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Ernesto Genoni, Australia’s Biodynamics Pioneer (in his own words) by Dr John Paull
- 1. Ernesto Genoni Australia’s Biodynamics Pioneer (in his own words) Dr John Paull University of Tasmania j.paull@utas.edu.au Self portrait by Ernesto Genoni 2014 Biodynamic Conference Coffs Harbour 5-6 July
- 2. Paull,2013
- 3. b.Tirano, Italy, 1885 Google Maps “The departure of Emilio for Australia in my first year of school”
- 4. www.accademiadibrera.milano.it www.thingstodo.viator.com “Milano ... the beginning of my long period of sadness and nostalgia”
- 5. Ernesto Genoni oil painting; photo: John Paull “I finished the fifth year at Brera”
- 6. Rosa Genoni “I was always the favourite brother for Rosa”Portrait by Ernesto Genoni
- 7. 1912, Broomhill,WA Google Maps “Australia!! The great joy in having my name called from the crowd while waiting to disembark from the Austerlitz”
- 8. Photo: John Paull “Broome Hill . I find life glorious!”
- 9. Photo: John Paull “We talked all night with the brothers in Rina’s house ... how seriously [we take?] the idea of spiritualism”
- 10. Photo: John Paull “Some painting but soon I am fully into farming at Etna”
- 11. Photo: John Paull “Philip L’Hardy wants to settle me on the Kowerup farm. I refuse the offer and after a few weeks ... I return to Italy ”
- 12. Photo: John Paull “Back to Italy. I am 28 and indeed I am going through the most awful time of my life ... But at last I come to the decision to return to Australia ... 1915 ... I am working at Etna”
- 13. “Life was too easy and without any interest. Xmas 1915! What a poor Xmas! Alone in the bush” Photo: John Paull
- 14. Trafalgar Square, London 1914: Topical Press Agency/Getty Images “Every young man was then enlisting so I thought to enlist too ... with the purpose of serving in the medical corps”
- 15. “I mentioned to the sergeant how I enlisted to serve in the medical corps and not as a fighter. I was told I was a cold footed and I was left behind” Photo: Satu Suro “Religion: Theosophy” (AIF Enlistment form)
- 16. Google Maps Training Tel el Kibir, Egypt “I left with another contingent. During the trip I was mess orderley and I liked it. I remember the burial at sea ... Egypt, Suez”
- 17. Tel el Kibir, Egypt www.dontforgetthediggers.com.au “Two weeks there. The flies! The sand storm ... the adjoining desert” 1916
- 18. Google Maps
- 20. Somme May /June 1916) Getty “Poziers ... The Sargeant calls for volunteer stretcher bearers. I came forward”
- 21. “... the first vision of dead bodies. My inner trust in Christ as Lord even of the shells!” Australian War Memorial, Canberra
- 22. “I saw one of the stretcher bearers hit and fall. I gathered my courage and went out” Australian War Memorial, Canberra
- 23. German Army 1916: A cloud of phosphene gas General Photographic Agency/Getty Images “The dying wounded in the front line during the barrage ... The nightmare ... ”
- 24. British Army 1915: A wounded British soldier is stretchered back to camp. Hulton Archive/Getty Images “The corporal ... tells me that I am to go to London for discharge from the Australian Army. At first I thought it was a joke”
- 25. Photo: John Paull Broomhill,WA, war memorial
- 26. “After a few weeks I was an Italian infantry soldier” Nicolle, 2003
- 27. Italian participation en.wikipedia.org “The refusal to repeat the [oath] ... prison ... another prison” R A Hoger
- 28. htbo.tripod.com 1917 October 24 The Italian Army is heavily defeated at the Battle of Caporetto. “Prison ... the Colonel who told me that I must have some saint in Paradise looking after me, ‘Yes’ I said ‘I believe so’ ... sent to Verona in the Medical corps ... and then to go to the front”
- 29. historicalphotosdaily.blogspot.com Two disabled soldiers on the grounds of the 4th London General Hospital. “Military Hospital ... Rosa’s letter relating of rumours of peace. I read the letter loudly ... I was sent to prison”
- 30. hamodia.com The Big Four of the Allies in Versailles for the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 photo. “Autumn 1918! ... I believed at the time that a new era was to enter into the World ... once more to prison ... at last I was a free civilian”
- 31. “... the sad marriage” [Lydia, b. Austria] Portrait by Ernesto Genoni
- 32. Dornach “1920 ... What a strange impression I received from the first view of the Goetheanum building” ” Photo: John Paull; original image in the Goeheanum
- 33. “... the the meeting with the Doctor ...” Photo: John Paull
- 34. www.rudolfsteinerweb.com “... the bewildering impression of the interior of the Goetheanum building. I could not enter in such saturated life of the spirit”
- 35. “... the short conversation with Fraulein Vreed ... chilly!” Photo: John Paull
- 36. “Dornach ... I was trying to paint in the Anthro. way. Again at bottom I was not happy with my painting” Photo: John Paull
- 37. “I was admitted to the Class. My gradual understanding of the German language at the lectures” Photo: John Paull
- 40. Lute Drummond National Library of Australia
- 41. “The big Michael painting. In September of that year the Doctor became ill. I returned to Milan” 1924 Photo: John Paull
- 42. 1926 Trove,1926
- 43. “I discovered Mrs Macky at the New Conservatorium. We started some Anthro. meetings” 1928 Photo: John Paull
- 45. “In 1930 I went to Dornach again to become aquainted with the B.D farming” Photo: John Paull
- 46. “Dornach ... Pfeiffer ... Riese .... Stegemann at Marienhohe ... Bartch near Berlin .... Swarz near Bremen ... London Mirbt ... Holland. Pfeiffer farm atRosendale. Then Dornach ... ” Photo: John Paull
- 47. “Back to Etna with Fred ... Mr Meebold second visit there. The attempt to do BD... We bought cows ... rearing pigs ... made insilage ... sheep ... The bank closed in and the farm got near bankruptcy ” Photo: John Paull
- 48. “Angelo from Melbourne offered me the Dalmore farm to manage. Went to Victoria once more ... Anthro meetings in Collins St. This is where I first met Ileen and Mrs Macpherson” c.1933 Photo: John Paull
- 49. “Ileen comes to live at the farm [1935] ... Mr Meebold comes to stop at the farm ... The unhappy struggling for making a B.D farm ... a poor trip ... London ... Dornach ... Milan ... the dark clouds of war ... Dornach ... London ... San Remo ... left for Australia ... July 1939 ” Photo: John Paull
- 50. “Ileen ... her legs begin to give way ... Mrs Macpherson bought for me the block in Namur St ... During the war I was going to do gardening at Mr Ruby at Sandringham ... [Ileen] could not walk anymore. I return to live at the farm .. Ileen returns at the farm ... In 1952 we decide to build a house in Namur St ” Demeter Photo: John Paull
- 51. “From the beginning of 1952 we have the monthly study of the Leading Thoughts at the central Group ... we have been meeting since 1944 ” “From the beginning of 1952 we have the monthly study of the Leading Thoughts at the central Group ... we have been meeting since 1944 ” Photo: John Paull
- 52. From 1962 Ernesto is leader of the Michael Group (age 77 yrs) 1975 RIP Portrait by Ernesto Genoni
- 54. Acknowledgements Thank you to Ernesto Genoni (1895-1975), the Secretariat of the Goetheanum, Dr Paul Genoni, Dr Paolo Baracchi, Margaret Garner, Peggy Macpherson, Anita Sharpe, Pam Martin, and the Anthroposophy Society Victoria Michael Centre. Portrait by Ernesto Genoni
- 55. References Bean, C.E.W. (1947) The stretcher-bearer tradition. In AsYouWere: A cavalcade of events with the Australian services from 1788 to 1947. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, pp. 116-119. Genoni, Ernesto (c.1955) Personal memoir, handwritten manuscript. Private collection. Paull, John (2013) A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia, Chapter 3, in Mascitelli, B. & Lobo,A. (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain, Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, pp. 37-61, 241-244. http://orgprints.org/26110/7/26110.pdf Detail, portrait by Ernesto Genoni
Notes de l'éditeur
- Congratulations to the BAA for achieving this 25 year anniversary, & thank you for inviting me to address this conference. Last year I was invited to write a book chapter on the history of the organic movement in Australia. I put Ernesto Genoni right at the beginning of that story.
- This table appeared in that book chapter. Ernesto Genoni appears as the first entry in that chronology. You will see he was the first Australian to join Rudolf Steiner’s Agricultural Circle There are two Genonis in the list.
- Ernesto came from a family of more than 12 children. Emilio was the eldest brother & Ernesto was the youngest. The boys progressively migrated to Australia at or before they turned 18. This way they avoided conscription in Italy & avoided fighting in Italy’s colonial wars in North Africa.
- The threat of conscription had passed when Ernesto turned 18. He went to Milan to study art.
- After 5 years of study he graduated from Brera ready for the next adventure.
- Rosa, was the eldest of the Genoni siblings. She took on the role of matriarch. She played a prominent role in the peace movement in Italy & Europe & she facilitated the migration of her siblings to Australia.
- Ernesto arrived in Australia at the beginning of 1912. It was summer.
- He was moving from the winter of Italy to the summer of WA.
- The E here is of Emilio the eldest brother. He had arrived alone at the age 18 - the first Genoni to arrive. He had prospered in his new country & Etna was his broadacre farm at Broomehill, WA.
- All of the brothers had taken to the land. As the one brother with vocational training, Ernesto must have felt conflicted - between his art & the opportunities for prospering with hard physical labour under a harsh Australian sun.
- There were opportunities in Australia that weren’t available in Italy. Ernesto passed up the opportunities of WA & returned to Italy.
- This is one of the Genoni homes in Broomehill. Ernesto was vacillating between forging a future in Italy or in Australia, and between sister Rosa in Milan & the brothers in WA
- Back in WA, Ernesto was doing hard physical work, working alone clearing the land. It wasn’t fulfilling work for him & he was restless.
- When Britain declared war, Australia followed suit. Despite the great irony of the brothers leaving Italy to avoid conscription, Ernesto enlisted in the AIF.
- The AIF didn’t quite see eye to eye with Ernesto’s idea of service in the medical corps.
- Nevertheless after a few weeks of training in WA, Ernesto left for the Great War. They disembarked in Egypt and there they received several weeks more training.
- From Egypt the new Aussie troops went to Marseilles. Then to a camp outside of Paris & from there ...
- The 16th Battalion were about to be bloodied on the Somme. Hundreds of 1000s of Allied troops were sacrificed by British commanders. Sixty thousand diggers died in WW1, of these 46K died on the Western Front.
- The battle at Poziers is infamous as the slaughtering ground for 1000s of Allied soldiers who were ill trained, badly commanded, and gunned down as cannon fodder. To be a stretcher bearer under bombardment shortened the odds of being killed.
- The barrage of incoming shells was ongoing and the stretcher bearers worked under continuous fire.
- Australia’s official war historian wrote: “A battle like Pozières sometimes made a clean sweep of the regimental bearers ... the work of the bearers was too important to be left to unselected men; they were now specially selected ‘for their physique and guts’” (Bean, 1947, p.118).
- The unexpected event & Ernesto is rescued for the battlefields of the Somme. When he was discharged from the AIF in London, he gave his address as sister Rosa’s peace advocacy group in Milan.
- This is the monument in Broomehill. 22 volunteers from Broomehill died in WW1 from what was & remains a very tiny town.
- From the Somme, Ernesto was sent to London and then via France to Italy. He had been conscripted into the Italian army.
- The Italian army was not so understanding of their conscientious objector soldier & his vision of medical corps service.
- For Ernesto, the constant in the 3 years in the Italian army is military prison punctuated with service in medical service roles
- Ernesto was finally demobbed in 1919. He had, back in London in 1916, relinquished his right to repatriation to Australia.
- He married an Austrian woman, Lydia. It was a short and sad marriage. However she was never prepared to grant him a divorce.
- In 1919 Rosa introduced Ernesto to Anthroposophy. He joined the Milan group and attended regular meetings & from 1920 he spent time in Dornach.
- Ernesto first met Rudolf Steiner in 1920 at Dornach. This was Steiner’s house at Dornach at the time.
- The Goetheanum that Ernesto experienced was the first Goetheanum.
- Dornach is the German speaking part of Switzerland & it seems the reception was sometimes frosty. Elizabeth Vreede (bottom left image) was head of the mathematics section @ the Goetheanum.
- It seems that Ernesto, the artist, was always somewhat discontented with his art.
- 1924 Koberwitz (Kobierzyce) -The Agriculture Course. There were people from 6 countries - but no Italians were there & Ernesto wasn’t there.
- The lecture room for Steiner’s Agriculture Course @ Koberwitz.
- There were no English attendees at the Agriculture Course. The Australian Lute Drummond (left in photo) may have been at nearby Breslau (Wroclaw).
- Ernesto was still at Dornach until late 1924.
- Ernesto returned to Australia with aspirations of a career in art. He was to set up a studio, hold an exhibition, & exhibit the work of other Italian artists.
- He met Mrs Macky, Anne Macky, & together they started regular Anthroposophy meetings in Melbourne.
- The same year Ernesto joined the Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers & Gardeners. Ernesto Genoni was the first Australian to join the Rudolf Steiner’s Experimental Circle. This is his well worn copy of the Agriculture Course - in German - with binding reinforced, some underlining & some annotations.
- In 1930 Ernesto was back in Switzerland to learn about BD. The new Goetheanum had been built in the intervening years (in 1925-1928).
- Ernesto embarked on a grand tour of BD in Europe in 1930. Pfeiffer was at the time coordinating the work of the Experimental Circle. He was based in the Glass House.
- Then for Ernesto it was back to the Etna farm in WA. These were difficult times for those on the land with the Depression hitting hard.
- Ileen Macpherson becomes his partner & Mrs Ruby Macpherson becomes his patron.
- The first use of the term ‘Demeter’ in Australia.
- An Anthroposophy book with Ernesto’s signature.
- Ernesto Genoni (1885 - 1975).
- Bean, C.E. W. (1947) The stretcher-bearer tradition. In As You Were: A cavalcade of events with the Australian services from 1788 to 1947. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, pp. 116-119. Genoni, Ernesto (c.1955) Personal memoir, handwritten manuscript. Private collection. Paull, John (2013) A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia, Chapter 3, in Mascitelli, B. & Lobo, A. (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain, Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, pp. 37-61, 241-244. http://orgprints.org/26110/7/26110.pdf http://orgprints.org/26110/7/26110.pdf