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- 1. Abnormal Psych: Anxiety Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? 1 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 2. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety: General State of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger. • Also, nervousness, inability to relax, concern about losing control • Physical Symptoms caused by over active sympathetic nervous system: – Trembling, Sweating, Rapid Heart Rate, Shortness of Breath, Increased Blood Pressure, Flushed Face, Feelings of Light-headedness 2
- 3. • Anxiety Disorders: A mental health disorder characterized by feelings of worry, anxiety, or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities • (anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.)
- 4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances lasting for at least six months – Financial Issues, Work, Relationships • Hard to Treat and Diagnosis • Effects more Women and Blacks 4
- 5. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia • Panic Attack: a short period of intense fear or discomfort with most of the physical symptoms of anxiety present • Agoraphobia: Fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible – Accounts for 50-80% of phobia clients seeking treatment • Both panic attacks and agoraphobia lead to avoidance behaviors • Treatment: – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Behavioral Therapy with conditioning and relaxation 5
- 6. Phobias- “Fear Disorder” • Social Phobia – Fear of social situations in which one might be exposed to the close scrutiny of others and might be humiliated or embarrassed – Examples: Public speaking, eating in public or dating • Specific Phobia (most common) – Happens in women 2-1 – Animal, Situational, Injection – Irrational and persistent fear of a particular object or situation 6
- 7. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions: Unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images that occur over and over again • Compulsions: Repetitive ritual behaviors involving checking or cleaning (helps to reduce anxiety from obsessions) • 55% of OCD clients obsess over dirt or contamination • May be caused by frontal lobe glucose metabolism or wired into brain 7 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
- 9. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic experience • Added to the DSM after the Vietnam War • Previously called “shell shock” and “battle fatigue” • Events that lead to PTSD: – Rape, Child Abuse, Assault, Severe Accidents, Natural Disasters, War – Lower than average cortisol levels may predispose people to PTSD • Symptoms: – Flashbacks & Nightmares – Tension & Aggression – Avoidance Behavior & Substance Abuse • Treatments: – Prolonged CBT – Virtual Therapy- reliving the event – EMDR 9
- 10. What Causes Anxiety Disorders? • Psychoanalytic Perspective: Repressed unconscious urges from childhood • Biological Perspective: Too much or too little of certain neurotransmitters or brain abnormality; sensitive amygdala • Behavioral (Learning) Perspective: Conditioned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning to experience anxiety 10
- 11. 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? Mr. Burnes 11 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Notes de l'éditeur
- Many everyday experiences—public speaking, preparing to play in a big game, looking down from a high ledge—may elicit anxiety. In contrast, anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.
- Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
- Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the anxiety suddenly escalates at times into a terrifying panic attack, a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chok- ing, or other frightening sensations
- A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. In contrast to the normal fears we all experience, phobias can be so severe that they are incapacitating. For example, social phobia, an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. If the fear is intense enough, it can lead to agoraphobia. Other specific phobias focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
- An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repeti- tive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). The obsessions may be concerned with dirt, germs, or toxins. The compulsions may involve excessive hand washing or checking doors, locks, or appliances. The repetitive thoughts and behaviors become so persistent that they interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
- . The bio- logical perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, pho- bias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD. The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears