1. Chapter 2
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Life Science:
Jonathan Klinger, Zylberberg,Patarkatsi,
AshlynLaveson, TalyaFischbach

2. In This Presentation We Will Cover…
• The male and female reproductive systems
• Problems with infertility and its causes
• 3 elements of successful conception
• 3 methods of ART

3. 2.1 Where and how are sperm and eggs made?
• Sperm and androgens (testosterone) are
produced in the testes
• Eggs and estrogen are produced in the ovaries
• The gametes (sperm and egg) are both
created by a form of cell division called
meiosis.

4. 2.2 What organs make up the male reproductive system?

5. 2.3 What organs make up the female reproductive system?

6. Is infertility a common problem
• Infertility is common in 1 in 6 couples
• As couples grow older infertility problems
increase due mostly to advancing maternal
age.
• 40%- male factor
• 40%- female factor
• 20%- unexplained

7. 3 elements needed for successful conception
• Sperm and egg must be produced and healthy
• Sperm and egg must interact to accomplish
fertilization
• Embryo needs a place to grow
• *If one or more of these components is
missing or not functioning properly infertility
may result*

8. What are the causes of infertility in woman?
• The egg
• Fallopian tube
• Uterus
3 things needed for a woman to conceive are…

9. What are the causes of infertility in men?

10. What is ART?
• “Is the application of laboratory or clinical
technology to gametes (human egg or sperm)
and/or embryos for the purposes of reproduction”
• We see that infertility is a common problem
• ART is necessary for men and woman who are
having fertility problems
• ART assists so many men and woman reproduce

11. 3 methods used in assisted
reproductive technology are…

12. Donation of gametes
• Before the donation of eggs or sperm doctors may try to inject the
woman with estrogen or the man with testosterone to help produce
eggs or sperm
• If the couple’s infertility problem persists, they can look to use a sperm
or egg donor
• Sperm is provided by known or unknown donors and may either be used
immediately or frozen in a cryotank filled with liquid nitrogen -180
degrees Celsius
• Couples can pick the traits they want in a donor
• Eggs cannot be frozen for a long period of time.
• In this procedure sperm is placed in a woman’s uterus at ovulation and if
fertilized pregnancy may occur. A donated egg is usually fertilized with
the males sperm in IVF.

15. Surrogacy
• Egg donor surrogacy
• The surrogates egg is fertilized
by artificial insemination (IVF)
using the sperm of the infertile
couples male partner
• The surrogate carries the
embryo to term
•Gestational surrogacy
•The surrogate carries the embryo
to term but the sperm and egg are
from the couple

16. Advancements in ART methods
• Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)- used
to inject a single sperm into egg
• Egg freezing has now been improved
• Ovaries can be transplanted from one woman
to another
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)-
Choosing an embryo without a genetic
disorder that a parent may have
• Transfer of gametes or zygotes directly into
the fallopian tube to increase the chance of
fertilization (GIFT and ZIFT)

17. Problems, legal, and ethical issues associated with ART
• During IVF some woman hyper ovulate and produce many more
eggs than expected. This is painful and dangerous
• After IVF the number of embryos implanted can vary. This results
in multiple births. This could be dangerous to the mother or baby.
• What should be done with frozen embryos no one wants?

18. CASE A
• Brian and Laura have been married 10 years and at first did
not think about having kids
• Once Laura’s sister became pregnant they realized they
wanted to have a child
• After trying for a year to conceive they had complications in
getting pregnant
• Brian wanted to adopt a child
• Laura wanted a genetically related child

19. Questions for case A
• What tests should Dr. Franco perform on Brian and Laura?
• What do you think Brian and Laura should do and why?
• Give some reasons why Brian and Laura should use ART?
• What are some reasons to adopt instead of ART.
• Give some reasons why art has become so important in the last
10 years.

20. CASE B
• Jan Moppet wanted a child but never found found a man whom
she wanted to have a child with.
• At age 35, he doctor told her she should seriously think about
having a child soon.
• Her doctor suggested she should have artificial insemination
using sperm from a sperm bank.
• She ended up doing this, and had a child.
• She is now thinking about what the future may hold for her and
her child.

21. Questions for Case B
• Should Jen have chosen certain characteristics in picking her
sperm donor?
• Should Jen tell Alex about her father being a sperm donor?
• When Alex reaches age 18 should she be allowed to find her
father?
• If you were the sperm donor list some reasons why you would
not want the child to find you.