DPA 309 summer 2019

1. DPA 309
VOLUNTARY
SECTOR MANAGEMENT
Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA
Professor

2. Volunteerism
 In 2001, the UN passed a
Resolution that identified
volunteering as “an important
component of any strategy aimed
at poverty reduction, sustainable
development, health, disaster
prevention and management”.

3. The world witnessed a spectacular expansion
of philanthropy, volunteering, and civil society
organization in virtually every corner of the globe
(Salamon 1994).
Despite the promise that this development
holds, however, the nonprofit or civil society sector
remains the invisible subcontinent on the social
landscape of most countries, poorly understood by
policymakers and the public at large, often
encumbered by legal limitations, and inadequately
utilized as a mechanism for addressing public
problems.

4. One reason for this is the lack of basic
information on its scope, structure, financing, and
contributions in most parts of the world. This lack
of information is due in part to the fact that
significant components of the nonprofit sector fall
within the non-observed, or informal, economy,
and in part to the way even the observed parts of
this sector have historically been treated in the
prevailing System of National Accounts (SNA).

5. Known variously as the ‘nonprofit,’ the ‘voluntary,’
the ‘civil society,’ the ‘third,’ the ‘social economy,’ the
‘NGO,’ or the ‘charitable’ sector, this set of institutions
includes within it a sometimes bewildering array of
entities – hospitals, universities, social clubs,
professional organizations, day care centers,
grassroots development organizations, health clinics,
environmental groups, family counseling agencies,
self-help groups, religious congregations, sports
clubs, job training centers, human rights
organizations, community associations, soup
kitchens, homeless shelters, and many more.

6. Because of their unique combination of
private structure and public purpose, their
generally smaller scale, their connections to
citizens, their flexibility, and their capacity to tap
private initiative in support of public purposes,
these organizations are being looked to
increasingly to perform a number of critical
functions: to help deliver vital human services,
such as health, education, counseling, and aid to
the poor, often in partnership with the state and
the market;

7. To empower the disadvantaged and bring
unaddressed problems to public attention; to
give expression to artistic, religious, cultural,
ethnic, social, and recreational impulses; to build
community and foster those bonds of trust and
reciprocity that are necessary for political
stability and economic prosperity; and generally
to mobilize individual initiative in pursuit of the
common good.

8. SALAMON,2010

9. Defining a nonprofit sector that could work in a wide
assortment of countries with different legal and cultural
traditions. This task was complicated by the enormous
diversity of this sector, embracing everything from small
soup kitchens and volunteer care centers to huge
hospital complexes and prestigious universities.
To address these doubts, we began by identifying the
commonalities that the many different types of NPIs
share despite their many differences, commonalities that
differentiate NPIs from other economic units and
therefore justify their treatment as a distinct economic
sector with its own characteristic features.

10. Defining a NP Sector
Legal definitions are perhaps the most common. As their
name implies, they define civil society organizations, or what
corresponds to such entities in particular national settings, in
terms of their legal form or their tax treatment. Such
definitions obviously have great clarity in particular country
setting
Economic definitions are firmly rooted in international
statistical systems. . As noted, this is the definition
incorporated in the System of National Accounts (SNA) But
they take two quite different forms. One identifies civil society
organizations in terms of what they do with any surplus they
happen to generate. A very common form of such definitions
is a prohibition on distributing any surplus the organization
may earn to the organization’s managers, directors, or

11. A third set of definitions takes a normative approach
and focuses on the purposes organizations pursue.
Several types of purposes have been featured in such
definitions. Thus, only organizations that promote the
‘public good,’ encourage grassroots empowerment
and participation, meet basic human needs, or
promote solidarity are considered to be valid civil
society organizations by this type of definition. While
appealing, however, such definitions are highly
nebulous and subjective, especially since different
countries, or different groups of people within
countries, have different ideas about what constitutes
a valid ‘public purpose’ or what are truly basic needs,
and the content of these concepts varies over time.6

12. The final set of definitions broadens the concept
of the civil society sector to embrace not just
organizations but also certain types of individual
activities, particularly those involving forms of
civic action. This definition is associated with the
work of sociologist Jurgen Habermas who
conceived of civil society as a ‘public space,’ or
an arena outside the state and the market where
citizens can advance their interests (Heinrich
2005, Edwards 2004).

13. Key
Concepts
Key
Concepts

14. Some of the key concepts introduced in this chapter are:
■ Charity
■ Civic culture and engagement
■ Civil society
■ Civility
■ Giving
■ Nongovernmental organization
■ Nonprofit organization
■ Nonprofit sector
■ Philanthropy
■ Social capital
■ Social entrepreneurship
■ Social enterprise
■ Social investment
■ Third sector
■ Voluntary association
■ Volunteering

15. Charity, i.e. individual benevolence and caring, is a value and practice found
in all major world cultures and religions.
Philanthropy, i.e. the practices of individuals reflecting a “love of humanity”
and the voluntary dedication of personal wealth and skills for the benefit of
specific public causes.
Volunteering, i.e. the donation of time for a wide range of community and
public benefit purposes such as helping the needy, distributing food, serving
on boards, visiting the sick, or cleaning up local parks.
Giving, i.e. the donation of money and in-kind goods for charitable and other
purposes of public benefit to organizations such as the Red Cross or
religious congregations, or to specific causes such as HIV/AIDS, cancer
research, or humanitarian relief.
Civil society: Many different definitions of civil society exist, and there is little
agreement on its precise meaning, though there is much overlap among core
conceptual components. Nonetheless, most analysts would probably agree
with the statement that modern civil society is the sum of institutions,
organizations, and individuals located between the family, the state, and the
market, in which people associate voluntarily to advance common interests.

16. Civic culture refers to a country’s broader political culture that, while
characterized by an acceptance of the authority of the state, emphasizes a
general belief in active political participation and social engagement of citizens
as a civic duty.
Civic engagement is the enactment of a civil culture outside the realm of
politics. Civic engagement refers to informed and involved citizens caring about
social issues of many kinds, trusting of major social and political institutions,
and concerned about the common good.
Civility is related to but distinct from civil society and civic engagement. As a
term, it is respect for the dignity of others, and a reciprocal expectation that
others are respectful as well.
Social capital is an individual characteristic and refers to the sum of actual and
potential resources that can be mobilized through membership in organizations
and through personal networks.

17. Social entrepreneurship is a relatively young concept that first
appeared in the 1980s in both academia and praxis. Since the mid-
1990s it has been increasingly taken up within the nonprofit sector and
by philanthropists to refer to innovation and initiation of social change
in all areas of need. Such entrepreneurs often set up new nonprofit or
community organizations, but can also be found within existing
organizations and in the public and private sectors. They can operate
at the local community level, across a country, or internationally.
Jeff Skoll, a self-styled philanthropist and
social entrepreneur who made his fortune
as an early eBay shareholder and
employee. Skoll telling an audience of well-
connected do-gooders, “You are a
keystone species in the social change
architecture.” the annual
Skoll World Forum in Oxford
The Skoll Foundation and Skoll Global Threats
Fund have distributed about $600 million
worldwide, aiming to reduce poverty, among
other goals

18. Third Sector. An emerging sector – non profit organization.
recent decades have witnessed the emergence of a global
civil society and transnational nonprofits of significant size
and with complex organizational structures
that increasingly span many countries and continents
(Anheier and Themudo 2002; Anheier et al. 2011).
Voluntary association. voluntary associations serve as the
“social glue” in societies with high degrees of professional
specialization,economic competition, and social
stratification.

19. PUTTING THE CIVIL SOCIETY SECTOR
ON THE ECONOMIC MAP OF THE
WORLD by Lester M. SALAMON Johns∗
Hopkins University, USA
Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 81:2 2010 pp. 167–210
Source:
https://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/Annals-June-2010.pdf

20. R.A. No. 9418
Volunteer Act of 2007
-An act Institutionalizing a Strategy
for Rural Development, Strengthening
Volunteerism and for Other Purpose

21. Declaration of Policy
Promote the participation of various
sector of the Filipino Society and
international and foreign volunteer
organization in public and civic affairs
BAYANIHAN to foster social justice,
solidarity and sustainable
development

22. Goals and Objectives
Provide policy framework on
volunteerism
Provide a conducive and enabling
environment for volunteers
Provide an effective institutional
mechanism to strengthen the role of
Philippine National Volunteer Service
Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA)

23. Roles and Modalities of
Volunteerism
in the Private Sector

24. Roles and Modalities of Volunteerism
in the Private Sector
a)Volunteerism in the Academe includes, but
not limited to, provision of technical
assistance and sharing of technology within
the academic circle, target communities and
other clienteles and the upgrading of the
quality of education and curriculum
methodologies while providing career
enhancement and exposure to the
volunteers.

25. b) Volunteerism in the Corporate Sector
as an expression of corporate social
responsibility and citizenship, refers to
activities recognized by the company,
where employees give their time, skills
and resources in the service of the
company’s internal and external
communities.

26. c) Volunteerism by the Not-for-Profit
Organizations includes, but is not
limited to, provision of complementary
service delivery and human resource
development in underserved
communities as well as advocacy and
articulation of the cause of the
disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.

27. a) Review and formulate policies and
guidelines concerning the national
volunteer service program consistent
with national development
priorities;
b) Coordinate, monitor and evaluate
the national volunteer service
program in order that volunteer
assistance may fit into the total
national goals;
Mandates of the PNVSCA

28. f) Undertake advocacy for the promotion
and recognition of volunteerism as a
tool for development
g) Establish and maintain a national
network of volunteer organizations
and serve as liaison between and
among local and foreign
governmental private voluntary
organizations including the United
Nations Volunteers (UNV);

29. h) Administer all Philippine National
Volunteer Service Coordinating
Agency (PNVSCA) funds from all
sources including foreign aid in
accordance with accounting and
auditing requirements.

30. Multi-Sectoral Advisory Body (MSAB)
To assist PNVSCA the Multi-Sectoral Advisory Body (MSAB) created
under Executive Order No.635 shall be reconstituted with the
following members:
a)National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA);
b)Department of Education (DepEd);
c)Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);
d)Department of Justice (DOJ);
e)The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG);
f)The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD);
g)The Commission on Higher Education (CHED);
h)The Presidential Management Staff (PMS), Office of the President;
i)The Representative/s from the corporate sector;
j)The Representative/s from the private academe sector; and
k)The Representative/s from the non-profit;

31. Challenges to PNVSCA in Promoting
Volunteerism in the Country
“Aside from the PNVSCA, there are many other
organizations concerned with volunteer work. But
despite the presence of institutional mechanisms to
promote volunteer work and notwithstanding the
recognition by the international community of its
importance, the fact is, currently there is a dearth
of information on volunteerism. There is no
available reliable measure of the economic
contribution of volunteer service in the Philippines,
and for that matter, in most other countries.”

32. Sources of Information on Filipino
Volunteerism
Studies by the University of the Philippines National
College of Public Administration and Governance (UP
NCPAG) 1998
the Pilot Time Use Survey of the National Statistics Office
(NSO)
the NSCB JHU-Non Profit Institution Project
Administrative Records from agencies like the PNVSCA,
Caucus of Development NGO Network, United Nations
Volunteers Philippines (UNV), University of the Philippines
– Ugnayan ng Pahinungod; Jesuit Volunteers Philippines
Foundation; Philippine Business for Social Progress; and
League of Corporate Foundations.

33. Challenges to PNVSCA in Promoting
Volunteerism in the Country
“It could be strategic if we knew
enough statistics about
volunteerism in the
Philippines for decision
making and policy formulation
on volunteerism”

34. In the international scene, data on volunteerism
have been generated by the Johns Hopkins
University (JHU) Comparative Non Profit Sector
Project in 37 countries. According to JHU, in
these countries, approximately 140 million
people representing approximately 12 percent of
their adult population engage in some form of
volunteer activity in a typical year.
Other Sources of Information on
Volunteerism

35. In December 2003, the United Nations Statistical
Division published the “United Nations Handbook on
Non Profit Institutions in the System of National
Accounts”
The UN Handbook includes:
(a)a detailed definition of NPIs, which makes it possible
to identify them as a group,
(b)a methodology for the valuation of volunteer work,
which is significant in the activities of NPIs and
(c)a detailed classification of NPIs by function. While the
NPIs serving households constitute one of the
institutional sectors in the SNA framework, volunteer
work is not explicitly articulated within the framework

36. In line with this, the National Statistical Coordination
Board (NSCB), as the highest policy making body on
statistical matters in the country, is laying the
groundwork for a system of generating information on
volunteerism. In 2008, the NSCB undertook a
collaborative project with Johns Hopkins University on
the measurement of the economic contribution of non-
profit institutions and volunteer work in the Philippine
economy. The objective is to formulate a statistical
framework for measuring the contribution of volunteer
work via a satellite account on non profit institutions
within the context of the Philippine System of National
Accounts (PSNA)

37. (a)Number of volunteers;
(b) Number of hours volunteers render
during a specific period; and
(c)Wages at which to value those
hours.
.
3 key variables on
Current approaches in measuring volunteer work
need information

38. NSCB Paper Presentation- insights on the contribution of volunteer
work in the Philippines.
In 2000, volunteers rendered an estimated 312.3 million hours of
volunteer service.
In 2009, the total value of volunteer work reached Php 44.5
billion, from Php 20.1 billion in 2000. On the average, the value of
volunteer work increased annually by 10.2 percent at current prices
and by 6.4 percent at constant prices, during the 9-year period from
2000-2009.
Volunteer work constituted about 0.6 percent of GDP from 2000-
2009
11th
National Convention on Statistics
Oct. 5, 2010

39. VOLUNTEERISM IN
THE PHILIPPINES
By:
Dr. Romulo A. Virola
Secretary General, National
Statistical Coordination Board,
2010

40. Volunteerism
Intrinsic part of social capital
Opportunities for civic engagement
Philanthropy under the realm of
volunteer work
Provide employment training
Personal satisfaction and fulfillment
Higher level of trust in others
Lower level of violent crimes

41. Volunteerism in the Philippines
Bayanihan
Damayan
Kawanggawa
Pahinungod
Bahaginan
Tulong
Pakikipagkapwa-
tao
Pagbabahagi
Paghahandog

42. Filipinos
Championing
Volunteerism
Efren
Peñaflorida
Kariton Classroom
2009 CNN Hero of the
Year

43. Filipinos
Championing
Volunteerism
Antonio "Tony" Meloto
Founder of Gawad Kalinga
2006 "Filipino of the Year" by the
Philippine Daily Inquirer

44. TONY TAN CAKTIONG
The fast-food magnate has gone
above and beyond satisfying the
cravings of hungry urbanites by
nourishing students in public
elementary schools. Since 2007,
Busog Lusog Talino, the feeding
programme he initiated via the
Jollibee Group Foundation, has
focused on meeting the nutritional
needs of students in public schools.
In recent years, the Foundation has
further expanded its focus to include
food provision and sustainability in
disaster-stricken regions.
https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/those-who-give-philippine-tatler-s-2018-roster-of-gre

45. THE AYALA FOUNDATION
It is an organisation that has become
synonymous with bringing out the
best in the Filipino. Best known for
promoting Filipino culture both here
and abroad through the Ayala
Museum and the Filipinas Heritage
Library, the Ayala Foundation has
been championing the creative
abilities of the nation for over half a
century. Currently chaired by
brothers Jaime Augusto and
Fernando Zobel de Ayala, the
Foundation has also gone beyond
arts and culture through its drive to
improve education, youth
development, and sustainable
livelihood.
https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/those-who-give-philippine-tatler

46. HENRY SY SR
The patriarch of the clan behind
retail superbrand SM has given a
total of around Php 284 million
through numerous projects under
the SM Foundation and the
eponymous Henry Sy
Foundation. The former is
concerned with education,
religious formation, welfare
outreach, and health; the latter is
focused on Philippine social
development through the
empowerment of the Filipino
youth.
https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/those-who-give-philippine-tatler-s-2018-roster-of-great-filipino-philanthropists

47. THE ABOITIZ FOUNDATION
For this particular organisation, it’s all
about helping people help themselves.
Self-reliance through sustainable
livelihood, proper education, and
enterprise development within even
the smallest communities are what it
works on. Likewise, it also believes in
community empowerment through
environmental conservation and
various health and fitness
programmes. Currently chaired by
Erramon Aboitiz, the shipping
company’s corporate social
responsibility arm has donated nearly
Php 800 million in order to help
improve the lives of those in
impoverished areas
https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/those-who-
give-philippine-tatler-s-2018-roster-of-great-
filipino-philanthropists

48. ,Ballet Philippines annually gives 200
scholarships to young people from across the
country, to train with some of the Philippines’
finest dancers and choreographers. In return,
these scholars have won accolades both here
and abroad through their participation in both
productions and competitions.
BALLET PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION
Not only does the Philippines’
premiere ballet company produce
world-class talents, but it serves to
uplift the lives of gifted children who
would not normally be able to study
dance. Under MARGIE MORAN as
president
https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/those-who-give-philippine-tatler-s-
2018-roster-of-great-filipino-philanthropists

49. Pioneering American
philanthropist Andrew Carnegie
once set the standard for giving
back: "No man can become rich
without himself enriching others,"
he said. "The man who dies rich
dies disgraced."

50. MARK ZUCKERBERG
Facebook Founder
“Advancing human potential and promoting
equality”
US “ Giving Pledge” signees will
donate the majority of their
wealth to philanthropic causes
(Bill Gates, Warren Buffet and
Larry Ellison)
$120M Education in underserved communities
$75M “Safety Net” care provider
$25M Disease Control and Prevention
$100M Fight to Ebola
Facebook founder and CEO Mark
Zuckerberg is one of the youngest self-
made billionaires in the world. The social-
media mogul has signed the Giving Pledge
and promises to donate at least half of his
wealth in his lifetime.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-20-most-generous-people-in-the-world-
a6757046.html

51. Gates is currently the best known of these hard-
nosed modern philanthropists, and the foundation
that he and his wife, Melinda, run from a
headquarters in Seattle. His hugely generous
charitable foundation invested $2bn in new,
smaller schools for nearly 800,000 pupils.
But within a few years, in 2008, the funding
abruptly stopped. Some of the schools had to
close. Three years on, in one of his carefully
rationed newspaper interviews, Gates explained:
“The overall impact of the intervention,
particularly the measure we care most about –
whether [pupils] go to college – it didn’t move
the needle much … We didn’t see a path to
having a big impact, so we did a mea culpa on
that.”
The last “serious” piece of US legislation regulating charitable foundations, she
writes, was in 1969. Some philanthropists (not Gates) that their giving is a form
of “self-tax” that exempts them from paying other taxes. Most cuttingly,
philanthropy “thrives on … its own ineffectiveness” – in order to justify its own
existence, charity needs the problems it addresses to persist.
Lifetime donations: $27
billion