic Write A if Abiotic _______ Mouse _______ Rocks _______ Water _______ Fish _______ Paper _______ Glass _______ Aluminum _______ Wooden Ruler _______ Sand _______ Clouds Write B if Biotic _______ Corpse _______ Snail _______ Vegetation _______ Bread Mold _______ Trees _______ Soil _______ Plastic _______ Pipe _______ Air _______ Wind
- 31. Habitat • All of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives • Factors – Grass – Trees – Water
- 32. Niche • All of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce in an ecosystem. Madagascar South America
- 33. Animated Biology • Survive within a Niche
- 34. Lion niche in African Savannah Find 4 factors that help the lion survive. An antelope may use the tall grasses of the African plains as a food resource, a lion may use the same grasses as camouflage for hunting. A lion uses the antelope as a food resource and hunts primarily during low-light times like dawn or dusk. In order to avoid the intense heat of the savannah, lions often spend afternoons in the shade.
- 35. What are some of the abiotic and biotic factors of your habitat? ABIOTIC: air, temperature, buildings, roads, water BIOTIC: Pets, plants, people
- 37. Competition • Two organisms fight for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition • Within a species – Interspecific competition • Two different species compete for the same resource
- 38. Predation • Predator/Prey – one organism eats the other • Predator – does the eating • Prey – gets eaten
- 39. Symbiosis • A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits
- 40. Kinds of Symbiosis 1. Mutualism – Both species benefit from the relationship 2. Commensalism – one species benefits and one is not affected 3. Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed
- 41. Examples of Interactions • National Geographic
- 42. Terminology Review • Autotroph – Make their own food • A.K.A. Producer • Heterotroph – Get energy from eating other living resources • A.K.A. Consumer
- 43. Terminology Review: Types of Consumers • Herbivore – Eats only plants • Carnivore – Eats only animals (meat) • Omnivore – Eats both plants and animals • Detritivores/Decomposers – Eats dead organic matter
- 44. Trophic Levels: Levels within the food chain where an organism obtains its energy
- 45. Trophic Levels • Primary Producer (autotrophs) – Make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea vents – The base of every food chain
- 46. Trophic Levels • Primary Consumer –Eat producers • Herbivores
- 47. Trophic Levels • Secondary Consumers –Eat Primary Consumers • Carnivores and Omnivores
- 48. Trophic Levels • Detrivores/Decomposers – Eat dead organisms
- 49. Trophic Levels • Tertiary Consumers –Eat secondary consumers • Quaternary Consumers –Eat tertiary consumers • The top of the food chain has animals with little or no natural enemies
- 51. Energy Flow • 10% Rule –Only about 10% of the energy in any level of a food pyramid is available to the next level. Example: When you eat an apple, only about 10% of the energy in the apple will end up being used by you.
- 52. Energy Pyramid
- 53. Energy Pyramid
- 54. Energy Pyramid Vocabulary • Population size decreases as level increases • Biomass – total dry weight of living matter at a level
- 56. If we were trapped on a fertile grass island, about the size of a soccer field, should we plant food crops or graze animals? Why? • Island can produce 10,000 different edible plants. • Island can provide food to graze one small cow, and two goats. They can produce a few glasses of milk.
- 57. A: We should plant crops! • There is more available energy in producing vegetables than animals. • We may get 10,000 plants • The field may support one small cow which will just give a small amount of milk, even less energy if we use our one animal for BBQ.
- 58. Study the drawing to the right. Infer the effect on the number of the pyramid’s organisms if an infection lowered the number of primary consumers to 100,000
- 59. Hypothetical Problem AlgaeWater fleasMinnowFishHumans A human weighs about 100 kg. According to the above food chain, how many humans can 100 million kilograms of algae support?