1. Chapter 3
Cell Processes
Section 1:

2. I. Chemistry of Life
A. Nature of Matter
1. Matter: anything that has mass and
takes up space.
2. Energy: anything that brings about
change.
a. Energy can hold things together or break
things apart.

3. I. Chemistry of Life
B. Atoms
1. Matter is made up of atoms
a. Atoms are the smallest unit of anything.
2. The center of an atom is called the
nucleus.
a. The nucleus contains two atomic particles
called protons and neutrons.

4. I. Chemistry of Life
3. Atoms are made up of three smaller
particles.
a. Protons: positive charge; found in nucleus.
b. Neutrons: neutral charge; found in nucleus.
c. Electrons: negative charge; found in electron
cloud.

5. ATOMIC MODEL

6. I. Chemistry of Life
4. The charge of the nucleus of
an atom is positive because it
has only protons (+) and
neutrons (0).

7. I. Chemistry of Life
5. Electrons are important because they
are the parts that are involved with all
chemical reactions.
6. Electrons are the smallest particle in an
atom.
7. Atoms are usually neutral (they do not
have a charge).
a. This is because the protons in an atom usually
equals the electrons.

8. Noah and Noah working on
their virus paper!!!!

9. I. Chemistry of Life
C. What is an Element
1. An element is matter that is made up of
only one kind of atom.
2. Cannot be broken down into simpler
forms.
3. Each element is given a 1, 2, or 3 letter
symbol.
a. Some symbols are from Latin names.
b. Some symbols are from common names.
c. Examples given in class!!!! Pay attention

10. I. Chemistry of Life
4. There are currently 118 Elements.
a. 90 are natural elements, 28 are man made
elements.
D. The Periodic Table of Elements
1. A list of all elements by size (atomic
number), the smallest are in the upper
left (Hydrogen), the heaviest are at the
bottom right (#118)
2. The table shows the name, symbol, and
how many protons it has.

11. PERIODIC TABLE

12. I. Chemistry of Life
E. Elements of Life
1. 99% of all living matter is made up of six
elements.
2. Humans
a. O-oxygen=65%
b. C-Carbon= 18.5 %
c. H-Hydrogen = 9.5%
d. N-Nitrogen = 3.2%
e. Ca-Calcium = 1.5%
f. P-Phosphorus = 0.4%
g. See entire chart on page 67 of your textbook

13. I. Chemistry of Life
F. What is a Compound?
1. A compound is a substance made up of 2 or
more elements combined chemically in exact
proportions.
2. EX: WATER is always 2 H to 1 O or H2O.
3. Compounds act and appear differently than
the original elements.
a. Hydrogen is explosive, and a poisonous gas.
b. Oxygen is a gas needed for combustion in its
elemental form.
c. When they combine they make vital liquid water.

14. I. Chemistry of Life
G. Molecules (type of compound #1)
1. Molecules: Group of atoms held together
by energy of chemical bonds.
a. Formed when different atoms share their
outermost electrons.
b. Sharing of electrons is called COVALENT
BONDING.
c. Water is an example of a molecule because
the 2 hydrogen share electrons with 1 oxygen.

15. I. Chemistry of Life
H. Ions (Type of Compound #2)
1. Compounds that form when atoms of
opposite charges called ions connect.
a. Ions are atoms with a positive or a negative charge.
2. Anion
a. When an atoms has more electrons than protons
giving the atom an overall negative charge.
3. Cation
a. If the atom has more protons than electrons; the
atom now has a positive charge.

16. I. Chemistry of Life
4. Ions of opposite charges attract one
another and form IONIC COMPOUNDS.
5. Example: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl (Table Salt)
6. Ions are very important inside the human
body.

17. I. Chemistry of Life
I. Mixtures
1. When two substances join together but
keep their own properties.
a. This is different than a compound!!!
b. Examples: Blue and Red Marbles in a
bag, Small rocks in river water, Iced Tea, etc.
c. Mixtures can be separated by physical means!!
d. We will discuss in class why compounds and
mixtures are different!!! PAY ATTENTION!!

18. I. Chemistry of Life
J. Solutions (Type of Mixture)
1. A solution is a special type of mixture.
2. A solution is when two or more substances
are mixed together EVENLY.
a. One substance is dissolved in another
substance.
b. Examples: Soda, Iced Tea, etc.
c. A solution can be separated by physical
means.

19. I. Chemistry of Life
K. Suspensions (Type of Mixture)
1. When two or more substances are mixed
together but will eventually settle out over
time.
a. Example: Italian Salad Dressing will separate
into oil and vinegar over time.
b. Suspensions are different than solutions
because solutions should not settle out over
time!!!

20. I. Chemistry of Life
L. Food Pyramid
1. A chart explaining the types of foods and
the amounts a person should have on a
daily basis.
2. A balanced diet consists of several types
of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

23. I. Chemistry of Life
M.Organic Compounds
1. Substance that contains Carbon and
Hydrogen and are associated with living
things.
2. Exceptions: Things that are non-living but
were made from once living things.
a. Example: Coal is made from dead and
decaying plant materials.

24. I. Chemistry of Life
3. There are four kinds of organic
compounds.
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids (Fats)
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids

25. I. Chemistry of Life
N. Carbohydrates
1. Made up of sugars and starches.
2. Job/Function: to supply energy for cell processes.
a. The main energy source for the cell.
3. Examples:
Potatoes, vegetables, fruits, breads, rice, and
pasta.
4. Food Pyramid: most important part of diet in terms
of quantity. (Eat more carbs than any other food
group).
5. If a person or cell is active the carbohydrates you
eat will be completely burned up during the
course of the day.

26. Carbohydrates

28. I. Chemistry of Life
O. Lipids
1. Function/Job: An energy backup for cells.
2. If not used they are stored as a fat called
cellulite.
a. Once stored it is very hard for the body to lose.
3. Fats and Oils are examples of lipids.
4. Foods rich in lipids: Mayo, Salad Dressing, Ice
Cream, Dairy
products, Chocolate, Oil, Butter, Etc.
5. A human only needs a very small amount of
lipids per day.

29. Lipids

31. I. Chemistry of Life
P. Proteins
1. Function: Responsible for all chemical
reactions that occur inside the human
body!!
2. Made up of amino acids (20 common
amino acids)

32. I. Chemistry of Life
3. Special kinds of proteins called ENZYMES
regulate the rate of chemical reactions.
a. Example: Saliva helps break down
carbohydrates in the mouth faster.
b. Lactase helps break down mild products.
4. Foods rich in proteins:
Meats, fruits, veggies, fish, eggs, peanut
butter, nuts.
5. Vegetarians NEED to be careful to make
sure they get enough protein in their diet!!

33. Proteins

34. I. Chemistry of Life
Q. Nucleic Acids
1. Function: Responsible for all genetic
information in cells.
2. Two Types of Nucleic Acids
a. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Carries all the
genetic information for the cell. FOUND IN THE
NUCLEUS!!
b. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Carries the DNA (plan) to
all cell parts; also makes proteins and enzymes.
3. Nucleic Acids are the most complex of all
organic compounds!!!

35. DNA

36. I. Chemistry of Life
R. Inorganic Compounds
1. Made from other elements besides water.
2. Normally they are simpler than organic
compounds.
3. See chart page 71 to see the important
inorganic compounds in the human body.
4. WATER is the most important INORGANIC
compound for living things!!
5. Life is composed of at least 50% water.
6. Human cells are made of at least 70% water.

37. I. Chemistry of Life
S. Importance of Water
1. Animals can live for only days without water
but weeks without food!
2. Every chemical reaction in the body needs to
be in a water-like solution.
a. Example: Blood
3. Water is composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and
1 oxygen atom.
a. Because of this water has a positive and negative
side!!
b. Don’t worry…we will discuss this in 8th grade!!!

38. Water: The Mickey Mouse
Molecule!!!