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Q3 benchmark review 2016
- 1. Quarter 3 Benchmark Review Monday- Review Tuesday- Review Wednesday- Review Thursday- FRQ Friday- Benchmark #3
- 2. History & Perspectives • Nature vs. Nurture debate • Major Perspectives • Introspection
- 3. Research Methods • Independent vs. Dependent Variables • Experiments • Ethics in Research • Random Assignment vs. Random Sample • Correlations • Statistical Significance
- 7. Random Sample vs. Random Assignment Used to generalize to a population Used to equalize (make even) two groups (control & exp)
- 8. Positive Correlation: Muscle size and exercise Negative Correlation: Smoking and health No Correlation: Weight and GPA
- 9. Research Methods & Stats
- 10. Biology & Behavior • Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic • Types of Neurotransmitters • Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Areas • Amygdala • Cerebellum • Endocrine System Glands • Lobes of the Brain
- 16. Developmental • Habituation • Harlow and Ainsworth’s Attachment • Assimilation vs. Accommodation • Law of Conservation • Piaget’s Stages • Cross Sectional vs. Longitudinal Study • Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
- 19. Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing them Pros: Eliminate difference variables between people Cons: Expensive, time consuming and people die Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same time Pros: Quick, less expensive Cons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables. Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Age 1 Age 5 Age 10 Same Day, Different Ages Same People, Different Days
- 20. Schemas • Assimilation – Taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema • Accommodation – Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse
- 21. States of Consciousness • REM sleep • Sleep Disorders • Withdrawal vs. Dependence • Types of Drugs
- 23. Brain Plasticity
- 25. Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)
- 26. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down • Slow • No Prior Knowledge • Individual Elements are observed before the whole • Fast • Processing based on prior knowledge • The whloe is osbevred beofre its parts
- 27. REM Sleep
- 28. Sleep Sleep Disorders Apnea, Narcolepsy, Night Terrors, Somnambulism Drugs and Consciousness Withdrawal, Tolerance Stimulants Cocaine Nicotine Depressants Alcohol Hallucinations LSD Marijuana
- 29. Learning • Classical Conditioning Process • Punishment • Positive reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement • The Garcia Effect • Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Overjustification Effect • Observational Learning (BoBo Doll) • Generalization vs. Discrimination
- 30. Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning: Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone? Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
- 33. Garcia Effect
- 35. Memory • Repression • Short-Term Memory • Procedural vs. declarative memories • Recall vs. Recognition • Long-Term Potentiation • Proactive vs. Retroactive interference • Serial Position Effect • Surface vs. Deep processing of memory •
- 36. DECLARATIVE/ EXPLICIT MEMORY NON-DECLARATIVE, IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL MEMORY SEMANTIC MEMORY EPISODIC MEMORY MEMORY Hippocampus Cerebellum
- 37. Forgetting 37Mr. Burnes Encoding Failure with pennies Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall. PORN
- 38. Repression
- 39. Forgetting
- 40. Thinking & Language • Concepts vs. Prototypes • Functional Fixedness • Algorithms • Divergent vs. Convergent thinking • Availability vs. Representativeness Heuristics • Phonemes vs. Morphemes • Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Whorf) • Overegularization of Language
- 41. Concepts and Prototypes Concept “General Category” Prototype “Specific Representation” Why is a penguin not a typical prototype?
- 44. Representativeness and Availability Heuristics Availability Heuristic What ever comes to mind quickest Is it safer to fly or drive? More words that begin with K or have K as the third letter? Representativeness Heuristic What ever best fits our schema best Is this man more likely a banker Or a pro basketball player? Gambler’s Fallacy
- 45. Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism
- 46. Motivation, Emotion & Stress • Arousal Theory* • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs* • Three Theories of Emotion* • Paul Ekman’s Display Rules • Type A vs. Type B Personalities* • Immune System and Stress* • Physical Arousal and Performance Research* • Ventromedial vs. Lateral Hypothalamus* • Hans Selye’s GAS (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion)
- 47. Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation Description Instinct Theory Reflexes cause us to perform certain behaviors (genetic fixed action patterns) Drive Reduction Body tries to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) by create a drive Incentive Theory Pull us toward a goal with rewards Optimum Arousal Completing behaviors because we find these stimulating (i.e. base jumping, cave exploring, skydiving)
- 50. Type A and Type B
- 51. Immune System Classical Conditioning Similar to Garcia Effect on Taste Aversion
- 52. Hunger & Hypothalamus Stimulate Lesion (destroy) Lateral Hypothalamus Eat More Less hungry Ventromedial Hypothalamus Don’t Eat Always Hungry
- 53. Personality • Id, Ego and Superego* • Defense Mechanisms* • Neo-Freudians* • Internal vs. External Locus of Control* • Rorschach and TAT Tests* • Individualistic vs. Collectivist Cultures
- 54. Freud’s Theory of Personality
- 56. • Meet the Neo-Freudians – Carl Jung • Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. He called these archetypes which later leads to the Myers-Briggs Personality Test. – Alfred Adler • Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. People who cannot overcome their inferiority will have trouble later in life. – Karen Horney • Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of blended psychology and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.” Truly she was a feminine force in psychology. 56
- 57. Examples of Projective Tests 57
- 58. Locus of Control
Notes de l'éditeur
- The Experiment: 1. Two variables are studied for cause and effect Independent variable Experiment group – exposed to manipulation of independent variable Control group – an unaffected comparison group Subject bias – a subject’s behavior changes due to believed expectations of experiment
- Dependent variable – the response; measured Confounding variable – other variables that may influence results
- A correlation measures the relationship between two variables. As explained earlier, correlations can be either positive or negative. If two things are positively correlated, the presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other. In contrast, a negative correlation means that the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other. When no relationship exists between two things, no correlation exists. As an example, one would suspect that a positive correlation exists between studying and earning good grades. Conversely, one would suspect that a negative correlation might occur between cutting classes and earning good grades. Finally, it is likely that there is no correlation between the number of stuffed animals one owns and earning good grades.
- Hindbrain (brainstem) – lower brain, located at rear base of skull, responsible for reflexive or automatic behaviors Forebrain (frontal lobe) – largest part of brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and reasons Midbrain (limbic system) – located above Pons, integrates and relay sensory info to main part of brain Limbic System – associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as hunger and thirst and sex (Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, and Amygdala) Reticular Formation – screens incoming info, and filters out irrelevant info, controls arousal and attention Thalamus – the brains sensory switchboard Pons – above the medulla, makes chemicals involved w/ sleep & facial expressions Cerebellum – the little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls coordination, fire muscles movements and balance Limbic System – associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as hunger and thirst and sex (Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, and Amygdala) Amygdala – part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear Hypothalamus – controls the metabolic functions of body temp, sex arousal, hunger, thirst, motivation/emotions, and the endocrine systemthe 4 f’s Hippocampus – part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory Temporal Lobe – at side of brain above ears involved in memory, perception, hearing Occipital Lobe – lower back part of brain involved with processing visual infovision Peripheral Lobe – top of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes Frontal Lobe – located under forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions Broca’s Area – directs muscle movements involved with speechWernicke’s Area – involved in language comprehension
- Acetylcholine – activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles, too little = Alzheimer’s Dopamine – contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions, lack of it causes Parkinson’s as too much causes schizophrenia Endorphins – natural pain killers created by brain, promotes pain relief, like morphine Serotonin – involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temperature, to little leads to depression as too much contributes to OCD and mania Norepinephrine – affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood, undersupply leads to depression
- Stupid Piaget Creates Fuss Jean Piaget Sensorimotor – birth to 2 years of age, experience world through senses and actions, learn object permanence and stranger anxiety Stage 1 – “1 is a bun” and SensoriMotor: use the “motor” part of sensorimotor and picture 4 cinnamon buns in place of the wheels on the motorcycle. To remember that object permanence occurs in this stage, use “two ants” for “permanence” and picture two ants riding two motorcycles Preoperational – 2 to 6 years of age, representing things with words rather than images, use intuitive rather than logical thinking, very egocentric (only see from own view) Stage 2 – “2 is a shoe” and Preoperational: use “preacher” and imagine him wearing outrageously ugly or funny shoes. For magical thinking, which is typical of this stage, picture a rabbit coming out of the preacher’s hat. To remember that the conservation tasks are a challenge during this stage, picture Smokey the Bear also wearing ridiculous shoes. To remember that assimilation also occurs in this stage, picture an ass (donkey) with those same shoes. Concrete operational – from ages 7 to 11, think logically about concrete events, grasp concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations, learn conservation Stage 3 – “3 is a tree” and Concrete Operations: picture a tree with concrete leaves and the tree is growing out of a concrete pot. Next to the tree is a pile of logs (for logical thinking) and also next to the tree is a wooden commode (for accommodation). Formal operational – from age 12 through adulthood, they begin to think abstractly, they understand abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning “4 is a door” and Formal Operations: picture a very wide door and behind that door are “four males” with excellent abs (for abstract thinking, which is possible at this stage).
- Harry Harlow – created the Harlow monkey experiment, raise baby monkey’s w/ a wire mother and bottle vs. a terry cloth mother, most monkey’s liked the comfort rather than the food and necessary needs provided by the other mother Mary Ainsworth – studied how different attachment styles affected kids Secure attachment – confidently explore the novel environment while parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to parents when they return Avoidant attachment – may resist being held by parent and will explore the novel environment. They do not go to parent for comfort when they return after absence Anxious attachment – have ambivalent reactions to parents. They may show extreme stress when parents leave, but upon return resist being comforted by parent
- The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, like the cocktail effect (notice your name Cocktail Party Phem – focus of attention on selected aspects of the environment and block out the rest Inattentional Blindness-failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere Change-failing to notice changes in the environment.
- Gestalt – an organized whole, put all individual pieces together to get big picture - Proximity – objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group - Similarity – objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived “ - Continuity – Objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived “ - Closure – Objects that make up recognizable image r more likely to be perceived “ Constancy – objects with similar size, shape and brightness are considered a se *Metacognition – gain ability to think about the way you thinkself-evaluation
- nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
- Top-down Processing – info processed guided by higher level mental processes, recognizing face & T/-\E C/-\T (I read ‘the cat’, no thinking) Bottom-up Processing – analysis of the stimulus begins w/ the sense receptor and work up to brain, /-\ (I see something, oh it’s an A)
- Pavlov – founder of classical conditioning while trying to study digestive system Classical Conditioning – learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli Acquisition – initial stage of CC, in which the association between the NS and UCS takes place, only lasts about 1⁄2 a second Generalization – tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way Discrimination – the learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli Spontaneous Recovery – the reappearing of the CR to the CSExtinction – the fading of the CR to the CS NS – neutral stimuli – stimuli that does not trigger a responseUCS – unconditioned stimuli – stimuli that automatically triggers a response UCR – unconditioned response – an unlearned, natural response to the UCS CS – conditioned stimuli – after association with the UCS, elicits a certain response CR – conditioned response – the learned response to a previously neutral response
- Operant Conditioning – consequences that follow a beh will increase/decrease likelihood of them happening againSkinner – founder of operant conditioning & skinner boxShaping – procedure in which reinforces guide beh through successful approximations Positive Reinforcement – add good – reinforcing beh by rewarding, give allowence Negative Reinforcement – take away bad – reinforcing beh by eliminating averse thing Positive Punishment – add bad – reinforcing beh by adding pain/penalty/etcNegative Punishment – take away good – reinforcing beh by take away phone/keys/etc Primary Reinforces – stimuli that is satisfying and requires no learning food/water/sexSecondary Reinforces – stimuli that has acquired its reinforcing power thru experiences money, praise, grades
- Operant Conditioning – consequences that follow a beh will increase/decrease likelihood of them happening againSkinner – founder of operant conditioning & skinner boxShaping – procedure in which reinforces guide beh through successful approximations Positive Reinforcement – add good – reinforcing beh by rewarding, give allowence Negative Reinforcement – take away bad – reinforcing beh by eliminating averse thing Positive Punishment – add bad – reinforcing beh by adding pain/penalty/etcNegative Punishment – take away good – reinforcing beh by take away phone/keys/etc Primary Reinforces – stimuli that is satisfying and requires no learning food/water/sexSecondary Reinforces – stimuli that has acquired its reinforcing power thru experiences money, praise, grades
- Implicit – memory of the procedure – how to ride a bikeExplicit – memory of facts – George Washington is first president
- Proactive interference – old info interfere w/ new infoRetroactive interference – new info interfere w/ old info ProOldRetroNew Mnemonic Devices – ways of remembering info by using creative memory techniques Chunking – putting many number into parts, change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to 123, 465, 789 (made 9 things into 3 = easier to remember)
- Proactive interference – old info interfere w/ new infoRetroactive interference – new info interfere w/ old info ProOldRetroNew Mnemonic Devices – ways of remembering info by using creative memory techniques Chunking – putting many number into parts, change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to 123, 465, 789 (made 9 things into 3 = easier to remember)
- Proactive interference – old info interfere w/ new infoRetroactive interference – new info interfere w/ old info ProOldRetroNew Mnemonic Devices – ways of remembering info by using creative memory techniques Chunking – putting many number into parts, change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to 123, 465, 789 (made 9 things into 3 = easier to remember)
- Functional Fixedness – the inability to see the different uses of an object, ie.a paper clip’s only use is to clip papers (don’t think about making it into a hook, etc.)
- Representative Heuristics – judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent/match particular prototype, ie.a short, slim, poetry reading man is a ivy league professor, not a truck drive (don’t think of the many truck drivers compared to the small number of ivy league professors) Available Heuristics – estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, ie.after a horrible house fire, a person will think that a house fire is more common than a tornado hitting house, even if they live in tornado valley, b/c they can still remember they house fire
- Benjamin Whorf – linguistic determination – language determines the way we think
- Drive reduction Theory – physiological need creates an aroused tension states (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need Homeostasis – a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspects of body chemistry Intrinsic motivation – desire to perform behavior for own sake Extrinsic motivation – desire to perform behavior for reward at end
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – physiological needs (food, water)safety needs (security, shelter)belongingness needs (friends, family, community)esteem needs (achievement, flattery for mastery)self actualization!!!! Self-actualization – the motivation to achieve one’s full potential
- James-Lange Thy – experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotionally arousing stimuli (First physiological, second emotion) Cannon-Bard Thy – emotionally arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger both a physiological response and emotion (Same Time) Schacter & Singer / 2 Factor Thy – emotion must be physically aroused and cognitively labeled (before emotion Two-Factor Theory involves cognition) Spill-over Effect
- Type A and B Personalities Type A- heart attacks with anger and time conscious Type B- easy-going
- Id – contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives for basic sexual and aggressive drives, immediate gratification (devil)Pleasure principle – id operated on this – strive for pleasure, at all costs Ego – the largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and realityReality principle – ego operates on this – u can’t always get what u want, realistically Superego – the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgments and for future aspirations (angel)
- Defense Mechanisms – ego’s productive method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Denial – refusing to accept reality, so say it didn’t rally happen (I did get accepted) Repression – pushing bad thoughts to back of mind, forgetting (Oh, I forgot) Displacement – taking you anger out on someone else (man/wife/boss) Projection – pushing your own feelings on to someone else (you look tired) Reaction Formation – showing the opposite feeling you have (I hate you) Regression – going back to an earlier stage of development (temper tantrum) Rationalization – giving false reasons why you did what you did (well, I was very tired) Sublimination – putting bad urges into acceptable social ways (boxing/football) Penis Envy – a women’s want for the man’s power (not necessary the actual body part) Womb Envy – a man’s want to be able to reproduce
- Neo-Freudian – followers of Freud who broke of due to his emphasis on childhood memories and sexually and aggressive urges Carl Jung – unconscious is really powerful, but contains more that bad thoughts, etc. Collective Unconscious – Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history Inferiority Complex – the avoiding of feelings of inadequacy and insignificance
- Projective Tests – are personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projections of one’s inner dynamics Rorschach Inkblot – most widely used projective test, series of ten inkblots, participant looks at inkblot and says what he sees TAT – participant is given a picture and they must make up a story about the picture MMPI – the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identity emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
- Projective Tests – are personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projections of one’s inner dynamics Rorschach Inkblot – most widely used projective test, series of ten inkblots, participant looks at inkblot and says what he sees TAT – participant is given a picture and they must make up a story about the picture MMPI – the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identity emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes