The Future of Semantics on the Web
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A Keynote at the Web Science Conference, 2018, held at the VU Amsterdam [1]. This describes in the main the output of the Semantic Technology Institute International (STI2) Summit (for senior researchers in the Semantic Web field) held in Crete in September, 2017 [2]. 1. https://websci18.webscience.org/ 2. https://www.sti2.org/events/2017-sti2-semantic-summit
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The Future of Semantics on the Web
- 1. The Future of Semantics on the Web Web Science Conference Prof. John Domingue (@johndmk) Director, Knowledge Media Institute, the Open University, UK President STI International On behalf of STI 2017 Summit Attendees http://kmi.open.ac.uk/ https://www.sti2.org/events/2017-sti2-semantic-summit
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Agenda Introduction• Scalable Data• Dynamics• Real World Applications• Conclusions• 3
- 4. STI2 Summit 2017 • Invitation only – mainly for seniors • Run every 2 years • Individually submitted papers • Aggregation into 3 topics • Sub-groups tackle topics in turn
- 5. STI Summit Attendees Dieter FenselClaudia d’Amato John Domingue Sung-Kook HanStefan Decker JuanMiguelGómezBerbis Andreas Harth Sabrine KirraneXatanas KiryakovMartin Hepp Axel NgongaMaria MaleshkovaJens Lehmann York SureElena SimperlAdrian Paschke Ioan TomaJuan SequedaOleksandraPanasiuk Raphaël Troncy 5
- 6. Caveats • Only a portion of the event • Personal likes and prejudices remain • All the mistakes are mine • Happy to forward requests to authors of ideas/research 6
- 8. Seman&c Web History Important “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana 1905/06 https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Santayana https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke Edmund Burke 1790 “People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors.” 8
- 10. Knowledge Level Allan Newell https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3015714 10http://diva.library.cmu.edu/Newell/
- 12. IBROW https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-IBROW-3-architecture-for-knowledge- based-systems_fig1_2643592 Linked Open Data Web APIs Schema.org actions 12
- 13. Cyc Common Sense Knowledge h"p://www.cyc.com/kb/ 13 500K terms 17K types of relations 7M assertions based on terms
- 14. Agents in Original Semantic Web “The real power of the Semantic Web will be realized when people create many programs that collect Web content from diverse sources, process the information and exchange the results with other programs. The effectiveness of such software agents will increase exponentially as more machine-readable Web content and automated services (including other agents) become available. The Semantic Web promotes this synergy: even agents that were not expressly designed to work together can transfer data among themselves when the data come with semantics.” Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila 14
- 15. Linked Open Data Use1. URIs to name (identify) things. Use2. HTTP URIs so that these things can be looked up (interpreted, “dereferenced”). Provide useful information about what a3. name identifies when it’s looked up, using open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc. Refer to other things using their HTTP URI4. - based names when publishing data on the Web. 15
- 16. May 2007; 12 datasets
- 17. October 2007; 25 datasets
- 18. November 2007; 28 datasets
- 19. November 2007; 28 datasets
- 20. February 2008; 32 datasets
- 21. March 2008; 34 datasets
- 22. September 2008; 45 datasets
- 23. March 2009; 89 datasets
- 24. March 2009; 93 datasets
- 25. July 2009; 95 datasets
- 26. September 2010; 203 datasets
- 27. September 2011; 295 datasets
- 28. August 2014; 570 datasets
- 29. January 2017; 1146 datasets
- 30. February 2017; 1139 datasets
- 31. August 2017; 1163 datasets
- 32. April 2018; 1184 datasets
- 33. 33
- 34. 34
- 35. Amsterdam 35 Adapted from h/ps://www.ambiverse.com/knowledge-graphs-encyclopaedias-for-machines/ using data from h/p://lookup.dbpedia.org/api/search.asmx/KeywordSearch?QueryClass=place&QueryString=amsterdam
- 36. Cyc -> Knowledge Graph? Jamie Taylor Manager of Schema Team at Google Keynote at ISWC 2017 http://videolectures.net/iswc2017_taylor_applied_semantics/ 36
- 37. Domains with Triples http://webdatacommons.org/structureddata/ Total Data 66 Terabyte Parsed HTML URLs 3,155,601,774 URLs with Triples 1,228,129,002 Domains in Crawl 26,271,491 Domains with Triples 7,422,886 Typed Entities 9,430,164,323 Triples 38,721,044,133 37
- 38. Problems and Issues Scalable Data
- 40. Thin Files and Data Poor 40
- 41. Thin Files and Data Poor http://www.theweek.co.uk/92944/who-are-the-windrush-generation-and-why-are-they- facing-deportation 41
- 42. Claim 42
- 43. Proof 43
- 44. Attestation 44
- 45. Data Changes 45
- 46. Fake Data 46
- 48. Toxic Data 48
- 53. Data Consumption • Is still problematic • No good paradigm and best practices for making data good for a purpose 53
- 54. Ontology engineering and data mapping • Ontology engineering and data mapping, as done today, are complex and do not scale • Matching/linking entities is still too complex • Keeping mappings up to date as data changes at source • This makes it hard to come up with reliable “data architecture” that uses LOD for enterprise applications 54
- 57. PrivOn: Society, Privacy and the Semantic Web - Policy and Technology
- 58. FAIR Principles Findable• Identifiers, rich metadata, indexed– Accessible• Retrievable, open free protocol, authentication– Interoperable• Broad applicable KR, vocabularies– Reusable• Clear licences, provenance, standards– 58
- 59. Decentralised Data Web Scalable Data: Future Directions
- 60. Linked Data Fragments Data and processing now split Ruben Verborgh 60
- 61. Interplanetary File System (IPFS) • Content-addressed distributed storage (CADS) • Files identified by hash of contents • Shared across BitTorrent-based network 61
- 62. Blockchain = an Immutable Linked List 62
- 63. Linked Data Fragments Ruben Verbough 63
- 65. Semantic Interoperability and Indexing 65
- 67. Reducing the Burden Scalable Data: Future Directions
- 68. Reducing the Burden: Proto Data 68
- 69. Benchmarking the Knowledge Graph Lifecycle • Goals not fully known • Not always clear what to measure • Solution – Semantic definitions – Open benchmarks – Open Toolset – Queryable results – Apply sFAIR – Benchmarking body 69
- 72. Be#er tools for ontology Engineering & Mapping 72
- 73. Tools, Incentives, Approaches Data Publication
- 74. Data publication • Incentives • Tools – Search, ranking, fast federated querying • Micro publishing and micro attribution • Provenance – micro provenance for whole life-cycle • Licence interoperability – Semantic description of licenses – Computation on licenses • Aggregating open and closed data 74
- 76. Data Publication Incentives https://chiefmartec.com/2010/01/7-business-models-for-linked-data/ 76
- 79. Embedding Knowledge Graphs Scaling and Linking Data
- 80. Embedding Knowledge Graphs Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey of Approaches and Applica<ons Quan Wang , Zhendong Mao , Bin Wang, and Li Guo IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 29, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2017 80
- 83. Embedding Knowledge Graphs Photo by Paul Clarke h/ps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20202034 83
- 85. Addi$onal Data Issues Evolution of knowledge graphs• Evolution of machine learning models built– from knowledge graph Temporal data• Geo spatial data• Uncertainty• Usability• decent tools– 85
- 89. Protocols • HTTP(S) • The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) web transfer protocol for IoT from IETF – Compatible with XML and JSON • oneM2M - Standards for M2M and IoT – Has a base ontology in OWL • Discoverability, security, scalability and minimal resource use http://www.onem2m.org/http://coap.technology/ 89
- 90. Challenge 1: Actions on entities What modelling language do we need? Actions– Context– Constraints (devices, environment, user,– etc.) Interactions– Compositions– 90
- 91. Challenge 2: Distributed Processing 91
- 92. Challenge 3: Data Velocity 92
- 93. Challenge 4: Describing Policies • Supporting offers, agreements, negotiation, constraints etc... • Digital rights management 93
- 96. > 1M Smart Contracts 96
- 99. WoT Thing Description https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description/ 99
- 101. Schema.org Action <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "ListenAction", "agent": { "@type": "Person", "name": "John” }, "object": { "@type": "MusicGroup", "name": "Pink!"}, "participant": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Steve"}, "location": { "@type": "Residence", "name": "Ann's apartment"}, "instrument": { "@type": "Product", "name": "iPod"}} </script> http://schema.org/Action John listened to Pink with Steve at Anna’s apartment on his iPod. 101
- 103. Background Tourism and Tyrol • Tourism 40% GDP • 40 Million night stays per year • Tyrol, Salzburg, Vienna -> 40% Austria’s GDP. • Tourism sector 3rd largest in EU 10% GDP/employees • Especially important for Southern Europe http://www.alpine-space.eu/projects/alpes/en/test-regions/regions/south-tyrol-italy 103
- 104. Issues and Challenges Real World Applications
- 105. 105
- 106. Plethora of Social Media & Communica5on Channels 106
- 107. ChatBots – Hello Hipmunk https://www.30secondstofly.com/ai-software/ultimate-travel-bot-list/ 107
- 109. Approach • Ontologies based on schema.org • Static content and dynamic data – Bookings and booking engines – JSON-LD • Publish guidelines for accommodation providers • Pilots and partnerships – Local agencies for hotels and ski resorts, Tyrol tourism state agency, Austrian Ministry • New approach for dealing with multiple channels 109
- 110. Other Regions • 3cixty.com – French Riviera, Singapore, London, Milan, Amsterdam, St Barthelemy… – data from official tourist offices feeds & web harvesting (Google, Facebook, Foursquare, Yelp) – partnerships with booking/ticketing retailers (booking.com, airbnb, ticketmaster) • pas-time.org - personalize the package to individuals based on past trips and activities (using Amadeus data lake) 110
- 111. Challenges and Issues GDPR vs security (terrorism)• Telecom data (+ IoT wearables) track location & increase– personalization Heterogeneity of data sources• Bias in data sources• Data quality• live data, updates, outdated data– Licensing• Multilinguality• google translate can help– semantics helps with controlled vocabularies (e.g. events)– 111
- 115. “It’s a small world …… …but I wouldn’t want to have to paint it.” Steven Wright https://morristowngreen.com/2012/12/02/comedian-steven-wright-at-the-mayo-in- morristown-we-could-have-used-him-during-the-gas-lines/ 115
- 118. ‘Pure’ machine readable web 118
- 119. Conclusions
- 120. Conclusions 1/3 Main role benefit of semantics is its ability to sit• between the machine and humans: Raising the level of discourse– Supporting interoperability– Enabling automation– What has changed• Scale– Industrial take– -up Future• Adapting to ever changing context– Hitting the sweet spot between reasoning power and– simplicity 120
- 121. Conclusions 2/3 • Context is very different to pre and early web days – Ubiquity of devices – Volume of data • Societal Concerns – Over centralization – Data exacerbating inequality – need for ‘data justice’ – Privacy – Security 121
- 122. Conclusions 3/3 • Scalable Data – Need for incentivized, benchmarked full life-cycle – Benefits from a more open publishing process – Decentralised platforms • Dynamics – Unclear how to support decentralized semantic applications in M2M context • Real world applications – Development of comprehensive framework to support creation of sector specific KGs 122