Major Global Urbanization Problems and Issues in the Philippines
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Major Global Urbanization Problems and Issues in the Philippines
- 1. Evelyn Gabatin Acosta MPA Student DISCUSSANT Professor Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA PROBLEM OF THE RICH AND THE POOR URBANIZATION:
- 2. URBANIZATION DEFINED • It is the movement of people from the country side or rural areas to go to more developed urban areas like towns and cities • It is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city • Urbanization is a driving force for growth and poverty reduction.
- 3. URBANIZATION: MAJOR GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES 1. Overcrowding / Overpopulation 2. Unemployment 3. Housing Problems 4. Development of Slums 5. Sanitation Problem 6. Water shortage 7. Health Hazards 8. Degraded Environmental Quality 9. Disposal ofTrash 10.Transportation Problems 11.Urban Crime 12.Increasing Rate of Poverty
- 4. Source: Philippine Star / December 06.2020 MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: OVERCROWDING
- 5. As of 2020, the Philippines has 33 highly urbanized cities (HUCs) - 16 of which are in the National Capital Region (NCR - 17 are outside the NCR. Source: Highlights of the Philippine Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) 13 July 2021
- 6. Source: Highlights of the Philippine Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) 13 July 2021; wikipedia
- 7. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT
- 8. Preliminary estimates for 2021 reflected that the unemployment rate in the Philippines was at 7.8 percent or equivalent to about 3.71 million unemployed persons. Across regions, it is noted that Region IV-A and the National Capital Region had the highest unemployment rate at 10.6 % percent followed by BARMM at 9.2 %. Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1306390/philippines- rate-of-unemployment-by-region/
- 9. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: HOUSING PROBLEMS Source: https://www.teoalida.com/world/philippines/
- 10. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: DEVELOPMENT OF SLUMS Source: Philstar.com I February 11, 2021 |
- 11. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: SANITATION PROBLEMS •Since resources become scarce as well as housing areas can no longer accommodate the demand for space, this leads to the advent of SLUMs which become the safe havens for those who cannot afford to build or rent spaces.
- 12. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: WATER SHORTAGE Source: Philstar.com I March 13, 2019
- 13. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: HEALTH AND OTHER HAZARDS https://redmonteconomics.weebly.com/blog/demand-supply-and-elasticity-of-clean-water-in-the-philippines
- 14. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: WASTE DISPOSAL https://medium.com/@modernspatialdivisions/improper-solid-waste-management-in-manila-513224d50b17
- 15. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: DEGRADED ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY •The congestion of people in limited spaces and areas reduces the quality of air, contaminates water, and pollutes the noise and land.
- 16. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS https://governance.neda.gov.ph/sc-to-mmda-justify-ban-on-provincial-buses-along-edsa/
- 17. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: URBAN CRIME •Lack of employment also increases poverty, which, as a result, makes it even harder for people to get the essential things they need to survive. People then turn to poverty-related crimes such as theft, conning, and organized crime as a way of earning a living.
- 18. Crime Information, Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS) , June 2, 2022 The report shows that NCR where highly urbanized areas are located, has the highest crime rate which constitutes 18 % of the total recorded focus cases. Among which THEFT has the highest prevalence as of 02 June 2022.
- 19. MAJOR GLOBAL URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: INCREASE RATES OF POVERTY •Lack of employment also increases poverty, which, as a result, makes it even harder for people to get the essential things they need to survive. People then turn to poverty-related crimes such as theft, conning, and organized crime as a way of earning a living.
- 21. 1. Managing Urbanization for Efficiency and Growth 2. Improving city competitiveness for local economic development and job creation. 3. Promoting inclusive growth by creating opportunities for the urban poor. 4. Strengthening institutions and governance of metropolitan areas for efficient service delivery and sustainable urban planning and management. 5. Improving land administration and management to open up land markets.
- 22. General References: • https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/urbanization-problems.php • https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/164811 • https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/963061495807736752/pdf/11 4088-REVISED-PUBLIC-Philippines-Urbanization-Review-Full-Report.pdf • https://business.inquirer.net/330277/confronting-the-complexity-of-urban- housing/Ar. Joel Luna - @inquirerdotnet/Philippine Daily Inquirer /September 08, 2021 • https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/06/2061820/surge-covid-19- cases-seen-overcrowding
Notes de l'éditeur
- 1. Overcrowding or Overpopulation Overcrowding is a situation where a lot of people accumulate in a rather limited space that is unable to accommodate them without succumbing to the pressures around it properly. When a city is at maximum or excess capacity, the people tend to compete over the limited and scarce resources such as electricity, water, transport, and the main reason they make a move, employment.
- 1. Overcrowding or Overpopulation Overcrowding is a situation where a lot of people accumulate in a rather limited space that is unable to accommodate them without succumbing to the pressures around it properly. When a city is at maximum or excess capacity, the people tend to compete over the limited and scarce resources such as electricity, water, transport, and the main reason they make a move, employment.
- Four of the HUCs had surpassed the one million population mark, namely, Quezon City (2.96 million persons), City of Manila (1.85 million persons), City of Davao (1.78 million persons), and City of Caloocan (1.66 million persons).
- 2. Unemployment The job opportunities might be more in urban areas and also pay more, but as the number of people continues to grow, the jobs become even harder to find and retain. Urbanization will drive growing number of industries which will tighten competition among businesses. There are jobs created; however, they’re more of informal, low wages and short term ones. The grim effects of the pandemic were felt by the population regardless of status. Companies are forced to limit its operations, worse were shut down leading to massive lay-offs which spiked the unemployment rate especially in urban areas. Efforts to mitigate this dilemma are being undertaken by the Philippine Government. The Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa Program aims to provide hope for a better future to Filipinos through equity in resources throughout the country that will boost countryside development. This program is geared towards addressing Metro Manila’s congested urban areas by encouraging people, especially informal settlers to return to their home provinces and assist them in this transition with support and incentives on transportation, family, livelihood, housing, subsistence and education, among others. Urban poor suffer from high underemployment, which was twice as high (29%) as that of urban non-poor (14.7%) in 2012. This signifies that urban poor are predominantly engaged in part-time or casual labor, which is informal by nature, and suffer from unstable and low income. The urban poor are affected by informality and low wages due to low levels of education. Workers with less than secondary education face substantially worse labor market prospects than those who completed high school. Their earnings are significantly lower, and the risk of poverty is much higher. Indeed, a survey of 3,000 ISFs in Metro Manila found that 53% have less than secondary education, severely limiting their job opportunities. Research shows that most urban poor prefer formal wage employment should there be opportunities. But many are trapped in informal service sector and are engaged in self-entrepreneurship “out of necessity”.
- 3. Housing problems Urbanization will lead to competing of resources. Housing problems tend to develop when people move to cities and overcrowd in them. If the cities were not well prepared for the numbers, the houses become more scarce. Urbanization confront migrating individuals to a hard-to-decide options: to build a house or to rent The problem grows in intensity as the materials required to build new houses become more and more insufficient. Limited space also makes it difficult to facilitate construction, and financial resources may even be scarce as they become primarily channeled into other development and social safety net programs other than housing.
- 4. Development of slums Since resources become scarce as well as housing areas can no longer accommodate the demand for space, this leads to the advent of SLUMs which become the safe havens for those who cannot afford to build or rent spaces. Key points - More people, increase in demand for space to stay - Increase in the demand, make supply limited which pull the cost of living at higher level - Since resources become scarce as well as housing areas can no longer accommodate the demand for space, this leads to the advent of SLUMs which become the safe havens for those who cannot afford to build or rent spaces. Slums often lack access to basis amenities like clean water and proper sanitation and often build next to dumpsite and disaster-prone areas. Based from the Review of Urbanization in the Philippines by the World Bank Organization in 2012, Informal settlements vividly depict multi-dimensional poverty in the Philippines. The high rate of migration to cities has put enormous pressure on needs for housing, infrastructure, and basic services in major cities. The result has been proliferation of informal settlers without adequate access to decent living conditions with security of tenure. The number of informal settlers in the Philippines has increased gradually, from 4.1% of total urban population in 2003 to 5.4% in 2012. In 2012, 5.4% of the urban population or about 2.2 million people lived in informal settlements. In Metro Manila alone, an estimated 1.3 million people live in informal settlements.
- 5. Sanitation problems Sanitation problems are rampant in urban areas due to the overpopulation that is seen in many of the areas people settle. The fast increase in people’s population sometimes overwhelms the local government’s resource capacity to construct the required sanitation and sewage systems.
- 6. Water shortage problems - Water is equated to life - Putting urbanization in the equation, more people to share supply for water. - water problems may worsen with the increase in water pollution due to poor sewerage systems and a lack of preventive measures for managing local water pollution.
- 7. Health hazards People living in congested urban areas expose them to a lot of risks. The poor sanitation, water problems, and living in high-risk areas like next to dumpsites leads to disease of all kinds. To make matters worse, people in these areas often do not have proper access to health care services, which makes the disease much harder to cure, and at times, they even lead to death. Urbanization increase population density. The denser the area is, the faster the disease will spread. Many informal settlements are located on river floodplains or along shorelines exposing informal settlers to recurring floods. This creates an enormous burden in terms of loss of livelihood, damage to housing and assets, and increased health risks due to prolonged exposure to water pollution. Fires in congested informal settlements are also quite common creating additional risk to low income families.
- 9. Disposal of trash Urbanization has led to many factors that have made the trash disposal very difficult. The urban cities produce a lot of waste on a daily basis that they cannot properly dispose of, this subjects the people living in these areas to multiple health risks. Based from the Understanding the Water and Urban Environment of a Megacity: The Case of Metro Manila, Philippines (Lilia SD. Raflores Manila, Philippines Ram Krishna Regmi United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japa, 2015) Metro Manila is a highly urbanized area. It is the only region in the country that is 100 percent urban. With urbanization, environmental issues such as solid waste problems, flooding, and air pollution as well as presence of informal settlements are prevalent in the region. Metro Manila generates over 6,700 tons of solid wastes per day. However, only 5,600 tons (84 percent) are being collected and dumped at the nine (9) dumpsites throughout Metro Manila. The remaining 16 percent goes to the river systems causing the clogging of major waterways, thereby resulting to flooding. The presence of informal settlers living along the rivers and their tributaries also contributed to the constriction of the drainage areas of Metro Manila, resulting to flooding during heavy rains. These informal settlers also add to the deterioration of the water quality of these water bodies. In Pasig River alone 11,650 informal settler families (77.7 percent) were already relocated from 1998 to 2014.
- 8. Degraded environmental quality The congestion of people in limited spaces and areas reduces the quality of air, contaminates water, and pollutes the noise and land.
- 10. Transportation problems A lot of people are often moving around in between their workplaces and their homes; this more often leads to traffic jams and congestions. The number of people who own cars is growing every year, especially in urban areas and the public transport system is very unreliable.
- 11. Urban crime The more people are congested in urban areas, the higher the rate of unemployment as the available jobs are not enough to accommodate all. Lack of employment also increases poverty, which, as a result, makes it even harder for people to get the essential things they need to survive. People then turn to poverty-related crimes such as theft, conning, and organized crime as a way of earning a living. The rates of crime and violence are higher in cities than the national average and understood to disproportionately affect the urban poor.
- 12. Increased rates of poverty Global urbanization ultimately leads to poverty. As the rates of unemployment increases, more and more people continue to sink beneath the poverty line. Also, as the population increases and the urban areas become more and more congested, the state government starts losing track of the population. As it does so, in some cases, it also fails to provide for all the people adequately. It ultimately leads to extreme forms of poverty where people have to live on the streets with only a little or nothing to eat or to drink. As a result of poverty, the standard of living of people also decreases to a point where it can also sometimes be rendered as inhuman. In a world where the rich are constantly becoming richer, and the poor are constantly becoming poorer, poverty is by far one of the largest threats to human existence.
- According to the report of the World bank: Philippines is at a critical juncture in its urbanization process with the number of people living in cities projected to increase by approximately 20 million over the next 20 years. By 2050, it is estimated that close to 102 million Filipinos will live in cities, about double the number of today. Decisions made now will affect how that urbanization takes place. The opportunity, lies in ensuring that some of the binding constraints that have hampered the full benefit's of urbanization from being realized until now, are addressed. The World Bank’s Key recommendations are grouped into 5 priority areas: Managing urbanization for efficient and growth. In order to maximize the economic gains from urbanization, policies on land use and investments in connective infrastructure should focus on managing the existing urban density and prepare for further concentration It is important to ensure that spatial planning, land use, infrastructure development (especially on access and mobility) and service delivery can progress commensurately with the population growth and density increase in existing urban areas. 2. Improving city competitiveness for local economic development and job creation. Simplify business registration, licensing, and tax regimes to spur more rapid business growth. the government should: standardize requirements and procedures, reduce or abolish the paid-in minimum capital requirement, (iii) make the use of notaries and lawyers optional for company startups, and (iv) move toward a fixed registration fee that covers only administrative costs. Improve access to land and markets and upgrade infrastructure to foster better trade connectivity and higher irm productivity. Given the fragmented market and archipelagic geography, good access to regional and international markets and trade connectivity are essential for the Philippines. Government should prioritize investments in connective infrastructure, mass transit, and identifying areas of land for development to foster a more competitive environment for private sector. Reforms to lower entry barriers for shipping and modernization of ports4 should be accelerated through coordinated eforts by Bureau of Internal Revenues (BIR), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH 3. Promoting inclusive growth by creating opportunities for the urban poor. Economic Inclusion Enhance livelihoods/jobs support for ISFs in close collaboration with the private sector. skills training and placement for formal wage employment - government should reorient the existing vocational skills training and placement programs to a more “market demand-driven” approach enterprise development - upfront support to analyze the marketability of end products or services and end support to link the microenterprises to market need to be built in. A properly designed public works program can also be an effective means to provide complementary income support to the unskilled poor, especially to compensate the unstable income. Prioritize investments in facilitating completion (atleast secondary) to improve job prospects of the poor. Spatial Inclusion Provide support for afordable housing, secure tenure, and access to basic infrastructure and services. Provide support to inance primary and secondary infrastructure development which would be undertaken under the leadership of the local government unit (LGU) consistent with city-level planning. Social Inclusion Support communities and engage them in the local development process through citywide mapping and community driven slum upgrading. It is well established that communities can be effective if empowered to undertake planning and decision-making of their own afairs. By providing hands-on facilitation, capacity building, and engaging them in community-driven mapping and slum upgrading, and providing opportunities to engage with LGU officials, urban poor communities will be empowered and social cohesion within the community will be strengthened. It is well established that communities can be efective if empowered to undertake planning and decision-making of their own afairs. By providing hands-on facilitation, capacity building, and engaging them in community-driven mapping and slum upgrading, and providing opportunities to engage with LGU oicials, urban poor communities will be empowered and social cohesion within the community will be strengthened. 4. Strengthening institutions and governance of metropolitan areas for efficient service delivery and sustainable urban planning and management. At the core of the effective management of cities, delivery of services and creation of a dynamic environment for job creation is strong institutions and good governance. A necessary starting point is a comprehensive national urban policy that includes provision for the establishment of a lead agency for urban development and housing, and clearly defines the roles of national and local governments. Structural reforms to the legal framework for fiscal decentralization will also be required to strengthen local service delivery. At the metropolitan level, a reform of Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is needed for Metro Manila and the development of metropolitan coordination arrangements in some of the larger secondary urban areas. 5. Improving land administration and management to open up land markets. Improvements in land information systems are critically needed so that can be used reliably and transparently across agencies, updating land use planning and regulations that takes into account future requirements and sustainability concerns, improving property taxation and valuation practices to ensure the proper collection of real property taxes, and addressing informality by expanding opportunities for affordable housing and land tenure.