DTI Custom Publication, 2010

DIVERSIFIED TECHNOLOGY
Providing a Cohesive Approach to Embedded Computing and Power Solutions

Lossless Ethernet
Advancements in Next Generation Networks

AdvancedTCA Switching
Layer 2 Failover Feature

CompactPCI, PICMG 2.16
Continues to Fight the Battles and Win

Wind Power
Power Inverters Developed Specifically for Small Wind Turbines

Up to 30kW of Mobile Power
On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP) Beyond 10 Kilowatts

SHB Express
Moving Your Program from PICMG 1.0 to PICMG 1.3


Diversified Technology, Inc.
476 Highland Colony Parkway
Ridgeland, MS 39157
(800) 443-2667
Inside This Issue
marketing@DTIMS.com
www.DTIMS.com Lossless Ethernet ....................................................05
Ken Martin
President ATCA Switching ......................................................09
Steve Craven
Vice President, Program Management CompactPCI..............................................................14
Donald Germany
Vice President, Systems Engineering
Wind Power ..............................................................18
Joe McDevitt
Chief Technology Officer
Up to 30kW of Mobile Power ..................................22
Gary Smith On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP) Beyond 10 Kilowatts
Vice President, Operations

SHB Express ............................................................28
Keith Varner Moving Your Program from PICMG 1.0 to PICMG 1.3
Vice President, Engineering

Message from the President ..................................04
About Diversified Technology, Inc.
Diversified Technology, Inc. (DTI), an Ergon
Company, was founded in 1971 and focuses
CTO Corner ..............................................................27
on primary markets of Communications,
Government / Military, Commercial, Power Employee Spotlight ................................................27
Electronics, On-Board Vehicle Power and
Simultaneous Field Radiation Technology. As
an embedded hardware, software and
A Commitment to Quality........................................30
systems company, DTI’s strength lies in a
cohesive approach to assisting customers.
This cohesive approach means DTI works
hand-in-hand with companies to ensure they
are getting the best performance, highest
reliability, shortest time-to-market and the No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted,
most efficient use of computing hardware for in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Diversified Technology, Inc.
their program's embedded application. DTI
has a history of design and manufacturing DTI Wired is available free of charge to qualified subscribers, by emailing marketing@DTIMS.com
experience with standardized form factors To be removed from our mailing list, send a removal request via email to marketing@DTIMS.com
such as PCI, ETX, COM Express, VME, Other product and/or company names mentioned in this publication may be trademarks or
CompactPCI and AdvancedTCA. registered trademarks of their respective companies and are the sole property of their respective owners.

Copyright © 2010 Diversified Technology, Inc. - All Rights Reserved

Page 3
DTI Wired : Get Connected with Diversified Technology, Inc.

Message from the President
Ken Martin, President of Diversified Technology, Inc.
At Diversified Technology, Inc. we have always strived to provide a quality product that not only fills the current needs of our customers
but also those of their future advancements. This requires forward thinking about the challenges that DTI will face, as well as the
end-customer's program. Trying to predict what market changes various industries will face while ensuring your current deliverables are
completed on time, proves oftentimes to be a complicated task.

Some of the future changes DTI is focusing on are covered in this issue of our custom publication. Two of the articles cover
AdvancedTCA and the transitional challenges facing the move from 1G and 10G to 40G. As with most things, our product line only
dictates a very minor part of the global changes that are needed to make 40G implementations both practical and functional in Telecom
and other industries. How these challenges are addressed shows the level at which DTI strives to understand and implement the needs
of its customers into a design, and demonstrates that we don't just pass on hardware built to spec to them. We actually put many hours
of consideration into developing a real solution for their application—not just hardware and software.

A second development mentioned is within our On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP) program. The 10kW system is currently being
modified through EMI (electromagnetic interference) testing as well as having numerous hardware and software changes to allow
increased output of 30kW mobile power to our soldiers. Being an embedded computer provider, DTI knows first-hand that with increased
processing and computing performance comes the need for even more raw power. That's why we had a plan in place from day one to
move this product line on to 30kW and beyond.

I also want to point out a new product line that is growing at a rapid pace for us at Diversified Technology: our Gale Series of Wind Power
Inverters. These inverters were developed for a single customer through the knowledge we acquired dealing with the OBVP
inverters, and our efforts have since grown to multiple customers throughout numerous countries. The first unit is a 12kW inverter that
performs in a NEMA 1 enclosure. The second is a smaller 6kW inverter that performs in a NEMA 3R enclosure, and is designed to
handle a smaller class of wind turbines. Both of these systems are firsts for us in the growing wind power and alternative energy
market. We are having great successes and, through these successes we are learning many things that we feel could enhance our
product line even further. Through customer feedback on these products and market studies, DTI is now in development of a third
system that will offer more functionality and features than our current generation of inverters.

All of our embedded computing products and power inverters can be enclosed in chassis that are designed and manufactured in-house.
DTI is constantly updating our systems approach to provide our customers with not only subcomponents, but with a fully integrated
solution that gets them ahead of their competition.

Throughout its 39 year existence, Diversified Technology, Inc. has designed everything from industrial control boards, Ethernet switches,
hex-core processing blades, and integrated suitcase laptops to ruggedized mobile power systems, UHF and VHF antennas, and now
wind inverters. As a company we aim to use all of these engineering experiences in serving our customers and to truly offer them
diversified product solutions.

Ken Martin

Page 4


Lossless Ethernet
The Ethernet technology family has grown and evolved Rbridges
significantly over its 35 year history. Every few years a set of Today’s L2 Ethernet networks use Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
changes comes along that revolutionizes the way Ethernet for loop prevention. STP blocks links that create loops, and it
networks are used. Bandwidth increases are the most noticeable takes several seconds to recover from topology changes.
changes, but they are not always the most important. Even with Rbridges address these shortcomings of STP.
40G (and 100G) Ethernet at our door step, there are other
important changes coming to Ethernet in next generation Rbridges are Routing bridges. Rbridges bring some routing
devices. For the first time a group of new technologies can be functionality to bridges (switches), as the name suggests.
combined to make Ethernet lossless, which greatly extends the Rbridges use the IETF TRILL (Transparent Interconnect of Lots
number of applications suitable for Ethernet. of Links) protocol to discover the network topology and provide
optimal pair-wise forwarding paths. The most radical change
Layer 2 Ethernet networks are best-effort networks and can lose rbridges bring to L2 networks is multipathing. A TRILL network
frames for 3 main reasons: They can lose frames due to clock is not limited to a single tree like an STP network. TRILL
differences between two devices, they can loose frames due to supports any arbitrary network - from a simple tree to a
a topology changes in the network, and finally, they can lose complex mesh and all links in the network can be active. For
frames due to congestion in the network. All of these reasons for AdvancedTCA networks and high availability networks in
dropped frames need to be addressed in order for Ethernet to be general, rbridges allow for much better utilization of resources
lossless. Luckily for us, all of these problems have been solved because all redundant links can be active at the same time.
with the technologies outlined below. Rbridges with TRILL have several advantages over traditional
switches with STP, including instant recovery from topology
Timing changes, shorter paths, greater bandwidth, and lower latency.
Ethernet devices are required to have local clocks with an
accuracy of 100 parts per million or better. That means two
perfectly compliant line-rate, wire-seed 1G Ethernet devices can ATS7160
drop up to 298 frames a second due to clock differences between Next Generation 40G Ethernet Switch
them. In order to assure no frames are dropped due to clock
tolerance differences the end points need a synchronized clock. Line rate, wire speed performance
L2 switching and L3 routing
There are two new technologies that address clock synchro- • ES3 Software Support (see Page 12)
nization in Ethernet networks. IEEE-1588v2 is a protocol layer
Lossless Ethernet
technology with support for frequency and time of day
synchronization and sub-microsecond accuracy. Synchronous Advanced timing features
Ethernet (SyncE) is a physical layer frequency synchronization • IEEE-1588v2 and Synchronous Ethernet
technology with 10 parts per trillion accuracy. By using IEEE- L2 multipathing with TRILL (Rbridge)
1588v2 or SyncE to synchronize the clocks between the end
points, lossless delivery of frames can be assured. In Data Center Bridging
AdvancedTCA it may even be possible for certain applications • Priority Flow Control, Congestion Notification, and
to replace the synchronization clock interface with IEEE-1588v2 Enhanced Transmission Selection
or SyncE. FCoE support (with NPIV)
VM Aware switching
Lower latency

Page 5

With spanning-tree (A) redundant links are blocked
but with TRILL (B) all links can be active at one time.

Data Center Bridging traffic classes. Taken together the DCB suite provides a more
Network congestion is an issue in all data networks that needs intelligent way of dealing with congestion that is both priority
to be addressed. Today’s networks rely on device level QoS to and network aware.
police and shape network flows by dropping frames to reduce
congestion. This solution is limited because the devices work Lossless Ethernet
alone rather than in a group where they could be sharing Lossless Ethernet is a goal that the Ethernet community has been
information. Data Center Bridging (DCB) is a network level working towards for a number of years, and with IEEE-1588v2
technology that allows network devices to work together to or SyncE, TRILL, and DCB, Lossless Ethernet is a reality. It
mitigate congestion. provides guaranteed frame delivery and guaranteed performance
levels. It can replace more expensive lossless fabrics and even
DCB is made up of 3 new protocols that work together to external clock networks while still remaining cheap. It provides
control congestion (and a 4th protocol that encapsulates the better support for virtual machine migration and allows the LAN
information from the other three). First, there is IEEE 802.1Qbb and SAN to converge onto a single network. Lossless Ethernet
Priority-Base Flow Control (PFC). Ethernet flow control has is a major update to the Ethernet suite you will need to have in
been around for some time in the form of IEEE 802.3x. 802.3x your next generation network.
flow control is too heavy handed, and it’s all or nothing approach
often causes more problems than it fixes in most networks. PFC Article Written by:
extends 802.3x such that pauses can be issued per class of
service. This allows network devices to pause only lower
priority classes when there is congestion. The second and third
protocols work closely together. IEEE 802.1Qau Congestion
Notification (QCN) allows network devices to communicate
congestion status throughout the network. IEEE 802.1Qaz
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) allows network devices JP Landry
to communicate and synchronize bandwidth allocations to Networking Program Manager

Page 6


With 802.3x flow control if any priority queue fills up, ALL traffic is blocked.

With 802.1Qbb Priority-based Flow Control (B) if a priority queue fills up,
only traffic of that particular priority is blocked.

Page 7

COTS COMPUTING SYSTEMS
Fully Integrated with Custom Design Capabilities

Portable Computing System • Standard Off-the-Shelf Systems
PCS-001 Designed to PICMG Specifications
• AdvancedTCA/AMC Rackmount
• CompactPCI Rackmount
• CompactPCI Portable
• PCI Express Slot Card
• PCI and ISA Rackmount
• Small Form Factor Portable
PROCESSOR • Full In-House System Integration
BOARD • Full In-House Custom Capabilities
+
NETWORK
SWITCH
+
REAR TRANSITION
MODULES
+
PERIPHERAL
CARDS
+
OPERATING
SYSTEM
+
SOFTWARE
SUPPORT
+
RUGGEDIZED
CHASSIS
+
INTEGRATION
=

CUSTOMIZED
END-SOLUTION
JUST FOR YOU 1-800-443-2667 | sales@dtims.com


AdvancedTCA Switching

R
AdvancedTCA
Today’s data center environments demand performance and
reliability at much greater levels than even 5 years ago. Uptime
for application and network resources reaching 99.999%
availability is becoming a more common requirement and not
just the rare case.

Application and web server redundancy can be achieved by the
use of high performance load balancers, server clustering and
virtual host control applications. Resiliency in the network is
provided by routing protocols such as OSPF and BGP for
routing at layer 3 in conjunction with non-stop forwarding and
redundant hardware features. Protocols such as VRRP provide
for host IP gateway redundancy.

Layer 2 Network Redundancy
In the past, multiple paths within the VLAN or broadcast
domains were also needed in the case of link or device failures.
With multiple paths to the same points in these networks, loops
are formed which left unchecked create broadcast storms that
can bring networks to a standstill. The spanning-tree protocol
(IEEE 802.1D) is implemented in layer 2 networks to automat-
ically block these loops so only one path exists eliminating loops
in the topology. As a result of link failures, spanning-tree will With just one connection to the host, path redundancy can only
un-block previously blocked ports to provide for path be achieved by installing the link between switch C & D. More
redundancy. These operations can take as long as 30 seconds than one physical connection can be configured to the host but
and can impact traffic in other parts of the network and not just traditionally host IP stacks had no way of automatically
local to the device on which the failure occurred. Diagram 1 is changing which NIC owned an IP address during failures. In
a standard network topology used with spanning-tree (SPT) this case, a host with two different NIC connections to two
providing loop prevention in a multi-access layer 2 network. different access switches could still not achieve redundancy as
access to the primary IP address would be lost when failing over
The diagram displays what happens when the uplink between to the second NIC. New host protocols have been developed
switch A and C fails causing SPT to re-converge and determine that give servers the ability to move IP address ownership
the new topology. The link between C and D will still be in the between NIC’s in the event of pre-defined failure conditions.
blocking state until SPT can determine the new loop-free Two of these are IPMP (IP Multipath) in Solaris and NIC
topology and start accepting data packets through the D Bonding in Linux. We will use IPMP as a reference for this
interface. This process can take up to 30 seconds during which article.
connectivity between the hosts and the IP default gateway will
be lost.

Page 9

IPMP Operation Example
IPMP can be configured to monitor failures in 3 different ways. To monitor remote path failures, the IP gateway can be pinged at
specified intervals or ARP requests for the IP gateway can also be sent. The link state of the host NIC itself can also be monitored. In
the event of a failure condition, IPMP will move the owner of the IP address to the secondary NIC card and generate a gratuitous ARP
request from that NIC to enable MAC address learning on the new path to the IP gateway. When using IPMP, the redundant link between
switch C and D can now be removed eliminating the spanning-tree blocked port from the topology.

Page 10


While the failover times have been reduced there are still host interface that is tied to this track (CLI configurable) will
disadvantages to using IPMP’s ping to monitor upstream path also have its’ line protocol status forced down. The host IPMP
integrity. As the number of hosts behind the access switches NIC monitor on this link will force the failover to the secondary
grow, ICMP traffic to the gateway IP will become quite large. NIC connected to a separate switch creating a new path to the
Some layer 3 devices will de-prioritize ICMP traffic destined to primary host IP address. Below is an example using only one
the device itself (L3 gateway IP) and responses to the hosts may host and one uplink port similar to the previous example of
be dropped during times of heavy load. IPMP monitoring of the IPMP ping monitoring failover.
host NIC link state will produce fast failovers (normally less
than a second), but they do not check the upstream path to the IP The big difference between using the ICMP monitoring feature
gateway. of IPMP and L2FO is time to failover (TTF). While the default

DTI’s Layer 2 Failover Feature (L2FO) setting for IPMP path failure detection is 10 seconds which
Diversified Technology, Inc. has developed a new feature for translates to missing 5 ICMP replies from the IP gateway, L2FO
both of our ATS1160 and ATS1936 switches that takes TTF is less than 500 milliseconds from tracked interface failure.
advantage of the IPMP or NIC Bonding behaviors to provide This TTF only takes into account the time between tracked link
fast failover times while monitoring the upstream path to the failure and when the host port is shutdown. IPMP can be tuned
next hop switch. This is accomplished by the use of line to failover in as low as 100 milliseconds but this creates an
protocol monitoring (referred to as a “track” on the DTI switch) overly large amount of ICMP traffic even from just one host and
of a specified interface and tying this monitor to the link state of would be impractical to implement in a production scenario. A
the switch host port or ports. If the line protocol of the tracked more reasonable setting for IPMP would be a 5 second failure
link goes down, the track status will also change to down. Any detection time but this is still much slower than using the L2FO.

Page 11

Another important feature of L2FO is the ability to track the state
3
ES Software Support of port-channels (or Link Aggregation Group - LAG) as well as
individual interfaces. The number of links currently active in
Diversified Technology, Inc. announces the release of the LAG as well as the line-protocol state can be monitored and
ES3 (Enhanced Switch Software Suite) for used to trigger failover. The “minimum links” feature simply
AdvancedTCA and CompactPCI Switch Blades. put sets the required number of interfaces that need to be active
in the LAG for the track to be considered in the up state.

Primary L2FO Features
Features Included with ES3
• Up to 254 individual tracks
VRRP Object Tracking • Multiple failover tracks per host port interface
VRRP object tracking is an extension of VRRP that allows • Track port-channel interfaces
customers to define more robust failover conditions for VRRP • Track number of active interfaces within a port-channel
including link failures and route reachability • Track route prefixes in the route table
• Can be used on any interface type
L2 Failover with LAG Support (Fiber or Copper Gigabit or 10 Gigabit)
L2 failover is similar to VRRP object tracking but instead of • Failover times less the 500ms
working at the protocol level works at the interface level. (from tracked link failure to failover action)
Customers can achieve sub 50ms failover times in the cases of • Available on the ATS1936 and ATS1160 from
link failures, route failures, and switch failures Diversified Technology, Inc.
• Works independently of the connected host protocol
Significantly Updated Multicast Module
The multicast module has been revamped to support an updated
This new Layer 2 Failover feature provides networks with the
set of multicast RFCs and includes significant new features
such as MLD support, simultaneous IGMP snooping and
ability to rapidly replace failed links – far faster than ICMP
multicast routing, a IGMP querier, and SSM support monitoring via IPMP and NIC Bonding in Linux and its far
easier to configure as well. As we discussed in this article, while
Multiple Serviceability Enhancements Including using IPMP can suffice for some networks, too low of a TTF
Utilization Statistics, Persistent Loggings, and setting results in an overabundance of ICMP traffic, and
Packet Traces reasonable settings are far slower than utilizing switches
designed with this L2FO feature.
sFlow Support

Improved Security Article Written by:

IPv6 Management and IPv6 Support in QoS Module

Significant more User Control over Protocol Options
such as LAG Hash Algorithm

Updated LLDP and CDP Interoperability
John Ray
STP Enhancements Including Root Guard Network Engineer

iSCSI Flow Acceleration

Page 12

COMPACTPCI SOLUTIONS
The PlexSys-4D, 4U general purpose CompactPCI PSB System Platform, is
part of DTI’s CompactPCI family of building blocks. It provides telecom,
datacom, and military customers an open standards ecosystem for application
solutions development.

• 1U, 2U, 4U, 6U and 8U CompactPCI Industrial Strength Chassis
• CPU Blades based on Intel® Processor Technology
• PICMG 2.16 Compliant Ethernet Switch
• Full Suite of Rear Transition Modules to Compliment your Needs
• Custom Development Capabilities for Application-Specific Wants

DTI Offers Full System Design and Integration Capabilities with Your Program Requirements.

PLEXSYS-4D : DTI’S 4U COMPACTPCI SYSTEM PLATFORM

Rear Transition Module
(2) Removable
Support for Extra I/O
Hard Drives

19” Wide Rackmount
Slim DVD
7” Tall (4U)

Dual 300W
CompactPCI
Power Supplies

(8) 6U slots 64-bit/33MHz PCI, PICMG 2.16

(1) PSB Switch Slot
www.dtims.com/cpci

The CSB4624 from Diversified Technology, Inc. is a PICMG 2.16 compliant Call NOW
CompactPCI managed Ethernet switch. This 6U board has full IPv6 support, for Immediate Deployment
twenty-four 1GbE link ports and three 10GbE connections. (5) RTM Options 1-800-443-2667

CompactPCI, PICMG 2.16

CompactPCI has come a long way since it was first introduced Over the years, DTI has designed approximately 50 products
15 years ago. DTI’s first two CPU boards designed around this based on CompactPCI specifications. This list includes CPU
form factor were based on Intel’s Pentium and Pentium PRO boards, Switches, RTM Modules, Mezzanine cards for added
processors with a maximum speed of 233MHz. Oddly enough performance, and fully integrated chassis with support for up to
we still get support calls from time to time on these 2 products. 18 slots for CPU Boards. The orientation of the boards design
This illustrates the longevity of CompactPCI as well as the provides good cooling through the chassis and allows it to
quality of design the specification has provided for so many handle shock and vibration levels beyond the normal slot card
years. and motherboard systems.

The PICMG 2.0 Specification, CompactPCI, was developed in CompactPCI uses inexpensive fabrics, such as 1G Ethernet, to
1995 by PICMG, which is a consortium of companies who create an interconnect environment through the backplane of the
collaboratively develop open specifications for high perform- chassis. As newer standards like 10G and 40G come to market,
ance, leading edge products utilized in embedded computing more and more users of CompactPCI look to move towards
industries. PICMG 2.0 is electrically a superset of desktop PCI AdvancedTCA and other form factors that are designed to
with a different physical form factor. CompactPCI utilizes the support those higher technologies. However, CompactPCI still
Eurocard blade form factor popularized by the VME bus. provides a fit for many applications whose vendors utilize the
Defined for both 3U (100mm by 160 mm) and 6U (160mm by low cost platform along with processor upgrades to continue
233 mm) card sizes, CompactPCI has grown in to a major their programs well in to the future.
computing form factor in numerous markets including areas it
wasn’t originally intended for, such as military applications.

Diagram 1 above displays a front view of DTI’s PlexSys-4D
Platform and the 8 Board Slots for this CompactPCI Chassis.

Diagram 2 to the left displays a breakdown of how the seven
individual computers within the PlexSys-4D Platform are
connected together through the PICMG 2.16 compliant backplane
and how they communicate to each other via the Ethernet bus.

Page 14


Emerging Markets extend communication and data throughput capabilities for the
DTI has noticed a decided uptick in Military/Aerospace network. This means L2/L3, CoS/QoS, and other network
CompactPCI deployments over the past 5 years. For some management features are now available over the 1GbE network
applications, VME is long in the tooth and OpenVPX is not within the CompactPCI platform.
market ready. Plus these, along with AdvancedTCA, can be
much more expensive technologies than CompactPCI. Many A few of the growing CompactPCI Markets that we see are:
military applications simply need a proven COTS technology 1. Avionics and Flight
that can perform, not the cutting edge. • Includes Naval based Control Systems
• In-flight Entertainment (Video, Messaging, Internet, etc)
Within CompactPCI there is an increasing need for powerful 2. Medical
switching technologies as PICMG 2.16 deployments continue. • Records Systems, Real-Time Imaging, Patient Care Systems
For those of you that are unfamiliar with 2.16, it employs a 3. Military
packet-switching backplane for the system. This extends the • Fairly easy to “harden” or ruggedize for military
CompactPCI family of products to overlaying based switching • Submarines, Ships, Air, Ground vehicles
architectures on top of the existing CompactPCI. This will • Non-combat locations

COMPACTPCI SYSTEM PLATFORMS

• PICMG 2.16
• 1U, 2U, 4U, Compliant
6U and 8U Ethernet Switch
CompactPCI
Industrial • Full Suite of
Strength Rear Transition
Chassis Modules to
compliment
• CPU Blades your needs
based on Intel
Processor • Custom
Technology Development
Capabilities

Page 15

Advancements to CompactPCI
PICMG recently announced the adoption of the PICMG 2.30 CompactPCI Platform Offerings
specification, called CompactPCI® PlusIO. The specification
will add PCI Express, Ethernet, SATA, SAS and USB
extensions to the CompactPCI family of specifications while PlexSys-1
preserving the existing PCI bus connectivity. The 2.30 spec 19” Rackmount
defines the use of previously reserved rear I/O pins for the 1U Chassis Height
32-bit CompactPCI system slot with new high-speed (1) System Master Slot
(1) 64-bit/33MHz Node Slot
serial signals while still maintaining interoperability with
existing CompactPCI standards.

CompactPCI Serial, PICMG 2.31, will be a new industrial PlexSys-2
standard from PICMG for modular computer systems. 19” Rackmount
2U Chassis Height
CompactPCI Serial uses only serial point-to-point connections (1) System Master Slot
and its mechanical concept is based on the proven standards of (3) 64-bit/33MHz Peripheral
IEEE. CompactPCI Serial includes different connectors that Slots
permit very high data rates throughput but lacks some
backwards compatibility. The standard adds USB and SATA
connections while requiring no bridges, switch fabrics or PlexSys-4
19” Rackmount
custom backplanes. There is a dedicated PCIe lane for high 4U Chassis Height
speed needs. (1) System Master Slot
(1) PSB Switch Slot
(6) 64-bit/33MHz Peripheral
Slots
Conclusion
The CompactPCI Marketplace is still growing in places such as
medical, military command centers and avionics. It provides
many COTS features that make it ideal for most any applica- PlexSys-RP
Rugged Portable System
tions due to the design and robust switch management features
(1) System Master Slot
which are needed for network deployments. DTI’s commitment (1) PSB Switch Slot
to this standard and its future additions and upgrades will help (2) 64-bit/33MHz Peripheral
to continue the growth of the CompactPCI market. Slots

Article written by:

Patrick Welzien
Senior Software Engineering Manager CompactPCI Single Board Computers
CPU Blades based on Intel® Processing Technology
Switch Blades with 1G and 10G Ethernet ports
Rear Transition Modules and Mezzanine Cards

Page 16

WIND POWER INVERTERS
GALE-12 GALE-6
Power Output NEMA 3R
of 60Hz for Enclosure
Domestic (USA) Designed for
Installations Indoor or
and 50Hz for Outdoor
European Installations

12kW Inverter 6kW Inverter

The Gale Series of Inverters
Diversified Technology, Inc.’s Gale Series of wind turbine inverters are variable power,
high frequency power inverters developed specifically to serve the wind power market.
When combined with a tower-mount wind turbine, Gale Series inverters take the
variable electric power generated and create manageable, smooth current that can
be sold to the utility.

Managed by DTI's Green Power Technology, the Gale Series inverters allow a
wide input voltage range with energy-saving low speed power mode to allow
for smooth operation at minimal turbine revolutions, and other features
designed to meet specific needs of the wind power
market. DTI’s Soft Grid Technology allows
the inverter to produce power during
wind gusts that would otherwise cause over voltage on the grid. This is
ind

useful in rural locations during light local loading conditions. This maximizes
profits for the operator while preventing annoying system resets.
m/w
.co

The Gale Series of Wind Turbine Inverters
tims

are designed to comply with UL 1741
w.d

The Gale Series of Interactive Inverters was
ww

designed specifically for the Wind Power Market

1-800-443-2667 | sales@dtims.com
www.dtims.com/wind

Wind Power

Harnessing the power of wind was a major factor in the compared to today’s wind turbines, with maximum output power
evolution of human civilization. From sailing to milling, wind reaching only 20 to 30kW. Since then, wind turbines have
has played a vital role in human lives, and has helped shape the increased greatly in size and power output, with some units now
world throughout history. Today the impact of wind power on capable of 7MW of output. Energy production from wind has
our daily lives has dwindled, as industrialization and the expanded in use to many countries throughout the world.
increasing use of fossil fuels has moved wind power generation
to the margin of energy production methods. However, as non The amount of world energy produced by wind has been
renewable energy sources deplete and the search for renewable, spiking recently and doubled in the past three years. Many
maintainable, and efficient energy sources increase, the use of governments have pushed for increased renewable energy
wind is undergoing a rebirth as an important energy source for production and usage of wind power, which has helped several
humanity. countries achieve relatively high levels of wind energy
generation. Countries at the forefront of wind energy utilization
Power generation with wind occurs via the conversion of wind include Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Germany, the Republic of
energy into a useful form, such as using wind turbines to Ireland, and the USA. As of May 2009, eighty countries around
generate electricity. The first modern wind turbines were small the world were using wind power on a commercial basis.

Graph shown from American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) 2009 Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study

Page 18


Wind Farms Big Wind versus Small Wind
Wind Farms are groups of turbines that are interconnected via a The overall wind turbine market can be divided in to 3 classes:
power collection system and communications network used in 1. Small Wind Turbines
aggregate to generate power. Wind farms may be located in These turbines have power ratings of 100kW and below
open farmland or on off-shore platforms that take advantage of and are generally for residential and small businesses.
coastal winds. 2. Community Wind Turbines
These turbines have power ratings between
200kW and 1MW.
3. Large Wind Turbines
These turbines have power ratings above 1MW.

DTI’s Focus on the Small Wind Turbine Market
Small Wind Turbines are turbines whose production capability
is roughly 100kW or less. Typically used to power homes,
businesses, farms, and other single-site units, these turbines may
be set up as stand-alone systems or interconnected to the grid.

The Small Wind Market has drastically increased growth, in part
due to lower installation costs. There were an estimated 19,000
Small Wind turbines installed during 2009, amounting to a 78%
increase in total kW power output and adding 17.3MW of
installed energy capacity. The total Small Wind capacity for the
Large scale wind farms may be directly connected to the power United States is estimated to be 80MW.
grid in order to supplement traditional energy production forms.
Smaller turbine applications are typically used to provide
electricity to isolated or remote locations or to provide power
generation for a small facility. Electric utility companies will
“buy back” energy surpluses produced by smaller domestic
turbines, which is a process known as “Net Metering.” The
value of the energy surplus produced by a small-scale, grid-tied
turbine is credited to the turbine’s owner. Net metering and the
clean, renewable, and sustainable aspects of wind make it an
attractive primary or secondary energy source for many
applications.

The amount of energy generated by a wind turbine is a function
of the frequency and speed of wind a given location receives
over time. A consequence is that wind energy is variable and is 10kW Turbine from Bergey Windpower Co.
often generated in short bursts – thus wind is an inconsistent
mechanism for energy production when compared to other Some wind turbine manufacturers design their turbines with an
power generation methods. Technologies such as shaping and induction generator rather than a power inverter. Their main
smoothing, grid energy or battery storage methods, and energy reason for doing so is that power inverters add technical
demand management are used to address the variability and complexity and cost while induction generators allow for an
inconsistencies related to wind power generation. easier, cheaper method to interconnect with the utility grid. This,
however, is generally not the best method, because the
induction generator does not contain key attributes that an
inverter provides, such as higher quality output power and
usability with a wider range of wind velocities.

Page 19

Inverters Serving the Wind Power Market Many wind inverters on the market are simply modified solar
Diversified Technology, Inc.’s Gale Series of wind turbine in- inverters. These units are very similar in construction and
verters are variable power, high frequency power inverters de- features regardless of their application, so inverter manufactur-
veloped specifically to serve the wind power market. Combined ers slightly modified their designs so that they would fit for a
with a tower-mount wind turbine, the inverter takes the variable wind turbine application. The Gale Series of wind inverters was
electric power generated and creates a manageable, smooth cur- designed from the start for wind applications. This includes built
rent that can be sold directly to the utility. in rectification for the AC input, so no external rectifier box is
needed.

DTI designed its Gale Series to comply with standards set for
grid-tied operation, safety and electromagnetic compatibility
including: UL 1741 and CSA C22.2 No. 107.1-01. The Gale
series also accepts a wide range of input voltages from 85 to
400VAC. Once the 85VAC input is reached and the inverter
initializes, the input voltage can then drop to 50VAC input
before the inverter can no longer produce power. This allows the
inverter to produce power even during light wind velocities.
NEMA 1 (12kW) and NEMA 3R (6kW) enclosures provide
operation in controlled elements that protect the internal
components of the inverter. The inverter also includes built-in
disconnect for utility grid interaction which is isolates the
inverter from the grid during any faults. The unit also has built-
in thermal sensing, and will reduce output power or shutdown
automatically if temperatures exceed safe operating conditions.

Gale-12
DTI’s Wind Turbine Inverter with
up to 12kW of Power Output

The Gale Series is managed by DTI's Green Power Technology,
which allows the inverters to accept a wide input voltage range
with energy-saving low speed power mode that in turn provides
for smooth operation even at minimal turbine revolutions.

DTI provides Soft Grid Technology which allows the inverter
to continue to operate even during wind gusts that would
otherwise cause over voltage on the grid. Soft Grid Technology
dynamically lowers to the output power if the grid voltage
approaches the over-voltage fault limit. This is useful in rural
locations during light local loading conditions. This technology
allows the operator to maximize profits while also preventing
those annoying system resets.
Graph shown from American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)
2009 Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study

Page 20


The Future of the Small Wind Turbine Market eventual push to full commercialization and deployment of wind
Isolated residences and businesses situated in good wind technology is very near. Companies are taking advantage of
locations continue to purchase smaller turbine systems to reduce public interest, the political and economic climate, and
or eliminate their dependence on grid electricity for economic marketing factors to position wind energy for its next rounds of
reasons. Wind turbines have been used over these many decades deployment.
in remote areas for household electricity generation in conjunc-
tion with battery storage and this is only going to increase as Article written by:
turbines become cheaper with a lower cost to install and more
widespread availability.

In time, wind energy could be the most cost-effective source for
electrical power. In fact, there’s a good case to be made for
saying that it already has achieved this status. Major technology
developments enabling the use of wind power commercializa- Brian Roberts
tion are being made daily. There will be infinite refinements and Power Software Engineer
improvements and one can make the assumption that the

At the state, utility, and local levels,
policies continue to be fragmented and
changing – but generally improving –
across regions and even communities, as
illustrated in the map.

Top state, utility, and local policy goals
for the industry continue to be to:
• Streamline zoning ordinances at the
local and especially state levels,
• Increase the availability and size of
financial incentives,
• Standardize grid interconnection
rules and procedures, and
• Implement or improve state/utility
net metering policies.

Map prepared by Trudy Forsyth of the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Data source: DSIREUSA

Graph shown from
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)
2009 Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study

Page 21

Up to 30kW of Mobile Power
On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP) Beyond 10 Kilowatts

The military's demand for tactical power on the battlefield has Yesterday, and to a large extent today, tactical power was and is
quadrupled in the past ten years and the best estimates are that supplied by diesel generators. The down side of this is
it will quadruple again this decade. logistics. The larger the AC load demand, then the larger the
generator required. The larger and heavier the generator, the
What is tactical power? larger and heavier the required trailer becomes for towing them
Tactical power refers to mobile power used on short term around. The larger the trailer becomes, the less agile, or mobile,
military missions in support of a strategic objective. This the vehicle becomes that is towing the load.
suggests a system that highly maneuverable and very rugged.

How much tactical power is needed?
That's like asking a computer engineer how much memory he
wants on his system. What ever you give him today, he'll want
twice that amount tomorrow. There are a myriad of uses for,
and numerous types of, AC power on the battlefield used in
support of the overall mission. For example, having access to
120 vac, 60 Hz in a remote location to power up communica-
tions, computers, and other specialized equipment is needed.
Mobile power must also be provided for the vast array of
computer and communication equipment assembled in a
Tactical Operating Center (TOC). Mobile power can also be
used to run advanced laser weapons.
Why can’t someone develop a means to provide AC power
by utilizing the vehicle's engine as the primary source?
That's exactly what the concept of On-Board Vehicle Power
(OBVP) addresses. However, the laws of physics apply and to
develop a 10kW OBVP system for installation on a vehicle, such
as a HMMWV with a 28 VDC alternator, that alternator must
put out 400 to 450 amps. The fact is that these alternators are
already in the Army's inventory today.

While the military has aggressive programs in place to move
toward Hybrid Electric HMMWV's there is a sizeable base of
existing vehicles that are candidates to be retrofitted with 10kW
The examples above will require different levels of power. The On-Board Vehicle Power today. That brings us to applying
general purpose application can typically be satisfied with a today's technology toward the application of a 10kW OBVP
10kW source, the TOC will likely require 30kW to 60kW, system for retrofit into a portion of the more than 100,000
depending on its configuration. Advanced laser weapons of the HMMWV's currently in use. Providing these vehicles with an
future will require upwards of 100kW. As the power level OBVP system that can supply continuous AC power eliminates
demands increase for the various applications, challenges to the need to trailer diesel generators. Consequently, the vehicle
meet those power levels with a rugged and highly portable AC can now negotiate terrain that it could not previously take on
power source increase. while towing a trailer.

Page 22


The different types of AC powered equipment used on various Previously, commanders have dealt with defined combat lines
missions, necessitates a variety of voltage levels and operating and specific operational theaters and occupation directives. In
frequencies of AC power. Due to the laws of physics mentioned the modern theater this is no longer the case, and power
earlier, this provision is no simple task. generators and techniques of the past cannot adequately power
the military and its systems of the future. While technology has
Regardless of whether the soldier needs single phase 120 vac or improved, certain characteristics of Tactical Quiet Generators
3 phase 208 vac, and at 50Hz prevalent in Europe, or in a radar such as noise, lack of mobility, serviceability constraints, the
installation where power at 400Hz is the frequency of choice, need for extra vehicles to carry fuel and generators, and other
the OBVP system must be able to provide all of the frequency logistical issues that are inherent to the design and use of these
and voltage options. Additionally, Total Harmonic Distortion Tactical Quiet Generators has created battlefield nightmares for
(THD) is critically important to sophisticated communications, the operators, not to mention increased costs and swollen
computers and other specialty electronic systems. High THD budgets for commanders to accommodate these logistical
can render this type of equipment inoperable. Therefore low shortcomings. All of these issues are in direct opposition to the
THD is essential to completing the mission. current military desire to be “lighter, faster, stronger, and
smarter.” These logistical issues must be overcome to maintain
U.S. military dominance in active combat theaters.

Page 23

To mitigate these shortcomings inherent in current power solu- A throttle control, that is part of the OBVP system, monitors and
tions, there has been a drive to develop on-board vehicle power controls the speed of the engine and hence the alternator to
systems. These power systems are compact, lightweight, and match the alternator's output to the load the inverter is powering.
provide the military with the mobility desired and the robust (This is true in stationary mode only.) The vehicle throttle
power needed by the next generation of computer systems. control system monitors the condition of the load and the power
supplied by the inverter and communicates this to the operator
Advances in the inverter technology used in on-board vehicle via an interface that shows the operator graphically the status of
power systems, such as the increasing use of high power FET's the vehicle electrical system and of the inverter. The VPS10K
and IGBT's to design high powered inverters, have spurred key can additionally interface with alternate controllers allowing
developments in these modern power units. A simple conversion flexibility of operation.
from the 28VDC source to single phase, 120VAC/60Hz is not
enough. Systems must also be designed for mobility, servicea- The Graphical User Interface (GUI) allows the operator to
bility, environmental ruggedness and accommodate space con- quickly determine the frequency of the power the inverter is
straints as well. To this end, OBVP units do not require an delivering to the load. It also displays the charge condition of
external fuel source and can be mounted directly to the the vehicle's batteries. The GUI allows the operator to turn the
HMMWV without decreasing needed cargo space. OBVP units entire system ON and OFF and also allows the operator to
also provide a wide range of output power and frequency com- enable and disable the inverter itself.
binations to the end application.

OBVP Systems: Solving the Deployable Power Crisis

Modern OBVP units are designed for use in rugged environ-
ments and to be highly mobile. Taking power from the host
vehicle's 28VDC electrical system, output power levels can
range from 2kW to 10kW. To provide inverter system security,
the VPS10K system employs pre-charge circuitry to limit
current inrush, transient protection circuitry, feedback monitor-
ing, under voltage protection and over current protection. The
VPS10K can interface with alternate controllers allowing
flexibility of operation.

The OBVP inverter is mounted onto the HMMWV in a space
that does not affect the cargo capacity or function of the vehicle
and allows instant availability to power in any area to which the
HMMWV can maneuver. The modular design method of the
inverter's main components and the method of connecting the
peripheral components means that the OBVP system can easily
be removed from one HMMWV, returning the vehicle to its
original configuration, and quickly and readily installed on other
vehicle platforms as needed. This provides the ability to deliver
critical power to areas of the battlefield, under harsh environ-
mental conditions, ensuring that critical systems are operational
VPS10K at all times.
DTI’s 10kW On-Board Vehicle Power

Page 24


The Challenges in Gaining 30kW of Mobile Power Realizing Tactical Goals with OBVP Systems

As mentioned previously, the laws of physics apply and As advances in battlefield technology force the requirements of
generating 30 kilowatts of AC power from the engine and higher and more mobile power solutions, On-Board Vehicle
electrical system of a HMMWV is not an easy task. Power units will find their way into many deployments. The
military’s focus on faster, lighter, and stronger requires the use
of new technology to power the next the generation of computer
and communication systems. These systems and where they will
be deployed will all require new mobile, rugged, power
solutions. Trailer-towed and Skid-mounted power generators
fail in these regards, as they add bulk, reduce mobility, and
require external fuel (diesel) to operate, which further reduces
the cargo capability of a military vehicle. Mobile Vehicle Power
systems, like Diversified Technology’s VPS10K, that draw
power directly from the alternator and do not impede
much-needed cargo space will be the go-to solution for the
deployment of on-battlefield systems in the 21st century
There are three main challenges to address in designing military.
a 30kW On-Board Vehicle Power system:
Article written by:
1) The transfer of power from the prime mover, which is the
HMMWV's engine, to the alternator that develops the
voltage necessary for input to the inverter. All of the
mechanical losses must be taken into account, as well as
the needs of the vehicle itself and the power needed to be
supplied to the inverter. To this end, the design of the
system to transfer power from the engine to the alternator
is very rigorous. Various systems have been examined and Rich Prescott
the most efficient method will be adapted. Power Applications Engineer

2) +28VDC is not enough to generate 30kW of AC power.
A new alternator is needed that converts the engine's power
to a voltage high enough to allow the inverter to output
30kW of AC power. This new alternator has been
designed and tested and has shown that it is possible to
generated 30kW of power with an OBVP system as
opposed to pulling a heavy diesel behind the HMMWV.

3) The electronics necessary for such a high power level
generates a lot of heat. Clever packaging techniques must
be used to make the inverter fit in the allotted space and to
function well under all conditions. Cooling the electronics
cannot be accomplished with convection cooling due to
size and weight constraints. This task is possible with
liquid cooling and that creates it own set of challenges to
the OBVP system designer. Among them are primary heat
transfer, circulating the coolant and the critical heat
exchanger interface with the inverter's electronics.

Page 25

MOBILE POWER
For Mobile Forces On-Board Vehicle Power (OBVP)

What is OBVP? Three Phase and Single Phase Operation Available
OBVP provides 3-Phase AC Power for Rugged Environments for Mobile or Stationary Power

OBVP offers Electronic Power that is: •••••
• Solid State Electronics (No Moving Parts)
Hassle Free, Trailer Free
• Physically Lighter
7kW Continuous, 10kW Peak Power, 30kW Coming
• Smaller Dimensions
• Easily Mountable •••••
• More Efficient and More Reliable
• Easier to Operate and Maintain 50Hz, 60Hz and 400Hz Selectable
from One Power Inverter
•••••
- DTI’s VPS10K is Now Being Deployed -
Minimizes Logistic Space Requirements
Aboard Aircraft or Watercraft
•••••
Simple Retro-fit for Vehicle Integration
and Multiple Mounting Options

•••••
Provides Power to Teams, Patrols, Convoys,
During Unexpected Delays

•••••
Offers Simplified Fuel Logistics for
Mission Planning and Deployment

•••••
Back-up Power for Mission-Critical Equipment

www.DTIRuggedPower.com


CTO Corner
by Joe McDevitt, Chief Technology Officer
I like to joke that at times the position of CTO requires predicting the future, so let’s see how accurate I am at this.
The Economy
There will be no overnight turn around, but more of a slow gain akin to the long recovery seen in 1990s Japan. We have not
seen the price declines and deflation that Japan saw, but everything about this economy, from an Engineer’s view, looks as
though there is a similarity between now and Japan’s economic problems of the 1990s. I am naturally a technology bigot,
believing that it can heal everything. Technology developed for World War I helped the boom of the 1920s. I consider the boom
of the 1980s fueled by personal computers. We now need a technology shift to recover, and the best bet I have is switching to
a hydrogen/natural gas economy instead of an oil-dependent one, and technology would be needed to make that shift. Solar,
biomass and wind will help, but we need something revolutionary like the airplane. My dark horse pick for that technology
is Artificial Intelligence, but not your father’s AI. I am thinking of the AI of Jeff Hawkins' “On Intelligence.” I believe we will see a deployment of
that in the 1st half of this decade on a system that will be “taught” more than “programmed”.

AdvancedTCA
The jump from 10G to 40G Ethernet will likely see a 4x increase in AdvancedTCA usage. With nearly all of the interoperability problems solved,
AdvancedTCA will also become a “Best-In-Breed” shop for users. Those users need not choose stovepipe and vendor locked-in models from some
players. AdvancedTCA is already entrenched in Telecom and will not be replaced, but AdvancedTCA’s growth will come via the Military, and it will
see more success in that market than its original Telecom market – making it the Tang of the 2010s.
PICMG 2.30 and PICMG 1.3
CPU performance via many cores and multithreading is growing quickly. The PCI-Express bus is well supported in both current and future chipsets.
This will drive some users away from 1U/2U motherboard systems and back to systems with larger slot count chassis. Use of large slot count chassis
was a mainstay of the late 1990s, but much of that was lost to the 1U/2U systems of the world in the 2000s. Some will come back in the 2010s, and
this positions PICMG 2.30 and PICMG 1.3 very well.

Now that my predictions have been made, we just have to sit back and see how accurate I am.

The Employees are DTI’s Most Important Asset
Employee Spotlight - Marcelo DeSouza

Marcelo works in DTI’s Network Division as a Software Engineer, and is responsible for
designing new features for DTI’s Ethernet switching software. Marcelo has more than 20 years
experience in designing software for telecommunication systems. He graduated from Parana
Federal University in Brazil, with a BS in Electrical Engineering in 1988 and started with Nokia
Siemens Brazil (formerly Siemens) that same year. Marcelo was transferred to Nokia Siemens in the
U.S. ten years later. He joined DTI in 2008 as part of a new engineering network
division located in Dallas, TX that is focused on switch technologies within PICMG
specifications such as AdvancedTCA and CompactPCI.

Marcelo and his wife, Cristina, are the proud parents of three daughters: Leticia age 17, Natalia age
16, and Juliana age 12. He is an active member of Saint Francis of Assisi Society in
Dallas, where he serves teaching gospel studies, and in fundraisers for charity. Marcelo loves to
travel with his family, playing tennis, and sailing.

Page 27

Moving Your Program from PICMG 1.0 to PICMG 1.3
SHB Express

When a program takes the single board, passive backplane PICMG 1.3 Specification
system in to the next decade and beyond, there are many SHB (System Host Board) Express (aka PICMG 1.3) covers a
obstacles that must be faced. They range from components technology that is packaged with a host board using PCI
going EOL to new software requirements that demand increased Express as the primary interface to the backplane. The same
hardware performance. PICMG 1.3, which is also known as board dimensions apply to PICMG 1.3 that apply to PICMG 1.0
SHB Express, was created to offer PCI Express specifications (PCI/ISA) and PICMG 1.2 (PCI-X/PCI), however the backplane
for the slot card computer. The demanding environments of must be completely changed to support the higher speeds of PCI
industrial automation, military, medical and telecom will require Express.
full upgrades to PCI Express from PCI/ISA to compete in the
future. Why would I want to migrate from PICMG 1.0 to PICMG 1.3?

The first response is to avoid End of Life issues with your
components. Cards that are easily available today will become
harder and harder to find. It is best to make that full system
change now rather than to continue updating part by part until
you no longer have any options. It’s best to avoid that finality
by planning ahead and migrating your program to a new
technology that is ideal and well thought out for your
application. Many feel that the PCI bus is set to end sooner
rather than later, and will go the way of the EISA and ISA
What is the difference between PCI and PCI Express? busses.
PCI and PCI Express are both types of peripheral card expansion
slots. PCI was created in 1993 by Intel and became the standard The second reason would be for performance. The increased
in peripheral expansion. Network interface cards, video cards, data transfer rates will help you get more bang for your buck
I/O expansion cards, and sound cards were all PCI-based. As the and allow your end-customer to grow their feature set.
amount of data pushed through the PCI bus increased, PCI-X
became popular in servers. PCI-X was a “double-wide” PCI Article written by:
interconnect that allowed data transfer rates of up to 133MB/s.

As technology advanced, interconnect bandwidth demands and
requirements of very fast throughput rates from expansion cards
increased substantially. In 2004 PCI Express was created, which
offers data transfer rates to 16GB/s (up from 32MB/s of PCI -
a 500-fold increase in data throughput).
Doug Mays
PCI and PCI Express slots are not compatible; therefore you Field Application Engineer
can’t interchange cards between these two slot types, but must
update the full backplane of your system.

Page 28

Rackmount Computing Systems for PICMG 1.3

TreXpress Systems
2U/4U Chassis Heights
19” Wide Rackmount
Full PICMG 1.3 Compliance

de! 1) Keep your existing chassis
gra
Up PICMG 1.3 Board
2) Select your new PCI Express
Backplane

3) Select your new PCI Express
Single Board Computer
(Built to same dimensions as PCI Slot Card)

PCI Express Bus
L 4) Fully integrate your new system
EO
I= PICMG 1.0 Board for your application
PC
5) Your System is now Ready for
Current and Future Customers

PCI Bus ISA Bus

1-800-443-2667 | sales@dtims.com | www.dtims.com/pcie

A Commitment to Quality
Diversified Technology, Inc. (DTI) is committed to providing complete product solutions and support to our customers. Investments
have been made to a state-of-the-art design/production facility equipping it with the latest board placement solutions and PCB
manufacturing technology. DTI's employees undergo extensive training on a routine basis, which helps to maximize the quality and
performance of our end products and services.

Our Customer Focus
DTI believes a satisfied customer is a repeat customer, so the focus is placed on delivering a complete product on time, every time. Our
tradition of supporting customers at every level is based on a technical staff dedicated to providing quick and complete solutions to
customer issues, while the service department is committed to fast turn times on any RMA repairs that may occur. Using a formal
program to monitor and analyze all customer satisfaction results, Diversified's management ensures that all customer needs are met.

Our Programs
Using industry recognized programs, DTI reaffirms its commitment to the ISO 9001 registration it has maintained since 1996. The
Supplier Management program practiced here at DTI emphasizes relationship building, early involvement of suppliers in our design
cycle, and periodic auditing of suppliers to ensure the highest quality parts and materials are provided to customers. Our formal
Continuous Improvement Program cultivates projects that will reap both short and long term rewards for the customer and is complimented
by our Reliability Program that tests products beyond their normal use, promoting their longevity in the application field.

Our Employees
Diversified Technology, a designer and manufacturer of high end technology products, recognizes a business' success depends largely
on the quality of its people. DTI's employees are its greatest assets, which is why the greatest investment is placed on them through
continuous training and technical demonstrations. DTI believes that the growth of a company is largely promoted by the growth of its
employees.

Our Tools
DTI continues to invest in the latest technology innovations to advance the effectiveness of our employees and to promote quality
end-user products. Equipment acquisitions and upgrades such as Automated 3-D Solder Paste Inspection, Automated Optical Inspection
(AOI), Automated X-RAY Inspection (AXI), and In-Circuit Test (ICT) are just some examples of our effort to maintain a first-in-class
manufacturing facility. DTI has also cultivated internal software development teams to create database driven utilities to improve the
efficiency of production and service for our products by allowing real time quality data analysis and quick response to customer requests.

Our Mission
DTI has been in business for over thirty-six years providing high quality computer solutions to the embedded marketplace. As we move
forward, our mission is to provide a complete solution that still maintains the quality standard associated with our company.

Page 30

Diversified Technology, Inc. US Postage
PAID
476 Highland Colony Parkway
Jackson, MS
Ridgeland, MS 39157 Permit #80

1. 8 0 0 .4 4 3 .2 6 6 7

w w w.D T IMS .c o m

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