1. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 1
Humanities & Employment
How can the
humanities help
prepare us for
employment?

2. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 2
Surveys show that employers are looking for the
following things:
• Writing skills
• Speaking skills
• Computation skills
• Social skills
• Reading skills

3. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 3
Employers Realize
The more high-tech
we become…

4. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 4
Humanities: Greek & Roman
Laocoon, by Agesander, et al, of Rhodes, late 2nd centuryB.C., Vatican
Museum, Rome, Italy

5. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 5
Employers Realize
• Technology can lead
to isolationism
• This results in a loss
of humaneness
• Humanities help keep
us humane

6. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 6
Humanities & Definition
“...Humanities is about who we are, who we
were, and who we will be…
it is the study of humankind and its
achievements, both glorious and humble…
It is...the study of the human experience, an
experience that is universal and timeless…”
--Vandermast

7. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 7
Humanities & History
• History has a flow
• The flow of history is rooted in ideas
• Ideas determine actions

8. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 8
How Ideas Spread
• Geographically
• Sociologically
• One discipline to
another

9. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 9
How Ideas Penetrate the Culture
• Philosophy
• Art & Music
• General Culture

10. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 10
Levels of Discussion
• Theorhetical
• Emotional
• Table Talk

11. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 11
Divisions of History
Ancient Middle Modern Post-modern

12. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 12
Greek & Roman Timeline
1000 BC 400 323-146 133-476AD
Heroic Age Classical Period Hellenistic Period Roman

13. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 13
Dominant Ideas of the Greeks
The Polis
The Gods
Philosophy

14. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 14
Dominant Ideas of the Romans
Republican Rome
Imperial Rome

15. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 15
The Legend of Theseus
According to Greek legend, the hero
Theseus,
the son of Aegeus,
king of Athens, was born and brought up in a distant
land.
his mother did not send him to Athens until he was a
young man able to lift a stone under which his father
had put a sword and a pair of sandals.

16. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 16
Theseus Arrives In Athens
When Theseus arrived in Athens after
many adventures,
he found the city in deep mourning.
it was again time to send to Minos, king of Crete,
the yearly tribute of seven youths and seven
maidens
to be devoured by the Minotaur.
• This was a terrible monster, half human and half bull.
Theseus offered himself as one of the victims,
hoping that he would be able to slay the monster.

17. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 17
Thesues Reaches Crete
When he reached Crete, Ariadne, the
beautiful daughter of the king, fell in love
with him.
She aided him by giving him a sword,
with which he killed the Minotaur,
and a ball of thread, with which he was able to find
his way out of the winding labyrinth where the
monster was kept.

18. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 18
Theseus Returns
Theseus had promised his father
that if he succeeded in his quest he would hoist white sails on
his ship when he returned;
it had black sails when he left.
He forgot his promise.
King Aegeus, seeing the dark sails, thought his son was dead
and jumped into the sea.
The sea has since been called the Aegean in his honor.
Theseus then became king of the Athenians. He united the
village communities of the plain of Attica into a strong and
powerful nation.

19. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 19
Theseus Is Killed
Theseus was killed by treachery during a revolt of
the Athenians.
Later his memory was held in great reverence.
At the battle of Marathon in 490 BC many of the Athenians
believed they saw his spirit leading them against the Persians.
After the Persian Wars the oracle at Delphi ordered the
Athenians to find the grave of Theseus on the island of Skyros,
where he had been killed, and to bring back his bones to
Athens.

20. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 20
Theseus’ Remains Carried to
Athens
The oracle's instructions were obeyed.
In 469 BC the supposed remains of Theseus
were carried back to Athens.
The tomb of the great hero became a place
of refuge for the poor and oppressed people
of the city.

21. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 21
Minoan Civilization: 3000-1300 B.C.
Developed on Crete
highly organized
bronze age culture
Built large towns
served as centers for
ruling families &
religious leaders
In 1900 Arthur Evans
discovered the palace at
Knosis covering 5.5
acres

22. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 22
Characteristics of the Minoans
Palace walls
Decorated with vivid
paintings & porcelain
pottery
Elaborate jewelry
Was worn by figures
pictured
Storerooms
Were found with huge
oils jars
bathrooms
W/drainage, waste
shoots & ventilation

23. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 23
Minoan Religion & Mythology
Called Minoan after King Minos
who was according to mythology the son of Zeus and Europa,
a Phoenician princes
Worshiped the mother goddess
whose symbol was the double bladed ax called the labrys
The maze of rooms in the palace recall the Greek
myth of the labyrinth
Daedalus built a labyrinth to house the maneating Minotaur
(half-man, half-bull)

24. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 24
Mysterious End of the Minoans
The Mycenaeans
conquered the
Minoans c. 1400 B.C.
Knossos was
abandoned for unkown
reasons
Both cultures became
a source for later
Greek mythology

25. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 25
Mycenae 1900-1100 B.C.
Mycenaean life also
centered around the
palace complexes
The lions gate (left)
opens to the citidel of
Mycenae
escavated by Heinrich
Schliemann

26. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 26
Mycenaean Characteristics
Power center of Mediterranean
Prosperous traders from Egypt to Italy
Militaristic: fortress-palace
Hero worship,
later influence on Greeks
Trojan war: reality & myth
(inspiration for Homer’s Iliad.
c. 1200 B.C. Mycenae mysteriously fell
invasion, internal strife, natural causes all suggested as
responsible for fall

27. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 27
The Dark Age
The death of one civilized order
The birth of a new civilized order

28. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 28
Early Greece
Zeus or Poseidon, ca 460-450 B.C. National
Museum, Athens, Greece

29. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 29
Early Greece:Three Periods
The Heroic Age
(c. 1000-750 B.C.)
Age of Colonization
(c. 750-600 B.C.)
Archaic Period
(c. 600-480 B. C.)
Apollo, from pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia,
ca 460 B.C. Museum Olympia.

30. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 30
The Heroic Period
First three hundred years of iron age
limited contact with other Mediterranean
peoples
First great works of literature known as epic
poems: Illiad & Odyssey (heroic themes)
Development slow
Geometric visual art

31. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 31
The Age of Colonization
Greek travelers & merchants explore lands
east & west
Many new ideas & artistic styles brought to
Greece

32. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 32
The Archaic Period
Foreign influences absorbed
Paved the way for the Classical Period
Victory over Persians in wars lasting from
490-479 B.C.

33. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 33
Polis: City-State
After fall Mycenaeans Greece was divided
regionally/geographically into city-states.
Athens - Attica
Thebes - Boeotia
Sparta - Laconia, etc.

34. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 34
City-States in Ancient Greece

35. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 35
Athens as an Example
The polis was the
center of political,
religious, social, and
artistic life
Citizens maintained a
strong sense of
loyalty to the polis
The individuals
identity was tied to the
polis
Map of ancient Athens

36. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 36
The Acropolis: Athens
A fortified, elevated
citadel
Or hilltop fortress
around which life
revolved in the Greek
city-states
(Left) The famed
Athenian Acropolis, a
hill about 260 feet high

37. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 37
Architeture of Acropolis
The Propylaea, by Mnesicles, 437-432 B.C.
Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 B.C.
The Erechtheum, 421-405 B.C.
The Parthenon, by Ictinus and Callicrates, 438-432 B.C.
Model of Acropolis

38. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 38
The City-State: Glorious &
Humble
Each city developed its unique artistic style
This led to competition
Competition led to bitter & destructive rivalries
Rivalry produced unsurpassed development and
internal struggles
It proved an insufficient base for the larger
superstructure

39. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 39
Greek Gods
Zeus - Father of Gods & Men
Hera - Wife of Zeus, Queen of Heaven
Poseidon - Brother of Zeus, God of Sea
Hephaestus - Son of Zeus & Hera, God of
Fire
Ares - God of War
Apollo - God of prophecy, intellect, Music
& Medicine

40. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 40
Greek Gods Continued
• Artemis - Goddess of Chastity & Moon
• Demeter - Earth Mother, Goddess of Fertility
• Aphrodite - Goddess of Beauty, Love & Marriage
• Athena - Goddess of Wisdom
• Hermes - Messenger of Gods, God of Cleverness
• Dionysus - God of Wine & Emotions

41. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 41
Greek Gods & Western God
• Greek
• polytheistic
• dualistic - good & evil
• amplified humanity
• limited knowledge
• limited power
• mutable
• finite
• not transcendent
• Western
• monotheistic
• omnibenevolent - all
good
• supreme spirit
• omniscient
• omnipotent
• immutable
• infinite
• transcendent

42. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 42
Homer & Epic Poems
• Iliad & Odyssey
• held in high esteem for centuries
• Homer is their accepted author
• regarded as the first & best Western literary figure
• although little is known about him
• verbal tradition
• passed down by professional bards (storytellers)

43. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 43
The Iliad
• Takes place during the final year of Greeks
siege of Troy
• Only indirectly concerned with Trojan War
• Its subject
• is really the anger of Achilles & its consequences
• Its message or moral
• be prepared to take responsibility for our actions
• wrong actions effect more than ourselves, even
those we love

44. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 44
The Story
• Agamemnon
– Commander of Greek forces
– Angers Apollos by taking Chryseis, the daughter of
Chryses & priest of Apollo, as a spoil of war
– He refuses to return her to her father unless he takes
another
– He takes Briseis who is Achilles spoil
• Achilles
– The Greeks most powerful warrior & hero
– He avenges the actions of Agamemnon by
withdrawing his military support
– This results in the death of his best friend Patroclus

45. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 45
The Odyssey
• Odysseus encounters:
– The island of the
Lotus-Eaters, the one
eyed Cyclopes, the
Aeolian wind
– Laestrygone cannibals
– The enchantress Circe
– Hades, the nymphs of
Siren, Scylla &
Charybdis, the Isle of
the Sun, Calypso

46. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 46
Art In Heroic Age
• Painted pottery is all
that remains from 1st
300 yrs. of Greek art
• Pottery decorated with
abstract geometric
designs
• Two divisions of period:
• Protogeometric (1000-
900 B.C. text p. 40)
• Geometric (900-700
B.C. left)
Dipylon Amphora. c. 750 B.C. Height
4’11’’. National Museum, Athens. Or-
iginally grave marker. Note: dead man
& mourners on main band.

47. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 47
Characteristics of Geometric Art
• 1000-900 designs:
concentric circles &
semicircles (text 40, 2.2)
• Qualities of clarity &
order begin to show
• 900-700 linear designs
zigzags, triangles,
diamonds, meander (maze
pattern), human & animal
figures

48. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 48
Art in Age Of Colonization
– City-states ruled by small groups of
aristocrats
– Their graves marked by Amphoras
– Two centuries of peace led to prosperity
– Ruling class became image conscious
regarding city-states
– They began to function as patrons of the arts
– Festivals became competitive sites for artists

49. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 49
Greeks Go Abroad
• Italy & Sicily were colonized to the west
• Egypt & Black Sea region to south
• Asia minor to the east including
Phoenicians & Persians
– Rivalries persisted in colonies
• Greece art & life profited from rich culture
in Near East.

50. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 50
Visual Art In Corinth & Athens
• Corinthian art used
variety of eastern
motifs
– Sphinxes, winged
humans, floral
designs
– More colorful
• Athens was slower to
respond
Red-figure amphora: vase of Meidias, 5th century B.C.
Archaeological Museum, Florence, Italy.

51. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 51
Beginning of Greek Sculpture
• Greek settlers in Egypt
given land mid-7th
cent. by pharaoh
Psammetichos I
• Egyptian sculpture
influenced Greeks
• Small number of
figures are repeated
• Kouros & Kore
Left, Kouros of Anavysos, ca 550-525 B.C.
Right, Standing Statue, uninscribed,
Egyptian XII Dynasty.

52. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 52
Beginnings of Greek Sculpture
Continued
• By 600 B.C. Greek
Art changed
• From abstract to
realism
Copyright © 1994-1996 Zane Publishing, Inc.
Kore, ca 510-500 B.C., National Museum,
Athens, Greece

53. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 53
Progress of Greek Sculpture
• Calf-Bearer. c. 550
B.C.
• First break from
traditional stance

54. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 54
Architecture: Doric & Ionic
• Archaic period marked by
many temples in Doric
Style
• Also influenced by
Egyptian models
• Doric order c. 600 B.C.
• Ionic style used in
classical period 5th cent &
later
The Basilica, ca 530 B.C., Paestum, Italy

55. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 55
Doric & Ionic Columns
• Comparison of two
styles
• Ionic left
• Doric right

56. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 56
Doric Style
• Doric Simpler &
grander
• Columns:
– have no base & rise
from floor
– Columns taper toward
top
– Have 20 flutes (vertical
grooves)

57. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 57
Ionic Style
• More elaborate
– Tiered base
– 24 flutes
– spiraled capitals

58. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 58
Corinthian Style
• Discussed in chapter 4

59. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 59
Greek Dance & Music
• Frequent references show music was central to
Greek life
• History of Greek music problematic
• little evidence exists today
• less than a dozen fragments exist
• the earliest from 5th century B.C.
• understanding of notation makes performance impossible
• Greeks believed music had a divine origin
• played important part of everyday life
• important in religious context
• Plato & Aristotle wrote about Greek music theory
& it was part of the general education curriculum

60. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 60
Modal Music
• Greek music was centered around modes or scales
– Each mode had the power to change behavior in a
spefific way
– Olympus (from Asia Minor) was the mythological
founder of music
• Musical instruments included the lyre, kithara &
the aulos
• Music was mainly vocal

61. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 61
Dance in Early Greece
• Played central role in drama
• Little is known about dance, but some is
pictured in visual arts
• It was both religious & social
• Like all art, dance too told a story

62. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 62
Literature
• Literature between
Homer & Archaic
period is limited
• Hesiod c. 700 B.C. is
exception
– Theogony - origins of
the world
– Works & Days -
disadvantages of being
poor & oppressed

63. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 63
Lyric Poetry
• Homer for aristocrats
• Lyric poetry concerned
w/poets own thoughts &
feelings
• Sappho most significant
lyric poet
– First women lyricist w/
legacy
– Born c. 612 B.C. at Lesbos
– Wife, mother, poet, teacher
– Both her beauty & passion
have been debated

64. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 64
Herodotus (484-420 B.C.)
• First Greek Historian
• Called the “Father of History”
• Great Story teller
• Wrote History of the Persian Wars (an
account of the final years of archaic period)

65. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 65
Herodotus’ Weaknesses
• Not scientific
• Did not understand military strategy
• Interpreted events in terms of personality
rather than political or economic

66. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 66
Herodotus’ Strengths
• Impartial
• Free from national prejudice
• Acute observer
• Recorded voluminous information
• Provided his own evaluation of the
reliability of his sources

67. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 67
Herodotus’ Analysis
• Based on Philosophical & theological
presuppositions
– The Persians were defeated because they were
morally in the wrong
– Defeat was due to hubris or excessive ambition
& pride
– Greek victory an example of right over might
– Also that the gods guarantee the triumph of
justice

68. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 68
Herodotus to the Modern Reader
• Greeks were successful because they were
united against a common enemy
• Victory led to the Classical Age - the
greatest period in Greek history

69. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 69
The Classical Period 479-323
• Victory in Persians wars produced
optimism
– No limit to possibilities of human development
– Level of civilization rarely ever achieved
– High point last half of 5th cent.
– Golden Age of Greece
– Drama, historiography, town planning,
medicine, painting, sculpture, math,
government, philosophy

70. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 70
The Classical Ideal
• Greece’s conquerors spread their ideas
– Macedonians, Romans
• Greeks did not live in peace
– Inability to practice own ideals
– War between city states
• Success of Classical Age
– Belief that quest for reason & order gave unifying ideal
– Central principle: existence can be ordered &
controlled, human ability can triumph over chaos

71. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 71
Philosophy
• The early philosophers were not great
because of the answers they gave; they were
great because of the questions they asked

72. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 72
The Presocratic Philosophers
585 B.C.
• Study of nature
• What is everything made of?
• All things consist of some basic “stuff” or Arche
– Thales – water
– Anaximenes – air
– Heraclitus – fire
– Anaximander – an indefinite or boundless realm
– Parmenides – whatever is, is
– Empedocles – earth, air, fire, water (basic elements)
– Leucippus & Democritus – atoms

73. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 73
The Sophists
• The Study of humankind & human behavior
• Five core beliefs
– Atheists
– Naturalists
– Relativists
– Materialists
– Mechanists
– Hylozoists

74. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 74
Sophists
• Protagoras – “man is the measure of all things”
Knowledge is relative to each person
• Gorgias – nothing exisirs, if anything does exist
you couldn’t know it, and even if you could know
it you couldn’t communicate it
• Thrasymachus – injustice to be preferred to
justice, might is right, people should aggressively,
pursue their own interests, justice is whatever is in
the interest of the stronger…

75. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 75
Socrates (470-399 B.C.)
• Life overlapped with sophists
• 1st real giant in History. of Phil.
• Goals
– shift attention from means to end
– define key terms i.e. “justice”
• Why he was executed
– impiety against Olympian Gods
– corrupting the youth of Athens

76. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 76
Socrates: Major Elements
• Major elements:
– The unexamined life is not worth living
• reason separates us from animals (when humans fail to
examine their lives they are subhuman/animal-like)
– The well being of a person’s soul is more important
than their body
– Better to suffer injustice than to commit injustice
– Virtue is knowledge
• The reason why most people do wrong is ignorance

77. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 77
Plato’s Writings
• Early Dialogues
– Primarily Socratic
• Middle Dialogues
– Mixture of Plato’s and Socrates’ ideas
• Later Dialogues
– Socrates doesn’t appear at all

78. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 78
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Atheism
– Plato knew there was a Divine something
• Olympian Religion
• Greek Mysteries Religions

79. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 79
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Empiricism
– All knowledge through sense perception
• Plato’s alternative was rationalism

80. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 80
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Relativism
– Plato was an absolutist
• There are standards which are absolute and
unchanging.

81. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 81
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Hedonism
– belief that pleasure is
the highest good.

82. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 82
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Materialism
– Plato was an Idealist

83. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 83
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Naturalism
– Plato was a supernaturalist

84. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 84
Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Mechanism
– Belief that reality was a machine.
– No purpose to anything that happens in nature.
• Plato was teleologist.
• He believed that a mind is at work in the universe.

85. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 85
Plato’s Dualism (Three Kinds)
• Metaphysical
• The Ideal and the Physical Worlds
– Theory of the Forms
• Plato believed that human beings lived in two
different worlds.
• The worlds of being and becoming
• The lower and the upper world

86. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 86
Plato’s Dualism (Metaphysical)
• The Lower World
– The world of physical things
– Everything is changing
• The Upper World
– The World of Forms
• A Form is an eternal, unchangeable and universal
essence.

87. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 87
Plato’s Dualism
• Epistemological
– Experience and Reason

88. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 88
Plato’s Dualism
• Anthropological
– Body and Soul
• Negations of Body/Soul Dualism in Socrates
– The unexamined life is not worth living.
– The well being of a person’s soul is more important
than his body.
– Better to suffer injustice than to commit injustice.
– Virtue is knowledge.

89. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 89
Classical Period 479-323 B.C.
• Victory in Persians wars
produced optimism
– No limit to possibilities
of human development
– Level of civilization
rarely ever achieved
– High point last half of 5th
cent.
– Golden Age of Greece
– Drama, historiography,
town planning, medicine,
painting, sculpture, math,
government, philosophy
Laocoon, by Agesander, et al of Rhodes, late 2nd
centuryB.C. Vatican Museum, Rome, Italy

90. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 90
The Classical Ideal
• Greece’s conquerors
spread their ideas
– Macedonians, Romans
• Greeks did not live in
peace
– Inability to practice own
ideals
– War between city states
• Success of Classical Age
– Belief that quest for reason
& order gave unifying ideal
– Central principle: existence
can be ordered &
controlled, human ability
can triumph over chaos
The Acropolis, Athens

91. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 91
Classical Impact
• Emphasis on order
affected religion
• Also affected political
& cultural life
– democratic
government
• ecclesia - directing
council
• boule - magistracies
• Juries

92. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 92
The Athenian Tragic Dramatists
• Three Great Masters
– Aeschylus
– Sophocles
– Euripides
• Theater was a religious
ritual & considered sacred
groud
• Each author submitted
four plays (trilogy &
satyr) performed
consecutively on same
day

93. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 93
Dramatic Sources• Religious sources
• Mythology
– dealt with relationship between human & divine
– actors served as priests of Dionysus
• masks
• elaborate costumes
• raised shoes were worn
• Chorus
• a groups centrally involved in the action
• represent the point of view of the spectator
• reduces intense emotions of principals to more human terms
& comments on them

94. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 94
Aeschylus 525-456 B.C.• Earliest Playwright, died before Classical period
• Work Shows
• deep insight into human weakness and dangers of power
• maintains belief that right will triumph in the end
• the process of recognizing right is painful
• one must suffer to learn one’s errors
• process is inevitable, controlled by divine force of Justice
personified under the name of Zeus
• maintains optimism in spite of violence

95. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 95
Aeschylus’ Dramas• Oresteia trilogy
– first prize in festival of 485 B.C.
– subject is growth of civilization
• the gradual transition from primitive law of vendetta to the
rational society of civilized humanity
• Agamemnon (first play)
– the tension between seeking the good of the individual
or that of the public
• must make choice between sacrificing his daughter Iphigenia
• he sacrifices his daughter
• he is murdered by his wife

96. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 96
Aeschylus’ 2nd & 3rd Plays
• Libation Bearers
– Centered around the principle of violence breeds
violence with Agamemnon & Clytemnestra’s son
Orestes
• Orestes kills his mother with the ecouragement of his sister
Electra
• is tormented by the furies - the goddesses of vengence
• The Eumenides (The Kindly Ones)
– violence can only end through power & reason

97. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 97
Sophocles 496-406 B.C.
• Antigone
– Thebes has been attacked by forces under
Polynices
– Polynices is killed
– Creaon forbids anyone to burry Polynices
– Polynices sister disobeys stating religious &
family rights are above the state
– Creaon’s sttubornness bring tragedy for him
and Antigone

98. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 98
Sophocles: Oedipus the King
• The choice between good & evil is never
clear or easy and sometimes impossible
• He insists that we must revere the forces
that we cannot see or understand makes him
the most traditionally religious of the
tragedies
• Doomed before his birth to kill his father & mary
his mother
• attempts to avoid fate, he fails, and blinds himself

99. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 99
Euripides 484-486 B.C. &
Aristophanes 450-385 B.C.
• Hates war & senseless misery
• Political satire & fantasy

100. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 100
Greek Tragedy: Definition
• “An imitation of an action that is serious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude; in
language embellished with every kind of
artistic ornament, the several kinds being
found in separate parts of the play; in the
form of dramatic action, not narrative;
through pity and fear effecting the proper
purifications of these emotions.” --Aristotle

101. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 101
Six Parts of a Tragedy
• Plot (the most important)
• Character (2nd in importance)
• Diction
• Thought
• Spectacle (leat important)
• Song

102. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 102
Elements of Plot
• Beginning
• Middle
• End
• Does not require single person as the hero
to achieve wholeness
• Must be long enough to move sequence of
events “from calamity to good fortune,” or
“from good fortune to calamity”

103. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 103
Further Elements of Tragedy• Utilizes surprise
• results from reversal
• results from recognition
• or to arouse pity or fear
• It’s complexity arises from cause & effect which
proposes to the audience a plausible rationale for
the action
• The tragic hero must be a noble individual who
brings about his own downfall by error or frailty

104. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 104
Visual Arts In Classical Greece
• Classical Features
– Balance
– Order
– Realism
– Motion
– Naturalism
– Proportion
– Symmetry

105. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 105
Myron (Mid 5th)
• Most Famous 5th century
sculpor
• None of his originals
survived
• There are a number of
copies of his most famous
piece: Discus Thrower
• realistic treatment of
action
• idealized portrayal of
athelete

106. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 106
Polyclitus Doryphoros (mid 5th)
• One of greatest sculptors
– Devised a mathematical
formula for representing the
perfect male body
– Wrote book: The Canon
• “ideal beauty consists of a
precise relationship
between the varios parts of
the body
• Spear Bearer (left) to
illustrate theory

107. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 107
The Ideal of Polyclitus
• Chrysippus (280-207 B.C.
wrote
• “…beauty consists of the
proportion of the parts; of
finger to finger; of all the
fingers to the palm and the
wrist; of those to the
forearm; of the forearm to
the upper arm; and of all
these parts to one another
as set forth in The canon
of Polyclitus.”

108. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 108
Architecture
• Designers concerned with
proportion &
interrelationship of varios
parts to the whole
• The Propylaea, by
Mnesicles, 437-432 B.C.
• Temple of Athena Nike,
427-424 B.C.
• The Erechtheum, 421-405
B.C.
• The Parthenon, by Ictinus
and Callicrates, 438-432
B.C. Copyright © 1994-
1996 Zane Publishing,
Inc.

109. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 109
Parthenon: Acropolis
• Work began on Acropolis
in 499 by Phidias (greatest
sculptor of his day) &
Pericles
• Parthenon (parthenos or
virgun for goddess
Athena) was first building
constructed (447-438
B.C.)
• Its sculpture done by 432
B.C.

110. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 110
Ground Plan of Doric Temple
• Temple of Zeus example
of first great architecture
following Persian Wars
• Construction begun 470 &
completed in 456 B.C.
• Largest Doric temple in
Greece
• Illustration Classical
preoccupation with
proportion

111. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 111
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
• The distance from the
center of one column to
the center of the next was
the unit of measurement
for the whole temple
• Thus the height of each
column is equal to two
units
• The combined length of a
triglyph and metope
equals half a unit

112. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 112
The Acropolis
• The Acropolis remains the
symbol of the golden age
• Intended to perpetuate the
memory of Athens’
glorious achievements
• Instead it is a reminder of
the gulf between classical
ideals & realities of
political existence in 5th
c.

113. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 113
The Acropolis
• The fundraising of
Parthenon symbolizes
this gap between ideal
& real
• Funding was provided
by transfering of
money from Delian
League
• The League fund was
an interstate war chest

114. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 114
Parthenon: Pediment
• The figures in the
pediments are
freestanding
• Left: Isis from
pediment

115. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 115
Parthenon: Frieze
• The frieze is carved in
low relief
• The middle section of
a horizontal band of
decoration on a
building; usually a
carving in stone
• Left : Detail of Seated
Gods

116. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 116
• The metopes are in
high relief

117. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 117
Propylaea
• The Propylaea served
as the entrance to the
Acropolis
• Begun in 437 B.C.
• Unusual design in that
it used both Doric
(front) & Ionic (Back)
columns

118. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 118
Erechtheum: Porch of Maiden
• The Erechtheum is an
Ionic temple of complex
design (421-406)
• Uneven ground level was
chief technical problem
architect faced
• Roof rests not on columns
but on the famous
caryatids

119. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 119
Visual Art 4th Century
• Praxiteles
– Hermes
• the gentle melancholy
• view of male body as
object of beauty
– Aphrodite of Cyrene
• view of female body as
object of beauty
• 1st attempt at sensuality
• Scopas & Lysippus
(see text p. 96)

120. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 120
Hellenistic Period (322-146 B.C.)
• Alexander’s generals couldn’t agree on successor
after his death causing the empire to split
• Syria, Egypt, Pergamum, Macedonia remained at
odds until conquered by Rome
• Yet each spread Greek culture
• Hellenistic from hellenize “to spread”
• Alexandria, Egypt was greatest of all Greek
learning centers

121. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 121
Hellenism
• The memory of Alexander’s spirit of adventure &
experiment caused a new creative spirit that was
more emotional & expressive
• Artists allowed themselves to depict a kind of
righteous confusion
• Contrasts of light & shade & appearance of
perpetual motion
• The wealthy patron replaced the state as promoter
& provider of the Arts

122. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 122
The Roman Legacy
• Origin of Western tradition
– Greece (intellectual)
– Rome (language, law, politics)
• Roads
• alphabet
• calendar
• symbol of civilization
• spread of ideas especially Greek & Christian

123. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 123
Etruscans
• Late 8th century was time of great activity in Italy
• The Latins were a agracultural people in the Tiber
valley
– establishes small villiage that was to become Rome
– inflenced by Etruscan technology, art & architecture
– Etruscans were expelled by Romans in 510 B.C.

124. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 124
Roman Republic
• Rome considered itself a Republic
• Similar government to Greek city-states only less
democratic
– two chief magistrates or consuls, elected for one-year
terms by male citizens
– principal assembly was called Senate
• most members from aristocratic families
• power cocentrated in upper class or patricians
• lower class or plebians allowed to form its own assembly &
tribunes represented their interests

125. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 125
Republic Continued
• The meeting place of assembly was the forum
• Conflict between patricians & plebeians was
ongoing, but never seriously threatened the
stability of Rome
• 247 B.C. marked the passing of the Hortensian
Law which made decisions of plebians binding
• 3rd & 2nd centuries were marked by the
expansion of the empire

126. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 126
Republic Continued
• 1st century resulted in the whole Hellenistic
world being conquered and divided into
– provinces
– protectorates
– free kingdoms
• Expansion resulted in poor administration

127. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 127
Literature
• Roman energy centered on political & military
affairs
• Little time for literature
– Ennius (239-169) father of Roman poetry, works are
lost
– Plautus (254-184)
– Terence (195-159)
• first Romans to have works survive in quantity
• adaptation of Greek comedy
• elaborate plots, everything sorted out in last scene

128. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 128
Literature Continued
• Catullus (80-54 B.C.)
• romantic themes
• ecstacy
• disillusionment & despair
• direct expression of emotions
• similar to Sappho
• Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.)
• most famous Roman
• politician
• general
• administrator
• historian

129. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 129
Literature Continued
• Cicero (106-43)
– lawyer
– consul
– conflict with Caesar
– 100 letters published
– orator
• Philosophy
– Lucretius - Epicureanism
– Cicero & Senaca (8 B.C. - 65 A.D.) Stoicism

130. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 130
Roman Law
• Caesars Ius Civile
– original creation of Rome
– model for later law
– edited by Justinian (527-565 A.D.) Corpus Iuris Civilis
– influenced many in 20th century
– international
– universal
– based on natural law, absolutes, equity

131. J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 131