1. PERFECT COMPETITION
Perfect competition in economic theory has a meaning diametrically opposite to the everyday use
of the term. In practice, businessmen use the word competition as synonymous to rivalry. In
theory, perfect competition implies no rivarly among firms. Perfect competition, therefore, can
be defined as a market structure characterised by a complete absence of rivalry among the
individual firms.
FEATURES
1. Large number of buyers and sellers
There must be a large number of firms in the industry. Each individual firm supplies only a small
part of the total quantity offered in the market. As a result, no individual firm can influence the
price. Similarly, the buyers are also numerous. Hence, no individual buyer has any influence on
the market price. The price of the product is determined by the collective forces of industry
demand and industry supply. The firm is only a 'price taker'. Each firm has to adjust its output or
sale according to the prevailing market price.
2. Homogeneity of products
In a perfectly competitive industry, the product of any one firm is identical to the products of all
other firms. The technical characteristics of the product as well as the services associated with its
sale and delivery are identical. The demand curve of the individual firm is also its average
revenue and its marginal revenue curve. The assumptions of large numbers of sellers and product
homogeneity imply that the individual firm in pure competition is a price taker. Its demand curve
is infinitely elastic indicating that the firm can sell any amount of output at the prevailing market
price.
3. Free entry exit
There is no barrier to entry or exit from the industry. Entry or exit may take time but firms have
freedom of movement in and out of the industry. If the industry earns abnormal profits, new
firms will enter the industry and compete away the excess profits. Similarly, if the firms in the
industry are incurring losses some of them will leave the industry which will reduce the supply
of the industry and will thus raise the price and wipe away the losses.
4. Absence of government regulation
There is no government intervention in the form of tariffs, subsidies, relationship of production
or demand. If these assumptions are fulfilled, it is called pure competition which requires the
fulfillment of some more condition.
5. Perfect mobility of factors of production
The factors of production are free to move from one firm to another throughout the economy. It
is also assumed that workers can move between different jobs. Raw materials and other factors
are not monopolised and labour is not unionised. In short, there is perfect competition in the
factor market.

2. 6. Perfect knowledge
It is assumed that all sellers and buyers have complete knowledge of the conditions of the
market. This knowledge refers not only to the prevailing conditions in the current period but in
all future periods as well. Information is free and costless. Under these conditions uncertainty
about future developments in the market is ruled out.
7. Absence of transport costs
In a perfectly competitive market, it is assumed that there are no transport costs.
SHORT RUN EQUILIBRIUM OF THE FIRM
The firm is in equilibrium at the point of intersection of the marginal cost and marginal revenue
curves. The first condition for the equilibrium of the firm is that marginal cost should be equal to
marginal revenue. The second condition for equilibrium requires that marginal cost curve should
cut the marginal revenue curve from below.
The firm is in equilibrium only at 'e' because only at 'e' both the conditions are satisfied. At 'e '
the firm is not in equilibrium as the second condition is not fulfilled. The fact that the firm is in
equilibrium in the short run does not mean that it makes excess profits. Whether the firm makes
excess profits or losses depends on the level of average total cost at the short run equilibrium.
In figure 3. (A), the SATC is below the price at equilibrium; the firm earns excess profits.
In figure 3. (B), the SATC is above the price; the firm makes a loss.
In the short run a firm generally keeps on producing even when it is incurring losses. This is so
because by producing and earning some revenue, the firm is able to cover a part of its fixed
costs. So long as the firm covers up its variable cost plus at least a part of annual fixed cost, it is
advisable for the firm to continue production. It is only when it is unable to cover any portion of
its fixed cost, it should stop producing. Such a situation is known as shut down point. The shut
down point of the firm is denoted by W. If price falls below P the firm does not cover its variable
costs and is better off if it closes down.
154, 155
The industry is in equilibrium at price P at which the quantity demanded and supplied is OQ.
However this will be a short-run equilibrium as some firms are earning abnormal profits and
some incur losses as shown in figures 5. (B) and 5. (C) respectively. In the long run, firms that

3. make losses will close down. Those firms which make excess profits will expand and also attract
new firms into the industry. Entry, exit and readjustment will lead to long run equilibrium in
which firms will be earning normal profits and there will be no entry or exit from the industry.
Long-run equilibrium of the firm
In the long run firms are in equilibrium when they have adjusted their plant so as to produce at
the minimum point of their long run AC curve, which is tangent to the demand curve. In the long
run the firms will be earning just normal profits, which are included in the LAC. The long run
equilibrium position of the firm is shown in figure below.
At the price of OP, the firm is making excess profits. Therefore, it will have an incentive to build
new capacity and hence it will move along its LAC. At the same time, attracted by excess profits
new firms will be entering the industry. As the quantity supplied increases, the price will fall to
Pi at which the firm and the industry are in long run equilibrium. The condition for the long-run
equilibrium of the firm is that the marginal cost tie equal to the price and to the long run-average
cost. LMC = LAC = P
The firm adjusts its plant size so as to produce that level of output which the LAC is the
minimum. At equilibrium the short run marginal is equal to the long run marginal cost and the
short run average cost is equal to the long run average cost. Thus, in equilibrium in the long run
SMC = LMC = LAC = SAC = P = MR. This implies that at the minimum point of the LAC the
plant worked at its optimal capacity, so that the minimal of the LAC and SAC coincide.
Long-run Equilibrium of the Industry
The industry is in long run equilibrium when price is reach which all firms are in equilibrium
producing at the minimum point oft LAC curve and making just normal profits. Under these
conditions there is no further entry or exit of firms in the industry. The long run equilibrium is
shown in the figure below.

4. At the market price P the firms produce at their minimum cost, earning just normal profits. The
firm is in equilibrium because at the level of output x. LMC = SMC = P = MR
This equality ensures that the firm maximises its profit. At the price P the industry is in
equilibrium because profits are normal and all costs are covered so that there is no incentive for
entry or exit.
Price determination under perfect competition-Role of time
Price of a commodity in an industry is determined at that point where industry demand is equal
to industry supply. Marshall laid emphasis on the role of time element in the determination of
price. He distinguished three periods in which equilibrium between demand and supply was
brought about viz., very short period or market period; short run equilibrium and long run
equilibrium.
Market period
Price is determined by the equilibrium between demand and supply in market period. In the
market period, the supply of commodity is fixed. The firms can sell only what they have already
produced. This market period may be an hour, a day or few days or even few weeks depending
upon the nature of the product. So far as the supply curve in a market period is concerned, two
cases are prominent-one is that of perishable goods and the other is that of non perishable
durable goods.

5. For perishable goods like fish, vegetables etc. the supply is given and cannot be kept for the next
period; therefore, the whole of it must be sold away on the same day whatever be the price. The
supply curve will be a vertical straight line.
QS is the supply curve. OQ is the quantity of fish available. DD is the market demand curve. The
equilibrium price OP is determined at which quantity demanded is equal to the available supply
i.e. at the point where DD intersects the vertical supply curve QS. If demand increases from DD
to D1D1 supply remaining the same price will increase from OP to OP1. On the contrary, if there
is a decrease in demand from DD to D2D2 the price will fall and the quantity sold will remain
the same. If the commodity is a durable good, its supply can be adjusted to demand. If the
demand for commodity declines the firms will start building inventories, while on the other hand,
if demand goes up the firms will increase their supplies out of the existing stocks. The firm can
keep on supplying out of its existing stocks only upto the availability of stocks. If demand
increases beyond that level, the firm cannot supply any additional quantity of the good. Thus the
supply curve for the durable goods is upward sloping upto a distance and then becomes vertical.
A firm selling a durable good has a reserve price below which it will not like to sell. The reserve
price, is influenced by the cost of production.

6. SRFS is the supply curve of the durable goods. OM1 is the total amount of stock available. Upto
OP1 the quantity supplied varies will I price. At OS price, nothing is sold. It is the reserve price.
At OP1 price, the whole stock is offered for sale. DD is the demand curve. Price ul determined at
OP at which quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. At this price OM quantity is
sold. If demand increases form DD to D1 D1 the price will increase to OP1 and the whole stock
will be sold. If the demand decreases from DD to D2D2 the price will fall to OP2 and the amount
sold will fall to OM2.
Short run equilibrium
In the short period the firm can vary its supply by changing the variable factors. Moreover, the
number of firms in the industry cannot increase or decrease in the short run. Thus the supply of
the industry can be changed only within the limits set by the plant capacity of the existing firms.
The short period price is determined by the interaction of short period supply and demand
curves. The determination of the short run price is shown in figure below.
DD is the demand curve facing the industry. MPS is the market period supply, curve and SRS is
the short run supply curve of the industry. If there is an increase in demand form DD to D1D1
the market price will increase from OP to OP1. The supply of the commodity will be increased
by intensive utilisation of fixed factors and increasing the amount of variable factors. So in the
short run price will fall to OP3 at which new demand curve D1D1 intersects the short run supply
curve SRS. Thus OP3 is the short run price and quantity supplied has increased from OM to
OM1.
Long-run equilibrium
In the long run, supply is adjusted to meet the new demand conditions. If there is an increase in
demand, the firms in the long run will expand output by increasing the fixed factors of
production. They may enlarge their old plants or build new plants. Moreover, in the long run new
firms can also enter the industry and thus add to the supplies of the product. The determination of
price in the long run is shown in figure below.

7. LRS is the long run supply curve; MPS is the market period supply curve and SRS is the short
run supply curve. DD is the market demand curve and OP is the market price. If there is an
increase in demand from DD to D1D1 the market price will increase from OP to OP1. In the
short run, however, the firms will increase output. Price in the short run will fall to OP2 at which
D1D1 intersects the short run supply curve SRS. In the long run new firms will enter the
industry. As a result output will increase and price will fall to OP3. Thus OP3 is the long run
price.