1. Proteins and Nucleic Acids

2.  Examples of Proteins in the body:
 Antibody (helps protect us from infection)
 Hormone (helps carry messages)
 Enzyme (Helps speed up reactions)
 Made up of just FIVE types of atoms:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Sulfur
 Nitrogen
 Does the majority of the work in the cell. Examples
include:
 Helps cells keep their shape
 Makes up muscle
 Speeds up chemical reactions
 Carries messages and material

3.  The subunits that make up proteins are called:
 AMINO ACIDS
 There are 20 different kinds of amino acids in humans
 The part that changes in different amino acids is the “R
group”
R Group
H
Amino Acid N C COOH
H
H
AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA

4.  Long chains of amino acids make up a :
 Polypeptide
 One or more polypeptide together makes up a
protein.
 Each protein has FOUR different levels or
structure.
 Primary Structure
 Secondary Structure
 Tertiary Structure
 Quaternary Structure

5.  The lowest level of protein structure is
called its
 Primary Structure
 You can tell a protein is in its primary structure if NO
folding has occurred yet.
 It will be just a sequence of amino acids
 Looks like beads on a string
AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA

6.  The next level of protein structure is called its
 Secondary Structure
 You can tell a protein is in its secondary structure if a little
bit of folding has happened. AA
 There are interactions between amino acids on different
parts of the polypeptide that give the secondary structure.
 These interactions are called Hydrogen Bonds
AA AA
AA
Hydrogen Bonds
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA AA

7.  The third level of protein structure is called:
 Tertiary Structure
 You can tell a protein is in its tertiary structure because it looks
like a big ball of string with amino acids
 The same interactions (hydrogen bonding) hold the large
molecule in the right place or shape AA
AA
 REMEMBER!! AA
AA
AA
AA
 THIS SHAPE ALLOWS
AA
THE PROTEIN TO DO AA
AA
ITS JOB!
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA AA
AA
AA
AA AA
AA
AA
AA AA
AA
AA AA
AA
AA
AA
AA AA

8.  The final level of protein structure is called:
 Quaternary Structure
 You can tell a protein is in its quaternary structure because it
joins with other tertiary structured polypeptide to create a
working protein.
 The polypeptides interact with hydrogen bonding.
The two or more polypeptides have
to join together in a very
particular way.
 REMEMBER!! A
A
A
A A
A A
 THIS SHAPE ALLOWS A
A
A
A A
A
THE PROTEIN TO DO
A
A
A A
A A
ITS JOB! A
A
A
AA A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A
A
A
A A A
A A A

9.  Proteins can serve one of two roles in the
cell:
 Structure
 Function
 Structuralproteins- Provide support and
structure to the cell and Organism
 (Ex. Fibers, Muscle…)
 Functional Proteins- Do jobs for the cell
 (Ex. Antibodies, Hormones, Enzymes…)

10.  Examples of Nucleic Acids in the body:
 DNA
 RNA
 Made up of just FIVE types of atoms:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorous
 Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell:
 Contains the instructions for how to build proteins
 Passes the instructions from parents to offspring
 Helps make proteins

11.  The subunits of Nucleic Acids are called:
 Nucleotides
 These are small molecules that are made out of THREE
even smaller molecules:
 5 Carbon Sugar
 Phosphate Group
5 Carbon Sugar
 Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate Group
Nitogenous Base

12.  Nitrogenous Bases
 A nucleotide can have one of five different bases
attached:
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

13.  Complementary Base Pairing
 IN DNA there are FOUR Bases.
 Because DNA is double stranded the nitrogenous bases
pair with each other.
 Adenine Pairs with Thymine
 Guanine Pairs with Cytosine
 IN RNA there are FOUR Bases
 Because RNA is made from DNA it also goes through
base pairing with other bases
 Adenine Pairs with Uracil
 Guanine Pairs with Cytosine

14.  Another name for a Nucleic Acid is a
polynucleotide.
 Examples of Polynucleotides in the cell
 DNA
 RNA
Characteristic DNA RNA
Type of Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Nitrogenous Bases Adenine, Thymine, Adenine, Uracil,
Guanine, Cytosine Guanine , Cytosine
Number of Strands 2 1
Location in the Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm

15. RNA DNA

16.  Writea 3-4 sentence summary about the
topics of nucleic acids and proteins.
 Be sure to include a topic sentence as well as
several details
 Save and Submit your work when you are
finished.