Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through pairing, such as pairing food with a bell. Operant conditioning occurs when behaviors are reinforced or punished, which makes those behaviors more or less likely to occur again. Reinforcers strengthen behaviors while punishment weakens behaviors. Different reinforcement schedules like fixed ratio or variable interval shaping behaviors.

1. Chapter 5
Learning
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2. What is Learning?
 Learning: a (relatively) permanent
change in behavior.
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3. Wundt
 Studied images, sensations, feelings
“introspectionists”
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4. Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Reflex
Food (US) Salivation (UR)
Puff of air Eye Blink
Cold Vasoconstriction
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5. Classical Conditioning
Food Salivation
(US) (Elicits UR)
Food + Bell Salivation
US + CS Elicits UR
Bell Salivation
Elicits CR
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6. Classical Conditioning
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7. Classical Conditioning
Second order conditioning
Bell + Salivation
Salivation
Will previous
pairing make
conditioning
stronger or
weaker?
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8. Classical Conditioning
 Stimulus Generalization
 Stimulus Discrimination
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9. Extinction
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10. Spontaneous Recovery
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11. Physiological Reactions
Electric Shock Increase in BP
US UR
E.S. + Light Increase in BP
Light Increase in BP
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12. Treatment
Drinking Pleasant Flgs
UCS ?? CS, UCS, UR, CR?? UCR
Antibuse + Alcohol Nausea
UCS + CS UCR
Alcohol Nausea
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13. Operant Conditioning
 Grew out of Watson
 Taste aversion
Class Cond Op Cond
Elicits reflex Emits a behavior
Forms Association Reward given
Responds after presentation Response before any
reward
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14. Operant Conditioning
 Operant conditioning occurs when an organism
operates on its environment to produce a change.
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15. Operant Conditioning
Law of Effect (Thorndike)
 Behavior that is rewarded is repeated
 Behavior that is not rewarded dies out
So, have we learned all of our behaviors because they
have been rewarded?
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16. Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated
Behavior that is not reinforced tends to die out.
Tested in the Skinner Box 16

17. Operant Conditioning
 Reinforcement increases the frequency of
response
 Positive reinforcers: presented after the target
response
 Negative reinforcers: withdrawn or taken away
after the target response has been made.
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18. Operant Conditioning
 Primary reinforcers (food, warmth, sex)
satisfy basic biological needs.
 Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
(money, toys, praise) are associated
with primary reinforces.
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19. Operant Conditioning
 Positive Reinforcers
 Negative Reinforcers
 Regardless of direction, reinforcers
make behavior more likely
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20. Operant Conditioning
 Shaping
 Systematic desensitization
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21. Autoshaping
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22. Learned Helplessness
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23. Operant Conditioning
–Schedules of reinforcement
 Interval = time
 Fixed-interval = reinforcement after a
certain amount of time
 Variable interval = reinforcement after
varying time interval.
 Ratio = number of responses
 Fixed-ratio
 Variable ratio
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24. Operant Conditioning
–Schedules of reinforcement
Partial vs continuous reinforcement
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25. Counterconditioning
 CS (fear) + UCS (cookies)
 CR is now happy chewing instead of
fear/crying
 Making kids laugh instead of pout
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26. Punishment
 A punishment decreases the rate of
response
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