Informix Warehouse Accelerator (IWA) has helped traditional data warehousing performance to improve dramatically. Now, IWA accelerates analytics over the sensor data stored in relational and timeseries data.

1. Accelerating Analytics for
sensor (IoT) data
Keshav Murthy
Architect, IBM Informix
rkeshav@us.ibm.com
1

2. 2
Explosion of mobile
devices – gaming
and social apps
Advertising:
serving ads and
real-time
bidding
Social networking,
online
communities
E-commerce, social
commerce
Machine data and
real-time
operational
decisions
Smart
Devices
Internet of Things
Internet of
Things

3. 3
Explosion of mobile
devices – gaming
and social apps
Advertising:
serving ads and
real-time
bidding
Social networking,
online
communities
E-commerce, social
commerce
Machine data and
real-time
operational
decisions
Smart
Devices
Internet of Data, really
Internet of
Things
SQL SQL, {JSON}, Spatial
{JSON},
TimeSeries
SQL, {JSON}
Simple,
{JSON},
Timeseries
SQL, {JSON}

4. 4
IoT Applications – IBM Reference Architecture
Gateway Operational Zone Warehouse/Mart Analytics Services and Contents
Shared Operational Information
Rule Engine
ETL
Real-Time
Data Store
Hadoop Video
Analytics
Big Data
Explorer
Analytic
Tools
Connected Device
Analyzed Data
MapReduce
HDFS/GPFS
Device
Management
:
Predictive
Maintenance
Traffic
Optimization
Driving
Behavior
Incident
Analysis
Infotainment
Service
Raw Data
Summarized
Data
Notification
Analytic
Report
B2C/B2B
Portal
Admin
Console
Operator
Console
LocalIntelligence
NetworkSupport
Stream
Processing
ETL
RDB
DataMart
SOE Data
Video
Management
Asset Data
Management
Master Data
Management
Reference
Data Hub
Video Data
..
Environment
Data, etc.
Other
Data
Local
Database

5. 5
IoT Applications – IBM Reference Architecture
Gateway Operational Zone Warehouse/Mart Analytics Services and Contents
Shared Operational Information
Rule Engine
ETL
Real-Time
Data Store
Hadoop Video
Analytics
Big Data
Explorer
Analytic
Tools
Connected Device
Analyzed Data
MapReduce
HDFS/GPFS
Device
Management
:
Predictive
Maintenance
Traffic
Optimization
Driving
Behavior
Incident
Analysis
Infotainment
Service
Raw Data
Summarized
Data
Notification
Analytic
Report
B2C/B2B
Portal
Admin
Console
Operator
Console
LocalIntelligence
NetworkSupport
Stream
Processing
ETL
RDB
DataMart
SOE Data
Video
Management
Asset Data
Management
Master Data
Management
Reference
Data Hub
Video Data
..
Environment
Data, etc.
Other
Data
Local
Database
Scenarios for Informix

6. © 2014 IBM Corporation6
IBM Cloud: Think it. Build it. Tap into it.IoT Solutions, an architecture.
Collection of data for all
sensors
Data from
other kinds of
sensors
Consumer / Business
Sensors in the
home
Informix TimeSeries Service
NoSQL, Relational,
Timeseries & Spatial
storage & analytics
Informix Warehouse
Accelerator
SPSS/Cognos
MessageSight /
MQTT
SoftLayer /
BlueMix
BigInsights
Gateways for data
consolidation
Infosphere Streams
(no gateway)
= IBM products = IBM Informix Relational Database
In-memory analytics
Predictive analytics
and dashboard
Cloud infrastructure
Hadoop
Publish /
Subscribe
Real-time
analytics

7. • Individual Car Recognition in the parking zone
•Composite sensors to transmit license image
• Picture,location,weight,color,etc
•Cloud service to recognize the car plate number
•Gateway is the orchestrator: collection, sync, service

8. Myriad of devices for gateways: Intel Galileo, ARM based boards.
Shaspa embedded Informix into its stack for sensor data mgmt.
IBM Informix developer edition. Download Now: http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/infodeveedit

9. Handling Big Data

10. IBM Bluemix: TimeSeries Service

11. IBM Bluemix: IoT Service
IBM Bluemix:
IBM Internet of things Service

12. 12
SQL {NoSQL:JSON}
Define Schema first Write the program first
Relational Key-value, Document, column
family, graph and text
Changing schema is hard Assumes dynamic schema
Scale-up Scale-out
ACID consistency BASE consistency
Transactions No Transactions
SQL Proprietary API; Sometimes has
the “spirit” of SQL

13. 13
SQL Timeseries
Define Schema first Create Timeseries Row Type
Relational Timeseries Optimized with
projection to relational;
Often used with Spatial data
Changing schema is hard Changing schema is hard;
Flexible with Timeseries({JSON})
Scale-up Scale-up & Scale-out
ACID consistency ACID consistency
SQL SQL extensions; Relational
projection.

14. Data Management: devices to Cloud
Enterprise replication + Flexible Grid
App Server
JDBC
App Server
Mongo Driver
Listener
Informix/1
Primary
Informix/1
SDS/HDR
Informix/1
RSS
Informix/2
Primary
Informix/2
SDS/HDR
Informix/2
RSS
Informix/3
Primary
Informix/3
SDS/HDR
Informix/3
RSS
Informix/4
Primary
Informix/4
SDS/HDR
Informix/4
RSS
Informix/5
Primary
Informix/5
SDS/HDR
Informix/5
RSS
Informix/6
Primary
Informix/6
SDS/HDR
Informix/6
RSS
Mongo API
Node.JS
Express.JS
AngularJS
REST APIs
NoSQL SQLCloud
Informix warehouse Accelerator

15. Informix: All Together Now!
15
SQL Tables
JSON Collections
TimeSeries
MQ Series
SQL APIs
JDBC, ODBC
Informix
IWA – BLU ACCELERATION
GENBSON: SQL to {BSON}
MongoDB
Drivers
TEXT SEARCH
SPATIAL
TIME SERIES {BSON}

16. SQL API
Mongo API
(NoSQL)
Relational Table JSON Collections
Standard ODBC, JDBC,
.NET, OData, etc.
Language SQL.
Mongo APIs for Java,
Javascript, C++, C#,...
Direct SQL Access.
Dynamic Views
Row types
Mongo APIs for Java,
Javascript, C++, C#,...
JSON CollectionsJSON Collections
Standard SQL/ext
JDBC/ODBC
JSON Support
Virtual Table
JSON support
TimeseriesJSON Collections TimeseriesRelational Table JSON Timeseries
Spatial
Text
Standard SQL
JDBC/ODBC
JSON Support
JSON Support
Hybrid Access:
SQL, JSON, Timeseries & Spatial

17. 1 1-1-11 12:00 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
2 1-1-11 12:00 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
3 1-1-11 12:00 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
… … … … …….. …
1 1-1-11 12:15 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
2 1-1-11 12:15 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
3 1-1-11 12:15 Value 1 Value 2 …….. Value N
… … … … …….. …
Relational Schema: Smart Meters Sensor
Smart_Meters Table
•Each row contains one record = billions of rows in the table
•All data is indexed for efficient lookups
•Data is appended to the end of the table as it arrives
•Meter ID’s stored in every record
•No concept of a missing row
TableGrows
KWH Voltage ColNTimeMeter_id
Index all columns

18. 1 [(1-1-11 12:00, value 1, value 2, …, value N), (1-1-11 12:15, value 1, value 2, …, value N), …]
2 [(1-1-11 12:00, value 1, value 2, …, value N), (1-1-11 12:15, value 1, value 2, …, value N), …]
3 [(1-1-11 12:00, value 1, value 2, …, value N), (1-1-11 12:15, value 1, value 2, …, value N), …]
4 [(1-1-11 12:00, value 1, value 2, …, value N), (1-1-11 12:15, value 1, value 2, …, value N), …]
… …
•Each row contains all the data for a single meter, data append to end of the row
•Data is not indexed, only the meter ID column is indexed
•Data on disk is clustered by meter id and kept ordered by time
•Meter IDs stored once rather than with every record
•Timestamps are not stored on disk, instead are calculated by position in series
•Missing intervals are marked with a placeholder
Smart_Meters Sensor table
Table grows
Meter_id Timeseries(mysensor)
Same Table using Informix TimeSeries Schema
(logical view)
Index
Create row type mysensor(ts datetime year to fraction(5),
value1 int, value2 float, …..valuen int);

19. Physical View of Informix TimeSeries Data
Container1
Container2
Container3
meter_id vee_interval_ts
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
(int) timeseries(mysensor)
6
Each Container typically
placed on a separate disk
vee_interval_table Table

20. Accessing TimeSeries
•Access through standard tabular view
–Virtual Table Interface (VTI)
–Makes TimeSeries look like a standard relational table
•SQL Interface
–100+ functions
•Customized functions
–Written in Stored Procedure Language (SPL), “C”, Java
–65+ “C” functions

21. TimeSeries SQL Interface
•TimeSeries data is usually accessed through user defined
routines (UDR’s) from SQL, some of these are:
–Clip() – Access a subset of data from a time series
–LastElem(), FirstElem() - return the last (first) element in the time
series
–Apply() – Filter out time series rows and apply functions to those that
remain
–AggregateBy() – Rollup time series data to be hourly/daily/yearly or
custom intervals
–SetContainerName() - move a time series from one container to
another.
–Transpose() – Make a time series appear to be a table
–MovingAvg() – Create a time series of the moving average
–Plus nearly 100 other functions…

22. Virtual Table Interface makes Time Series
data appear Relational
mtr_id Series
(int) timeseries(mtr_data)
SM_vt
1 Tue Value 1
1 Wed Value 1
... ...
3 Mon Value 1
3 Tue Value 1
3 Wed Value 1
... ... ... ...
1 Mon Value 1 Value 2
col_1 col_2datemtr_id
Smart_meter
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TimeSeries Table TimeSeries Virtual Table
Execute procedure tscreatevirtualtable
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
(‘SM_vt’, ‘Smart_meter’);
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
[(Mon, v1, ...)(Tue,v1…)]
...
Value 2
Value 2
Value 2
Value 2
Value 2
...

23. select min(tstamp), max(tstamp) from
ts_data_v;
select first 3 state,avg(value) average
from ts_data_v v,
customer_ts_data l,
customer c
where v.loc_esi_id = l.loc_esi_id and
l.customer_num = c.customer_num
group by 1 order by 2 desc;
Querying on the VTI Table

24. IoT - Devices
Informix
Timeseries Tables
Timeseries VTI
Tables
DataLoader
JSON
Data Files
MiddlewareProcessing
JSON
Managing Variety: Data flow for IoT
Data
IoT - Devices

25. Managing Variety: IoT Model Makeover
Before:
CREATE ROW TYPE mysensor
(ts DATETIME YEAR TO FRACTION(5),
tag1 FLOAT, tag2 FLOAT, tag3 FLOAT, tag5 FLOAT,tag6 FLOAT,tag6 FLOAT,tag7
FLOAT,tag8 FLOAT, tag9 FLOAT,tag10 FLOAT,tag11 FLOAT,tag12 FLOAT,tag13
FLOAT,tag15 FLOAT,tag16 FLOAT,tag17 FLOAT,tag18 FLOAT,tag19 FLOAT,tag20
FLOAT,tag21 FLOAT,tag22 FLOAT,tag23 FLOAT,tag24 FLOAT,tag26 FLOAT,tag27
FLOAT,tag28 FLOAT,tag
….
tag147 FLOAT,tag148 FLOAT,tag149 FLOAT,tag150 FLOAT);
AFTER:
CREATE ROW TYPE mysensor
(stime DATETIME YEAR TO FRACTION(5),
jdata BSON)

26. Informix
Timeseries Tables
Timeseries VTI
Tables
IoT - Devices
DataLoader
JSON
Data Files
MiddlewareProcessing
JSON
type id Usage Timeseries(IFXTSBSON)
“XA” 12 (2014-01-01 01:21:000, {x:1,y:2}),
(2014-02-02 01:23:000, {x:3, y:5, z:42})
“XB” 48 (2014-01-01 01:21:000, {c:1,d:”ACND”}),
(2014-04-02 01:23:000, {c:92,d:”MCBS”,
e:42})
“XC” 23 (2015-01-01 01:21:000, {p:1,q:2}),
(2015-03-02 01:23:000, {p:3, y:5, z:42}),
Managing Variety using Timeseries(JSON)
Data
IoT - Devices

27. Informix
Timeseries Tables
Timeseries VTI
Tables
Timeseries{JSON} => VTI-Table{JSON}
type id Timeseries(IFXJSTYPE)
“XA” 12 (2014-01-01 01:21:000, {x:1,y:2}),
(2014-02-02 01:23:000, {x:3, y:5, z:42})
“XB” 48 (2014-01-01 01:21:000, {c:1,d:”ACND”}),
(2014-04-02 01:23:000, {c:92,d:”MCBS”, e:42})
“XC” 23 (2015-01-01 01:21:000, {p:1,q:2}),
(2015-03-02 01:23:000, {p:3, y:5, z:42}),
type id Timestamp
“XA” 12 2014-01-01 01:21:000
“XA” 12 2014-02-02 01:23:000
“XB” 48 2014-01-01 01:21:000
“XB” 48 2014-04-02 01:23:000
“XC” 23 2015-01-01 01:21:000
“XC” 23 2015-03-02 01:23:000
BSON/JSON
{x:1,y:2}
{x:3, y:5, z:42}
{c:1,d:”ACND”}
{c:92,d:”MCBS”, e:42}
{p:1,q:2}
{p:3, y:5, z:42}

28. Timeseries on JSON
CREATE ROW TYPE info( stime datetime year to fraction(5), jdata bson);
CREATE TABLE iotdata(id int primary key, tsdata
timeseries(info) );
INSERT INTO iotdata VALUES(472,'origin(2014-04-23
00:00:00.00000), …, regular,[({“temp":78, “wind":7.2,
“loc":“Miami-1 "})]');
INSERT INTO iotdata values(384,'origin(2014-04-21
00:00:00.00000), …, regular,[({“sleep": 380, “steps":7423,
“name":"Joe "})]');
SELECT GetFirstElem(tsdata,0)::row(timestamp datetime year to
fraction(5), jdata json) FRONM tj;
(expression) ROW('2014-04-21 00:00:00.00000','{“temp":78,“wind":7.2,“loc":“Miami-1"}')
(expression) ROW('2014-04-21 00:00:00.00000','{“sleep":380,“steps":7423,“name":"Joe "}')

29. Timeseries on JSON
Execute procedure TSCreateVirtualTab(…);
-- Equivalent relational schema
CREATE TABLE iotvti(id INT PRIMARY KEY,
stime DATETIME YEAR TO FRACTION(5)),
jdata BSON);
SELECT id,
jdata.temp::int,
jdata.loc.city.zip::varchar(32)
FROM iotvti WHERE jdata.temp > 75;
db.iotvti.find({“jdata.temp”:{$gt:75}, {jdata:1},
{jdata:1});
{“temp":78, “wind":7.2, “loc":“Miami-1 "}

30. Informix REST API
•REpresentational State Transfer
http://<hostname>[:<port#>]/<db>/<collection>
•Integrated into Informix
•GET /demo/people?sort={age:-1}&fields={_id:0,lastName:0}
RESPONSE: [{"firstName":"Anakin","age":49},
{"firstName":"Padme","age":47},
{"firstName":"Luke","age":31},
{"firstName":"Leia","age":31}]
GET /stores_demo/ts_data_v?query={loc_esi_id:"4727354321046021"}

31. Available Methods
Method Path Description
POST / Create a new database
POST /db Create a new collection
POST /db/collection Creates a new document
GET / Database listing
GET /db Collection listing
GET /db/collection Query the collection
DELETE / Drop all databases
DELETE /db Drop a database
DELETE /db/collection Drop a collection
DELETE /db/collection?query={...} Delete documents that satisfy the
query from a collection
PUT /db/collection Update a document
INFORMIX REST API

32. ODBC, JDBC connections
Informix Dynamic Server
Tables
Tables
Relational Tables
and views
JSON Collections
{Customer}
partners
SQL & BI Applications
{Orders}
CRM
Inventory
Tables
Timeseries Tables
{mobile/devices}
Analytics

33. Informix Database Server
Informix warehouse Accelerator
BI Applications
Step 1. Install, configure,
start Informix
Step 2. Install, configure,
start Accelerator
Step 3. Connect Studio to
Informix & add accelerator
Step 4. Design, validate,
Deploy Data mart
Step 5. Load data to
accelerator
Ready for Queries
IBM Smart Analytics
Studio
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Ready
Informix Ultimate Warehouse edition

34. 34
INTEL/IWA: Breakthrough technologies for
performance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Large memory support
64-bit computing; System X with MAX5 supports up
to 6TB on a single SMP box; Up to 640GB on each
node of blade center. IWA: Compress large dataset
and keep it in memory; totally avoid IO.
7. Multi-core, multi-node environment
Nehalem has 8 cores and Westmere 10 cores. This trend is
expected to continue. IWA: Parallelize the scan, join, group
operations. Keep copies of dimensions to avoid cross-node
synchronization.
4. Virtualization Performance
Lower overhead: Core micro-architecture
enhancements, EPT, VPID, and End-to-End
HW assist IWA: Helps informix and IWA to
seemlessly run and perform in virtualized
environment.
5. Hyperthreading
2x logical processors; increases processor
throughput and overall performance of threaded
software. IWA: Does not exploit this since the
software is written to avoid pipeline flushing.
3. Frequency Partitioning
IWA: Enabler for the effective parallel access
of the compressed data for scanning.
Horizontal and Vertical Partition Elimination.
2. Large on-chip Cache
L1 cache 64KB per core, L2 cache is 256KB per
core and L3 cache is about 4-12 MB.
Additional Translation lookaside buffer (TLB).
IWA: New algorithms to avoid pipeline
flushing and cache hash tables in L2/L3 cache
6. Single Instruction Multiple Data
Specialized instructions for manipulating
128-bit data simultaneously. IWA:
Compresses the data into deep columnar
fashion optimized to exploit SIMD. Used in
parallel predicate evaluation in scans.

35. 35
Informix Primary
Informix warehouse Accelerator
BI Applications
Step 1. Install, configure,
start Informix
Step 2. Install, configure,
start Accelerator
Step 3. Connect Studio to
Informix & add accelerator
Step 4. Design, validate,
Deploy Data mart from
Primary, SDS, HDR, RSS
Step 5. Add IWA to sqlhosts
Load data to
Accelerator from any node.
Ready for Queries
IBM Smart Analytics
Studio
Step 1
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Ready
Informix Warehouse Accelerator – 11.70.FC5. MACH11 Support
Informix
SDS1
Informix
SDS2
Informix
HDR
Secondary
Informix
RSS
Step 2

36. Design DM by
workload analysis or
manually
Deployed datamart
Datamart
Deleted
Datamart in USE
Datamart Disabled
Partition based refresh
Trickle feed refresh
Deploy
Load
Drop
Disable
Enable Drop
Typically,
300 GB/hr
10 GB under 3 mins
Online operation
Stages & Options for data loading to IWA

37. IWA 1st Release
On SMP
SMB: IGWE
Scale out: IWA
on Blade ServerWorkload Analysis Tool
More Locales
Data Currency
IWA: Roadmap
Partition Refresh
MACH11 support
Solaris on Intel
Automatic data refresh
Union queries
Derived tables
OAT Integration
SQL/OLAP for IWA
Timeseries Acceleration
11.7xC2
11.7xC5
12.1xC1
11.7xC3
11.7xC4
2012 IIUG
2013 IIUG
TS Data Refresh
improvements;
Quicker to analysis
12.10.xC2
12.10.xC3 View sup
Synonym
NoSQL

38. Informix Dynamic Server
Tables
Tables
Relational Tables
and views
JSON Collections
{Customer}
partners
SQL & BI Applications
{Orders}
CRM
Inventory
Tables
Timeseries Tables
{Orders}
Text index (BTS)
spatial indices
Informix Warehouse Accelerator – In-Memory Query Engine
ODBC, JDBC connections
SQL Apps/Tools
MongoDB Drivers
NoSQL Apps/Tools

39. IWA: Complex Data Analysis
Informix Database Server
Informix Warehouse Accelerator
BI Applications
Informix Database Server
Factdim1
Dim4 - View
dim3
dim2
dim2Informix
IoT ApplicationsLoB Apps
IoT Applications
BI Applications
Mobile Apps
Informix

40. IWA: sensor Data Analysis
Informix Database Server
Informix Warehouse Accelerator
Informix Database Server
SQL Table
SQL View
SQL
Table
SQL Table
SQL TableInformix
LoB Apps
IoT
Applications
BI Applications
Mobile Apps
Informix
Timeseries
{JSON}
{JSON}
Cognos
SQL Table

41. ODBC, JDBC connections
Informix Dynamic Server
Tables
Tables
Relational Tables
and views
JSON Collections
{Customer}
partners
SQL & BI Applications
{Orders}
CRM
Inventory
Tables
Timeseries Tables
{mobile/devices}
Analytics
Informix warehouse Accelerator

42. Create the TS VTI Table
TSCreateVirtualTab();
Create Data mart
Ifx_TSDW_setCalendar()
Ifx_TSDW_CreateWindow(
)
Ifx_TSDW_updatePartition(
)
Datamart in USE
Timeseries data mart
Deploy & load Mart;
ifx_TSDW_moveWindows()

43. insert into calendartable (c_name, c_calendar) values
('2010monthly', 'startdate(2010-01-01 00:00:00.00000), pattstart(2010-01-01 00:00:00.00000), pattern({1 on},month)');
execute function ifx_TSDW_setCalendar('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table', '2010monthly');
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table', 0, 3);
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table', 12, 15);
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table', 24, 27);
or, by using time stamps to identiy the virtual partitions
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table',’2010-01'::datetime year to month, '2010-04'::datetime year to
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table','2011-01'::datetime year to month, '2011-04'::datetime year to
ifx_TSDW_createWindow('my_accel', 'my_mart', 'my_owner', 'my_table','2012-01'::datetime year to month, '2012-04'::datetime year to
time
201220112010
TSVTdata onaccelerator, partitioned monthly
time
201220112010

44. execute function ifx_TSDW_updatePartition
( 'demo_dwa','demo_mart','informix','ts_data_v', '2011-02'::datetime year to month);
execute function ifx_TSDW_dropWindow
( 'demo_dwa','demo_mart','informix','ts_data_v', '2011-02'::datetime year to month);

45. Informix TimeSeries: Key Strengths
• What is a Time Series?
– A logically connected set of records ordered by time
• Informix Performance
– Time series queries run 60 times or more faster than relational only
– Performs operations hard or impossible to run in standard SQL
– Data loaders tuned to handle time series data
• Informix Space Savings
– Saves at least 50% over standard relational layout
– Timeseries(JSON) handles variety of sensor data optimally
• Informix Flexibility
– Develop proprietary algorithms to run inside the database
– Join time series, relational, and spatial data in the same query
• Informix Ease-of-Use
– Integrates easily with any ODBC/JDBC based tools and applications
– Conceptually closer to how users think of time series
• Informix Warehouse Accelerator
– Load standard SQL data types
– Exploit VTI projection of timeseries to integrate with tools like Cognos
– Use window management procedures to load specific

46. Informix: All Together Now!
46
SQL Tables
JSON Collections
TimeSeries
MQ Series
SQL APIs
JDBC, ODBC
Informix
IWA – BLU ACCELERATION
GENBSON: SQL to {BSON}
MongoDB
Drivers
TEXT SEARCH
SPATIAL
TIME SERIES {BSON}

47. THANK YOU
Keshav Murthy
rkeshav @ us . ibm . com